啤酒大麦麦芽品质性状的研究进展

综述了目前国内外啤酒大麦麦芽品质性状的研究进展。内容包括：麦芽品质性状的遗传模型和遗传力、配合力，影响麦芽品质性状的因素，麦芽品质性状问的相关性和相对重要性，当前麦芽品质性状研究上的不足之处。     

若干啤酒麦芽品质性状的遗传研究

本文以数量遗传学的方法,对啤酒麦芽主要品质性状(糖化力、麦芽汁粘度、麦芽汁色度和α—淀粉酶活力)进行了遗传分析。结果表明:(1)四个品质性状均符合“加性—显性”模型。加性效应与显性效应同样重要;(2)遗传力中等偏上(分别在29.283—71.280％);(3)控制四个品质性状并显示显性的基因组数较多,约有7—13组。文章还根据实验结果,初步讨论了大麦籽粒及麦芽品质性状遗传育种研究中值得注意的若干的问题。     

大麦麦芽品质性状的基因型差异及相关性

为了解大麦麦芽品质的基因型差异,以191个DH系及其亲本日本啤酒大麦Noso Nijo和中国大麦泰兴9425为材料,测定了浸出率、可溶性氮含量、库尔巴哈值、α-氨基氮含量、糖化力、黏度和总氮含量等7个麦芽品质性状,根据啤酒麦芽行业标准(QB1686-93)对参试材料的麦芽品质进行综合评分,并依据7个麦芽性状对DH系进行了聚类分析。结果表明,Noso Nijo的浸出率、可溶性氮含量、库尔巴哈值、α-氨基氮含量、糖化力及麦芽品质评分均高于泰兴9425,黏度和总氮含量均低于泰兴9425;除可溶性氮含量在两亲本间差异显著外,其余6个性状及麦芽品质评分在两亲本间的差异均达到极显著水平。浸出率、可溶性氮含量、库尔巴哈值、α-氨基氮含量、糖化力、麦芽品质评分在DH群体中呈正态分布,数值呈连续变化,为典型的数量性状特征;黏度和总氮含量在DH群体中分布的偏度介于-1和1之间,峰度大于1,且数值呈连续变化,说明其受主效基因控制的同时,也受微效多基因作用;麦芽品质评分与浸出率、α-氨基氮含量、可溶性氮含量、库尔巴哈值和糖化力呈极显著正相关,与黏度和总氮含量呈极显著负相关。浸出率和库尔巴哈值对麦芽品质影响相对较大。DH系及亲本被聚为3类:第Ⅰ类包括泰兴9425在内的87个株系,其麦芽品质较差,综合评分较低;第Ⅱ类包括Noso Nijo在内的97个株系,其麦芽品质较好,综合评分居中;第Ⅲ类由9个株系组成,其麦芽品质最好,综合评分较高。     

对大麦育种中麦芽品质评定方法的估价

前言选育制造麦芽和酿造啤酒用大麦新品种需要评定许多对麦芽和啤酒品质起作用的籽粒性状.但由于分析的项目多而复杂,限制了可测定大麦品系的数量,完善的评定工作只能在少量的即将发放的新品系中进行.对大多数大麦品系而言,有少数几个性状应在育种早期评定.早期评定,要选那些对大麦品质有影响而又易于评定的性状进行测定.     

苏U啤5号特征特性和高产栽培技术

苏U啤5号是以盐98-3179为母本,苏啤3号为父本进行人工杂交配组,经多年连续选择,于2014年3月1日获植物新品种权证书。采用以选单株为主的系圃选育,籽粒性状应从早代到高代针对籽粒大小、色泽、饱满度和品质进行定向选育。该品种试验示范平均产量达517.2 kg/667 m2;籽粒外观品质较佳,酿造品质佳,麦芽品质优于国家优级麦芽品质标准;综合农艺性状较好,株高较矮,抗大麦黄花叶病。     

啤酒酿造用二棱大麦的品质与育种(续完)

表2是根据八篇报告的资料整理出来的,表示三项主要品质性状之间的相互关系。资料说明麦芽浸出物和麦芽全氮含量与淀粉酶活性之间为负相关,要育成麦芽浸出物多、淀粉酶活性高,而麦芽含氮量低(日本啤酒大麦一般含氮量高)的品种非常困难。因此,不可拘泥于历来的看法,即提高淀粉酶活性,而不增高麦芽含氮量。有必要从氮化物的形态着跟,把     

