人工草地放牧利用研究现状

本文论述了国内外人工草地放牧利用情况,以及青藏高原天然草地改良和人工草地利用情况。     

人工草地放牧技术

人工草地利用。是种草养畜工作的重要环节。合理利用人工草地。才能产生良好的经济、社会和生态效益。怎样利用人工草地才算合理。本文从划区轮牧和四季适时、适度放牧方面进行论述，供南方山区放牧利用人工草地时借鉴。     

达日县草地畜牧业可持续发展策略

从分析达日县草地畜牧业基本情况和主要问题入手，提出高寒草地畜牧业可持续发展的对策是：发展教育事业，提高经营管理水平；合理利用天然草地，加快畜群周转；加强人工草地建设，提高第一性生产力。     

民和县人工草地退化现状调查

民和县共有人工草地1.57×104hm2,主要是退耕还林（草）地,占人工草地的93.6%,主要种植紫花苜蓿。通过对民和县人工草地现状的分析,指出人工草地管理、利用和后续产业开发等方面存在的问题,并提出今后可持续发展的建议,为民和县人工草地的建设、利用提供参考。     

海南岛西南部人工草地的主要有害植物

海南岛西南部地区人工草地退化严重,非利用性杂灌已逐渐取代了人工牧草成为优势种。作者于1988年8～10月对这些人工草地进行了全面调查,记录评价20余种对人工草地有害的植物,根据分布密度及危害情况将其分为五级,最主要的有害植物是飞机草、黄荆、牛筋果、赤才。     

内蒙古太仆寺旗不同龄人工草地杂草特征

利用群落调查的方法,对内蒙古太仆寺旗不同龄人工草地杂草群落进行调查,研究了干旱气候下不同龄人工草地杂草特征。结果表明:1龄人工草地杂草盖度普遍大于2龄人工草地,且不同人工草地杂草盖度之间的变化幅度大于2龄人工草地相应杂草盖度变化幅度。1龄人工草地杂草以一年生和多年生杂草为主,2龄人工草地杂草以阔叶杂草为主,且与1龄人工草地杂草频度相比整体下降。因此,1龄人工草地杂草防除应以草木樨草地为主,2龄人工草地杂草防除应以老芒麦草地为主。     

人工草地土壤质量及土壤酶活性对利用年限的响应

土壤质量能够敏感而准确地反映自然及人类活动导致的土壤环境动态变化。本研究以利用5、13、24 a的人工草地为对象,通过对土壤理化指标、土壤酶活性进行分析,探究人工草地土壤理化性质及土壤酶活性对利用年限的响应特征,以期为人工草地治理和可持续利用提供理论依据。结果表明：随着人工草地利用年限增加土壤有效磷、速效钾含量显著下降;随着人工草地利用年限增加土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著下降（P<0.05）;土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性与土壤质量有显著的相关性。得出土壤酶活性与土壤质量显著相关,人工草地在利用的第5～13年土壤酶活性升高,说明人工草地在利用初期土壤质量状况较好,但是当草地利用年限超过13年时土壤出现酸化,土壤酶活性降低,土壤中物质循环速率降低。     

伊犁河谷天然草地资源与畜牧业可持续发展

概述伊犁河谷草地资源现状、特点及畜牧业生产情况,分析天然草地利用存在的问题,提出退牧、休牧、禁牧、合理配置牲畜、发展人工饲草料地建设、牧民定居等措施,加强草地保护,实现畜牧业的可持续发展.     

伊犁河谷天然草地资源与畜牧业可持续发展

概述伊犁河谷草地资源现状、特点及畜牧业生产情况,分析天然草地利用存在的问题,提出退牧、休牧、禁牧、合理配置牲畜、发展人工饲草料地建设、牧民定居等措施,加强草地保护,实现畜牧业的可持续发展。     

青海省高寒牧区人工草地的建植与利用

文章论述了人工草地在青海省高寒牧区草地畜牧业中的作用,提出了人工草地在利用和建植中存在的问题 及解决途径,指出人工草地应在推动高寒牧区季节畜牧业、减少放牧对天然草地的压力、恢复草地植被中发挥其作用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.