Phenotypic Diversity of Hybrids Progenies of Seabuckthorn and Selection of Superior Genotypes

基于远缘杂交技术路线,以中国沙棘优良单株MK-88-01、HF-88-05为母本,俄罗斯栽培种阿列依及蒙古大果沙棘乌兰格木子代优良雄株为父本,开展了中国沙棘与蒙古沙棘2个亚种间杂交育种研究.结果发现:杂种子代性状分化严重,棘刺数、百果质量、果实产量等最重要的几项经济指标的遗传分化程度最大.选育出3个优良杂种单株,其树高均显著高于父本,2年生枝棘刺数均为3个,与母本中国沙棘相比,棘刺数大量减少.优良杂种单株百果质量与单株产量分别达26.33～29.33 g、2.00～2.50 kg,比母本中国沙棘分别提高31.34％～46.30％、66.67％～108.33％.杂交子代具有单株生长量越大,其果实与种子表型指标就越小的变化规律,与母本中国沙棘体大果小、父本蒙古沙棘体小果大的表型特征相吻合.     

沙棘优良杂种选育研究

以中国沙棘为父本，俄罗斯大果沙棘丘依斯克和蒙古大果沙棘乌兰格木两个栽培种为母本，开展了杂交选育研究，共择出5个优良单株，其中从中国沙棘与丘依斯克的杂交子代中选出3个优良单株（C1，C2，C3），从中国沙棘与乌兰格木的杂交子代中选出2个单株（C13，C16）。5个优良杂种单株树高、地径、冠幅均显著高于母本鸟兰格木和丘依斯克，但与父本中国沙棘接近。杂种2年生枝棘刺数为2～3个，界于父母本之间，与中国沙棘相比，棘刺数减少85％以上。优良杂种单株果实百果质量为21．98～29．98g，明显小于母本，比中国沙棘提高9．6％～48．4％。研究还表明：沙棘果实百果质量与纵径、长宽比呈极显著相关，与横径有一定的相关，但未达到显著水平，果柄长与浆果果实大小没有相关性。种子千粒质量与其厚度达到极显著相关，与长度、宽度呈显著相关，与长宽比呈弱相关，未达到显著水平。     

中国沙棘与俄罗斯良种沙棘杂交育种初报

中国沙棘适应性强，果实品质好，但产量低，棘刺多；俄罗斯良种沙棘产量高，果实含量高，棘刺少，但适应范围有限。为了利用俄罗斯良种沙棘的优良性状去改进中国沙棘的缺陷，通过9年的杂交育种试验，初步结果显示：杂种沙棘兼有母本和父本两者特性。通过选择，选出了几个杂种类型兼备了母本和父本的优点，可进行区域化试验和小范围示范种植。     

杂交与亲本沙棘雌株性状特征的差异分析

文章以蒙古良种沙棘亚种"乌兰沙林"(母本)和中国沙棘优良类型"丰宁雄"(父本)及其杂交子代雌株为研究对象,研究探讨了杂交与亲本沙棘性状特征的差异。结果表明:杂交子代雌株的树高、冠幅、地径、结果枝数量及新梢数显著优于亲本植株,果柄长、果穗数以及百果重等方面的性状也得到了改良。杂交子代植株的根系在土层中分布广泛,根长、根量也较母本增多,有利于子代沙棘对水分和养分的吸收。而子代的果实发育速率高于母本,果实成熟期较母本缩短,更有利于在短期内获得经济效益。     

沙棘杂种子代果实性状变异分析及优良家系选择

沙棘杂种具有较强的杂种优势,遗传增益较大,在沙棘杂种与中国沙棘子代果实性状遗传变异分析的基础上,开展了优良家系选择.结果表明:杂种子代单位长度枝梢上棘刺数量显著减少,果实纵径、横径及单果重量等性状分别较中国沙棘子代提高32.80%、45.56%、116.97%,而且,杂种子代间果实纵径变异较小,横径和单果重变异较大,平均变异系数分别为6.09%、6.22%、3.68%.通过综合评价,确定中阿沙棘3号和中阿沙棘2号为优良杂交品系,且以中阿沙棘3号表现最佳,具有广泛推广利用价值.     