氮钾配施对扬农啤7号籽粒产量与麦芽品质的影响

为了解氮、钾肥施用量及配比对啤酒大麦产量和品质的影响,以啤酒大麦品种扬农啤7号为材料,测定并分析了氮、钾肥配施对籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,扬农啤7号的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及麦芽品质性状在氮肥施用量间的差异均显著(P0.05);随着氮肥施用量的增加,籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和麦芽α-氨基氮含量、糖化力呈增加趋势,麦芽脆度、浸出率及库尔巴哈值呈降低趋势;在相同氮水平下,钾肥施用量对扬农啤7号籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及麦芽品质性状有一定影响,但无规律。除2017—2018年度的籽粒蛋白质含量与千粒重呈极显著(P0.01)负相关外,籽粒蛋白质含量与产量及其构成要素间均呈显著或极显著正相关;穗粒数、穗数及籽粒产量与麦芽α-氨基氮含量及糖化力呈极显著正相关,与麦芽浸出率及库尔巴哈值呈极显著负相关。氮肥水平太高导致扬农啤7号品质下降,兼顾高产与优质,扬农啤7号高产优质的氮、钾肥配施技术为:氮肥150 kg·hm~(-2),基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=4∶4∶2;钾肥150kg·hm~(-2),作基肥一次性施用。     

啤酒大麦品质性状的相关与通径分析

本文就啤酒大麦的几个品质性状对麦芽品质的影响进行了研究。通径分析结果表明，邯郸地区的啤酒大麦对麦芽品质的直接作用因素依次可溶性氮（0．6884）、无水麦芽浸出物（0．5048）、糖化力（0．1261）库尔巴哈值（－0．2013）、蛋白质含量（－0．4631）；间接作用依次为库尔巴哈值（1．078）、无水麦芽浸出物（0．4221）、糖化力（0．2897）、蛋白质含量（0．0768）和可溶性氮（－0．0019）。相关系数和通径最接近的是可溶性氮和蛋白质含量，比较接近的是无水麦芽浸出物。根据本研究结果，认为邯郸地区的大麦品质育种，应在现有糖化力水平的基础上，以蛋白质含量、可溶性氮和麦芽浸出物为主攻方向。     

文摘

本文对大麦育种中制啤品质测定的精确度,包括不同批次产品、不同化验员以及不同大麦样品问的差异进行评价。被测定的大麦性状是:籽粒水分,籽粒磨碎后的水分(用二种方法测定),籽粒重,浸渍液的水分含量,麦芽湿度(用二种方法测定),麦芽产量,麦芽含氮量,麦芽的可溶氮含量,Kolbach指数,麦芽糖化力,麦芽的α-淀粉酶含量,麦芽的β一葡聚糖酶含量,麦芽汁的折光指数,热水浸出物,浸出物的重量,麦芽汁的还原糖含量,麦芽汁的碳水化合物含量,麦芽汁的α-氨基氮含量和麦芽汁的总含氮量。本文讨论了这些测定在大麦     

啤酒大麦品种资源酿造品质特性鉴定结果及评价

利用先进的分析方法,对本中心所引进的828份国内外啤酒大麦品种资源进行了麦芽浸出物、籽粒蛋白质、糖化力、可溶性氮、库尔巴哈值等5个酿造性状的分析鉴定,同时对其农艺性状及外观品质进行了调查,基本上摸清了现有品种资源的品质特性,为啤酒大麦的品质育种工作提供了重要理论根据。     

Genetic Control of Quantitative Grain and Malt Quality Traits in Barley

Abstract

Many of the important determinants of barley grain and malt quality exhibit quantitative variation and are affected by both genetic and environmental factors. In recent years, the application of molecular marker techniques has permitted the detection and mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for grain and malt quality traits in many populations. Here, the quantitative traits affecting the grain and malt quality of barley grain are reviewed, and results from two analyses of grain and malt quality data from barley mapping populations (a multi-variate analysis of interrelationships among traits and a comparative analysis of QTL positions and effects among five populations) are presented and discussed.     

