辣椒青枯病拮抗菌株的筛选及田间防效的测定

用抑菌圈－定殖力双重测定法筛选出6个定殖密度大于10^5cfu/g根，抑菌能力亦较强，同时又极易于人工培养的菌株，作为青枯病的潜在生防菌株。温室试验，防病效果分别达83.4%(J2)、91.6%(J3)、58.4%(FH17）、75.0%(BB11)、66.6％（BT4）和41.6%（BT6），增产效果为21.3%-110.1%，其中以J3增产效果最为显著，BB11次之。1996年在南京和淮阴两地的辣椒青枯病小区进行试验，移栽40d后各菌株平均防效分别为：66.0%(J2)、61.6%(J3)、58.2%(FH17)、62.4%(BB11)、72.8%(BT4)和37.1%(BT6);平均增产效果为45.7%(J2)、76.5%(J3)、32.4%(FH17)、78.5%(BB11)、29.3%(BT4)和19.0%(BT6)。     

生防菌哈茨木霉FJAT-9040的GFP标记及土壤定殖示踪

哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum FJAT-9040对茄科尖孢镰刀菌具有较强拮抗作用。为跟踪分析该菌株在土壤中的存活与定殖特性,利用PEG-CaCl2介导的原生质体转化体系,筛选获得1株荧光性状稳定的菌株FJAT-9295,该菌株在生长速率、产孢量、对酸碱度和温度的适应性及对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性等方面与野生型菌株FJAT-9040无显著差异（P〉0.05）。同时,研究了菌株FJAT-9295在4种类型土壤中的定殖能力以及作物生长对该菌株在土壤中定殖的影响。结果表明：菌株在育苗土中定殖最好,其次为沙土及菜园土,黄泥土中定殖最差;种植茄子比未种植作物的土壤更有利于菌株的存活;菌株FJAT-9295在不同类型土壤中的菌落数随时间的延长均略有下降,16天后趋于稳定,维持在105 CFU/g,较初始接菌量下降了约1个数量级。     

荧光假单胞菌2P24调控基因突变体定殖能力和生防效果分析

在温室盆栽条件下,研究了分离自小麦全蚀病自然衰退土壤、可防治多种土传病害的荧光假单胞杆菌2P24菌株的2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚合成基因突变体、GacS/GacA双因子调控系统突变体,以及PcoR-PcoI群体感应系统的突变体菌株在植物根围定殖能力和防病效果。结果表明,2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚生物合成突变体不影响菌株在植物根部的定殖;GacS/GacA双因子调控系统中任一因子的突变菌株和pcoI^-突变菌株显著降低了菌株在植物根部的定殖能力。温室病害防治试验结果表明,与野生菌2P24相比,phlD^-,gacS^-,gacA^-,pcoI^-突变体对小麦全蚀病和番茄青枯病生防效果均显著降低;而相应的互补菌株生防效果恢复到野生型的水平。结合前期工作结果,我们推测GacS/GacA双因子调控系统和QS系统在2P24菌株定殖和防病过程的信号传递上形成级联途径。     

绿色木霉LTR-2菌株的紫外线诱变改良

通过紫外线诱变处理 ,获得了可以在低温下 (1 0℃ )生长的绿色木霉LTR 2的快速生长型突变株LR ,以及对多菌灵具有抗性的突变株LRR。突变株对棉枯萎病菌、棉黄萎病菌、棉立枯病菌的平板拮抗能力一般低于野生型菌株。LR比LTR 2更能适合非根际土壤环境 ,而LRR在健康棉花根际的定殖能力上 ,比LTR 2有明显下降。LR对棉花立枯病基本没有防治效果 ,但对棉花黄萎病和枯萎病的防治效果则高于原始菌株 ;LRR对棉花上述 3种病害的防治效果与原始菌株没有明显的差异     

番茄早疫病生防细菌B731的分离、鉴定及抑菌防病作用

利用对峙培养法,从分离自番茄根部土壤的细菌中筛选得1株对番茄早疫病菌具强拮抗活性的菌株B731.根据形态特征、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列分析将其鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis.该菌在初始pH 7.0的NB培养液、装液量25 mL(250 mL锥形瓶)、28℃、120 r/min培养24～48 h抑菌能力最大,抑菌带宽达1.24 cm,且其在番茄植株及根际土壤中有很强的定殖能力.接种15d后,在番茄植株叶片或果实表面,其定殖量可保持在2×102 cfu/cm2以上;而在番茄根际土壤中,其定殖量可达104 cfu/g.菌株B731的代谢产物能有效抑制番茄早疫病菌分生孢子的萌发和菌丝生长,抑制率分别高达89.72％和82.62％.喷施于叶面,具有很好的防病效果,预防处理防效可高达81.83％.     