杂种沙棘果实性状遗传效应分析

以中国沙棘(♀)和外域沙棘(♂)为亲本,开展远缘杂交试验,在杂种子代生长性状遗传变异分析的基础上,按完全随机区组设计营建子代测定林,综合分析子代遗传力、遗传增益和杂种优势等遗传参量的遗传效应。结果表明:沙棘杂交子代的遗传力和杂种优势较强,遗传增益较高,树高和地径2个生长性状较中国沙棘分别提高50.29%、26.28%,棘刺数量减少276.47%;果实纵径、横径及单果质量3个果实性状的遗传力分别为0.98、0.98、0.99,遗传增益分别为4.82%、4.93%、2.93%,超亲优势分别为65.59%、51.38%和135.64%,遗传效应显著。     

沙棘良种‘辽阜1号’

辽阜1号是基于蒙古沙棘亚种中优良引进品种‘楚伊’实生子代选优，经无性系区域化测定而选育出的沙棘良种，无刺或少刺，百果质量60 g以上，盛果期平均单株产量2～4 kg，单位面积果实产量可达6000 kg·hm －2。     

沙棘优树子1代测定林中生态经济型优良单株的选择

以沙棘优树子 1代测定林作为研究对象 ,通过对 52个被测家系生态经济指标的综合评价 ,选择出生态经济型优良单株 4个 ,其果实平均百果重超出当地对照 2 0 0 % ,单株平均产量较对照提高 41 3.8% ,2年生枝 1 0 cm长棘刺数平均较对照减少 2 0 %     

孝顺竹开花生物学特性及杂交试验

为发掘利用孝顺竹在耐寒性和纤维品质方面的优良遗传基因,开展孝顺竹开花生物学特性和杂交试验研究。结果表明:孝顺竹花期较长,柱头可授性好,花粉生活力高,非常适宜作为杂交的亲本。孝顺竹×麻竹杂交后,以母本自交苗为对照,筛选出10株表型杂种,4个月龄时10株表型杂种的叶长、叶宽、叶长/宽、地径、发笋数、叶片形状、叶脉数、叶鞘高度、叶鞘繸毛、叶耳、叶舌等性状均介于母本自交子代与父本自交子代之间。AFLP标记分析表明:10株子代引入的父本特异位点占21.97%～28.10%,聚类分析显示10株杂种首先聚在一起,然后分别与父本和母本相聚。多数杂交子代在苗期表现出旺盛的生长势,15个月龄时杂种个体间秆箨刺毛性状呈现出较大的差别。     

丘依斯克与中国沙棘杂交育种的初步研究

在内蒙古磴口沙棘良种繁育中心进行了丘依斯克与中国沙棘的杂交育种试验 ,可配性良好 ,杂交种有明显的杂种优势 ,耐旱能力提高 ;果实色泽、大小、果柄长度、棘刺数等有多种分化 ,但主体为中间性状 ,是可望在黄河上中游地区推广繁殖的优良杂交种     

华仁杏杂种鉴定及遗传变异分析

以华仁杏6个杂交组合为实验材料,利用SSR分子标记技术研究亲本与杂种扩增谱带的多态性,以甄别真假杂种。筛选出在亲本和杂种之间存在双亲互补带型的引物6对,除2个杂种无法鉴别外,其余品种均可鉴别为真杂种。另外亲缘关系和遗传变异分析结果表明,各个组合杂交后代表现出来的一致性较高,遗传多样性水平相差不大,但当父本选择X1时,母本选择H1或H3杂交后代差异比较显著。     

山杨与美洲黑杨远缘杂交障碍克服的研究

以山杨为母本、美洲黑杨为父本,对克服山杨与美洲黑杨派间杂交障碍技术进行研究。结果表明：用正己烷有机溶剂熏柱头后再用山杨花粉提取液处理柱头能有效地克服山杨与美洲黑杨之间的杂交障碍。同时,用形态学标记对杂交子代及其亲本进行鉴定分析,杂种子代主要偏向于父本型与母本型,从而证明杂种子代是其真正的杂种。     

QTL detection for growth traits in Pinus elliottii var. elliottii and P. caribaea var. hondurensis