从多年啤酒大麦和麦芽生产看黑龙江啤麦基地努力方向

黑龙江啤麦基地己组建12年,品种选育、原料生产、麦芽生产已产业化,但啤麦生产面积、产量和品质均波动大,近二年原料不足,麦芽品质年间亦随原料而波动。分析主要有三方面影响因素:生产管理体制、生态条件和栽培技术措施影响原料质量和产量。本文着重就生态条件和栽培技术措施重点分析讨论。     

氮肥运筹对大麦啤酒混浊性状的影响

啤酒混浊是一个严重的品质问题,它显著缩短啤酒的贮藏与货架时间。为给生产低混浊啤酒大麦提供科学依据,本研究选用混浊特性不同的4个大麦品种,设置不同的氮肥用量与施用时期,探讨氮肥运筹对啤酒混浊性状的影响。结果发现,供试大麦品种之间和氮肥施用时期之间混浊性状差异极显著;澳大利亚大麦品种Franklin和Yerong的酒精冷混浊值(ACHD)显著低于国产大麦品种浙大9号和花30。Franklin的混浊敏感蛋白最低,花30次之,浙大9号和Yerong的混浊敏感蛋白含量较高。增施抽穗期氮肥,显著提高大麦的混浊度。不同氮肥用量之间,混浊敏感蛋白HAP1和HAP3差异极显著,但酒精冷混浊值和HAP2无显著差异;品种与氮肥用量及施用时期之间的互作效应对部分混浊性状表现显著。因此,为生产低混浊的啤酒大麦,生产上首先应考虑选用低混浊品种,并在氮肥施用上适当减少穗肥用量。     

The identification of a barley haze active protein that influences beer haze stability: The genetic basis of a barley malt haze active protein

In bright beers, the formation of haze is a serious quality problem, which places limitations on the storage life of the product. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) immunoblot analysis using an antiserum that was raised against a silica eluate (SE) protein fraction (obtained from silica gel, used for the colloidal stabilisation of beer), detected a range of protein bands in barley, malt, beer and haze. A polymorphism was observed in which some barley varieties contained a molecular weight (MW) 12,000 band (SE +ve) while in other varieties this band was absent (SE −ve). A survey of 219 Australian and international barley varieties, including a comprehensive selection of current and past malting varieties, identified 181 varieties as SE +ve, and 38 varieties as SE −ve. Previous pilot brewing trials demonstrated that SE −ve varieties are desirable as the beer brewed from the malt of these varieties formed less haze after accelerated ageing than beers brewed using SE +ve malt varieties. The genetic basis for the absence of the SE protein was conferred by a recessive allele at a single locus. Interval mapping analysis showed that the MW 12,000 band mapped to the short arm of chromosome 3H.     

Effect of hydrogen peroxide and ozone treatment on improving the malting quality

The effect of hydrogen peroxide (HP) and ozone (O₃) treatment during barley steeping on the quality of malt produced from two barley varieties (GrangeR and AC Metcalfe) by micro-malting was investigated. The two steeping oxidation treatments that was observed to promote barley acrospire growth. Ozone treatment improved the malt enzyme activity of endo-protease, α-amylase, free beta-amylase and total limit dextrinase to differing extents, with GrangeR improving to a greater degree. HP treatment contributed to the increase of α-amylase, β-glucanase and endo-protease. Surprisingly, HP or ozone oxidation during malting resulted in different and novel outcomes for total beta-amylase in GrangeR and AC Metcalfe. In GrangeR, total beta-amylase activity reduced with respect to the control in both treatments. In comparison with AC Metcalfe there was a substantial increase of 78% with HP and 90% O₃ in total beta-amylase activity. Malt quality including wort free amino nitrogen, β-glucan, turbidity and diastatic power was differentially increased by the oxidation induction treatment during steeping in malting. Gene expression analysis indicated that the effects of the steep oxidation treatments on enzyme and malt quality were putatively linked with the up-regulation of certain genes involved in GA synthesis (GA20ox1) and ABA catabolism (ABA8′OH). Barley grain germination assay results also showed that moderate HP induction could improve barley germination tolerance to the ABA effect. Malting including steep oxidation induction was shown to be beneficial to malt quality by improving the resultant wort quality and the efficiency of the beer brewing process. These observations point the way towards improving malt quality and the efficiency of the malting process.     