枯草芽孢杆菌B006产surfactin突变株特性及其对黄瓜枯萎病的抑制能力

为了明确surfactin产量不同的芽孢杆菌对黄瓜枯萎病的控制作用,本研究采用N＋注入诱变共获得1250株芽孢杆菌B006的突变株,通过对黄单孢杆菌的抑菌试验筛选并获得3株产surfactin突变株B841、B73和B1020。对各突变株NB发酵液的HPLC—ESI—MS分析表明：突变株B841和B73的surfactin含量比野生菌株B006分别升高了15．9％和14．8％,而突变株B1020的surfactin含量比野生菌株降低了85．2％;各突变株fengycin产量未发生改变。对surfactin各组分的质谱图解析,发现突变株B841和B1020的surfactin组分发生变化,突变株B841的surfactin组分中无m／z为995的同系物,而突变株B1020的MS图谱中只发现了m／z为1037和1051的surfactin同系物;对突变株的生物学特性测定表明：突变株B73和B1020的菌落形态发生改变,生长周期缩短;3个突变株比野生菌株产芽孢能力下降,突变株B1020在含有玉米粉和豆饼粉的培养基上不产生芽孢。对各菌株添加到育苗基质中（浓度为10^6cfu·g-1）后,防治黄瓜枯萎病的效果测定表明：2周时,突变株B1020防效接近于野生菌株B006,达70％以上;但3周时,防效下降到36．2％;突变株B841防效始终低于野生菌株B006,只有29．1％。本研究发现芽孢杆菌B006及其突变株在NA培养液中的surfactin产量的高低与其在育苗基质中的防病效果无直接的相关性,对其在自然土中的防病效果值得进一步研究。     

灰葡萄孢拮抗细菌在番茄植物体表的定殖

通过耐利福平标记菌株回收，研究了灰葡萄孢拮抗细菌(地衣芽孢杆菌W10和多粘类芽孢杆菌W3、Y2—11—1)在番茄叶片和果实上的定殖能力及其影响因素。试验表明，拮抗细菌在较高浓度(10^7--10^9cfu/ml)下，定殖时间可达10—15d。接种灰霉病菌对拮抗细菌的定殖有一定影响，特别是在接种灰霉病菌1d后接种拮抗细菌和同时接种灰霉病菌与拮抗细菌的情况下，拮抗细菌的定殖能力显著下降，提示该类拮抗细菌的防病效果要好于治病效果。此外，温度较高(25—35℃)、湿度较大(RH95％一--100％)、12h光暗交替对拮抗细菌的定殖有利。     

拮抗细菌Bs-208菌株鉴定及对几种植物病原菌的抑菌测定

从番茄田土壤中分离筛选获得的拮抗细菌Bs-208鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。采用不同方法测定了Bs-208菌株发酵液及分泌物滤液对番茄灰霉病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、棉花枯萎病菌及棉花立枯病菌的抑菌效果。结果表明，该菌株对供试植物病原菌具有很好的抑菌效果，并可在植物叶面定殖，有效排斥和干扰植物病原等杂菌在植物叶面上的定殖，达到抑菌防病效果。     

植物内生细菌在辣椒体内的定殖动态及对辣椒疫病的防治效果

为了探讨具生防作用的植物内生细菌在辣椒体内的定殖动态与其防治辣椒疫病的关系,采用对峙培养法和盆栽苗防效法筛选生防菌株,依据菌体形态、生理生化性质和16SrDNA序列鉴定菌种,用抗利福平标记研究菌株在辣椒苗中的定殖动态,在同时接入植物内生细菌和灌根接种辣椒疫霉菌的条件下分析生防菌株的定殖数量与防效的关系。结果表明,菌株G9、R15和J13对辣椒疫病防效最好,经鉴定均为荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonasfluorescens。菌株G9和R15在辣椒根部定殖量高于菌株J13;定殖周期均在30-40d,呈“先增后减”的变化趋势;菌株G9和R15在接种第15d时定殖量最高,菌株J13在根、茎和叶中定殖量达到最高的天数分别为第9、15和15-20d,定殖数量的变化为根〉茎〉叶。菌株G9定殖量达到9．73×10^5cfu·g-1时辣椒疫病的防效达到100％,保持该数量的时间约6d;菌株R15定殖量达到6．30×10^5cfu·g-1以上时对辣椒疫病的防效达到100％,保持该数量的时间约14d。研究结果展现了植物内生细菌在辣椒疫病生物防治上的应用潜力,为制定植物内生细菌防治辣椒疫病的施用技术提供了科学依据。     

防风根腐病拮抗真菌的筛选鉴定及生防作用研究

从防风根际土壤中筛选得到1株对根腐病具有良好防治效果的拮抗菌株MR-47,基于形态学、ITS序列分析方法对菌株MR-47进行鉴定,确定该菌株为桃色顶孢霉Acremonium persicinum（GenBank No. OK287149.1）。通过对峙培养、显微镜观察,探究了菌株MR-47对木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti的抑菌机理;基于盆栽试验,明确菌株MR-47的定殖能力及防病促生效果。结果表明,菌株MR-47对木贼镰刀菌抑菌率达69.26%,病原菌菌丝出现缢缩、膨大、扭曲、畸形等现象;对尖孢镰刀菌、腐皮镰刀菌等多种病原真菌表现出了良好的广谱抑菌活性;在土壤中定殖35 d内,最大定殖量为8.38×10⁶ CFU/g,最低为5.57×10⁶ CFU/g;MR-47对防风根腐病防效达75.05%。因此,桃色顶孢霉MR-47在防风根腐病的病害管理方面具有较好的开发价值及应用潜力。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.