Genetic variants of HvGlb1 in Tibetan annual wild barley and cultivated barley and their correlation with malt quality

Improvement of malt quality is the most important objective in malt barley breeding. The current experiments investigated the variation of malt quality characters among barley genotypes and the difference in genetic variants of HvGlb1, encoding β-glucanase isoenzyme I, between Tibetan annual wild barley and cultivated barley. The correlation between the gene variants and malt quality showed that there was a large difference in the four malt quality parameters, i.e. Kolbach index, diastatic power (DP), viscosity and malt extract, among the analyzed barley cultivars. Kolbach index was negatively and positively correlated with viscosity and malt extract, respectively, while malt extract was negatively correlated with viscosity. Malt β-glucan content was a major determinant of malt quality, and was significantly correlated with Kolbach index (−0.633), malt extract (−0.333) and viscosity (0.672). On the other hand, malt β-glucan content was mainly controlled by malt β-glucanase activity. The correlation analysis showed that the HvGlb1 gene was correlated with malt β-glucan content and three of four main malt quality parameters, except DP. In addition, we also found that the HvGlb1 of Tibetan barley had wider diversity in haplotype than that of the cultivated barley, supporting the hypothesis that Tibet is one of the original centers of cultivated barley.     

Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Starch Granule Traits in Barley

Starch accumulates in barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) endosperm in large (type A) and small (type B) granules. The sizes, shapes and relative proportions of A and B granules may affect the quality of barley malt for brewing. The objective of this study was to use genetic markers to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting starch granule traits in a cross between a malting barley cultivar, Morex, and a feed barley cultivar, Steptoe. Data on starch granule dimensions were obtained using digital image analysis. With simple interval mapping, a region of chromosome 2 (2H) was found to contain QTL affecting the overall mean granule volume, the proportion of A granules, the mean volume of A granules, the mean maximum diameter of A granules and the mean F-shape of B granules. This region also affected days to heading and plant height, but contained no QTL for grain or malt quality traits. With composite interval mapping, QTL affecting starch granule traits were detected in two additional regions, one on chromosome 4 (4H) affecting the mean F-shape of B granules and one on chromosome 7 (5H) affecting the mean maximum diameter of A granules.     

肥料运筹方式对不同用途大麦产量和品质的影响

为研究肥料运筹方式对不同用途大麦品种产量和品质的影响,以啤用大麦品种扬农啤7号和饲食兼用大麦品种扬饲麦3号为材料,分析4种肥料运筹方式对大麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,在中等偏上肥力的土壤上,扬农啤7号优质高产施肥方式为基施尿素150 kg·hm^-2+复合肥375 kg·hm^-2,苗肥施尿素75 kg·hm^-2,拔节肥施尿素75 kg·hm^-2+复合肥225 kg·hm^-2,其产量水平在7 500 kg·hm^-2左右;主要啤酒麦芽品质接近国标二级,可适当减少氮肥用量及提前施用拔节肥改善扬农啤7号籽粒的麦芽品质。无论哪种肥料运筹方式,扬饲麦3号的麦芽品质指标均达不到国家二级麦芽标准,该品种不适宜作为啤酒大麦原料种植,宜作优质高产饲食大麦种植,其较佳肥料运筹方式为基施尿素75 kg·hm^-2+复合肥750 kg·hm^-2,拔节肥施尿素112.5 kg·hm^-2+复合肥375 kg·hm^-2,其产量水平在8 000 kg·hm^-2左右,籽粒蛋白质含量在14.0%左右。     

大麦β 葡聚糖的提取及功能研究进展

大麦是世界上第四大禾谷类作物,其籽粒中的β-葡聚糖是重要的功效成分之一。本文综述了大麦籽粒β-葡聚糖的特性、含量变化和结构特征、提取方法和工艺,以及在大麦饲料、啤酒麦芽、饮料食品、保健医药中的功能研究进展。     

Effects of sulphur on yield and malting quality of barley

Eight field experiments were conducted at four sites in the UK in 2003 and 2004 to investigate the effects of sulphur (S) application on yield and malting quality of barley. Significant yield responses to S additions were obtained in five out of the eight experiments, with yield increases ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 t/ha (4.7–22.5%). At the two most S-deficient sites, S application significantly increased malt diastatic power, alpha-amylase activity, friability and homogeneity, and decreased (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan concentration in the wort, indicating an improved endosperm modification during malting. Sulphur applications also significantly increased the concentration of S-methylmethionine (the precursor of dimethylsulphide) in kilned malt, which could impact on beer flavour. When the supply of N was limiting, S applications decreased grain N concentration due to a dilution effect as a result of increased grain yield. In some cases, S applications resulted in decreased grain size. At sites non-deficient or marginally deficient in S, applications of S had little effect on grain or malting quality parameters. The need to maintain an adequate S supply to barley for both yield and malting quality was demonstrated.