Quantitative trait locus （QTL） detection was carried out for growth traits in 122 F1 progenies of Pinus elliottiivar. elliottii （PEE） x tR caribaea var. hondurensis （PCH） hybrid. The PCH male parent linkage map contained 108 mark- ers in 16 linkage groups, while the PEE female parent contained 93 markers in 19 linkage groups. Sequence-related amplified polymorphism （SRAP）, microsatellite （SSR）, expressed sequence tag polymorphism （ESTP） and inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） were selected from an existing linkage map. Growth traits investigated were height at age five （HT05） and six years （HT06）, diameter at breast height at age five （DBH05） and six years （DBH06） and annual growth from age five to six years of height （AGHT） and diameter at breast height （AGDBH）. KruskaI-Wallis and interval mapping approaches were used to estimate levels of significance, the number of QTLs, the percentage of the phenotypic varia- tion explained by each of QTLs and their positions on the genetic linkage maps. Twenty six QTLs with significance levels p 〈 0.05 were detected on the parental maps for the six growth traits, which explained more than 15% of the phenotypic variation, suggesting an existence of major-effect genes. Several QTLs had the pleiotropy controlling more than one sin- gle growth trait. Overall, the proportion of phenotypic variation explained by QTLs ranged from 5.9% to 40.6% for HT05 and HT06, from 6.6% to 42.0% for DBH05 and DBH06 and from 5.8% to 22.3% for AGHT and AGDBH. The results from this study provide a basis for marker-aided selection （MAS） in PEE x PCH hybrids.     

尾叶桉与赤桉正反析因交配杂种F_1材性遗传参数的估算

[目的]通过尾叶桉与赤桉杂种F1材质性状的遗传参数估算及其分析,为桉树杂交育种材性改良亲本选配和交配设计提供理论依据。[方法]以尾叶桉与赤桉6×6正反析因交配杂种F1测定林为材料,并以相应亲本自由授粉的半同胞子代作对照。9年生时,对各小区的杂种和家系(5株小区,6次重复)选取2株平均木,在胸高1. 3 m处沿南北向钻取木芯,共984个,测定木材基本密度、纤维长、纤维宽和纤维长宽比,利用ASReml-R估算4个材质指标的特殊配合力、杂种优势、父母本单株狭义遗传力、遗传相关和表型相关系数。[结果]表明:尾叶桉与赤桉正反交的杂种木材基本密度优于对照,呈明显的杂种优势;反交组合杂种其木材基本密度优于正交组合杂种,正交组合杂种的纤维特性优于反交组合的;在正交组合杂种中,木材基本密度、纤维长和纤维长宽比的母本效应低于父本效应;而反交组合杂种中,4个材质指标的母本效应均高于父本效应。木材基本密度和纤维特性指标受中至低遗传控制。正反交组合杂种中,除纤维长宽比外,其余3个材质指标的显性效应大于加性效应。对于遗传相关,杂种的木材基本密度与纤维宽呈极显著的负相关,与纤维长宽比呈极显著的正相关,与纤维长呈不显著负相关,纤维长与纤维宽呈显著正相关。对于表型相关,除纤维宽与纤维长宽比呈不显著正相关外,其余性状间均呈极显著正相关。[结论]尾叶桉与赤桉杂种的材质性状遗传差异因亲本和交配方式而异,表明通过种间杂交和正向选择进行材质性状的遗传改良具有潜力。     

尾叶桉×细叶桉木材密度与生长的联合选择

[目的]评估Resistograph钻刺法间接测定尾叶桉×细叶桉木材密度的可靠性,检测杂交亲本对子代表型的效应以及生长与木材密度的相关,评选速生、优质的尾细桉杂种。[方法]基于10株尾叶桉与10株细叶桉不完全析因交配产生的56个杂交组合的7.5年生试验林,利用79株分析容积法与Resistograph钻刺法测定的木材密度的相关,通过方差分析检测亲本对杂种生长和木材密度的效应,结合多重比较和独立淘汰法进行材积和木材密度的联合选择。[结果]容积法与Resistograph钻刺法测定的木材密度的表型相关系数为0.52(P0.001),遗传相关系数为0.55(P0.05);树高、胸径及材积的母本间和父本间均呈极显著差异(P0.001或0.01),但母本×父本互作的效应不显著;对钻刺木材密度,父本间呈极显著差异(P0.001),母本×父本互作显著(P0.05),但母本间差异不显著;树高、胸径和材积间的表型相关和遗传相关均极显著(P0.001),其与钻刺木材密度的表型相关极显著(P0.001),但遗传相关不显著;评选出速生、木材密度较高的杂交组合14个、单株17株。[结论]Resistograph钻刺法是一种间接测定尾细桉木材密度的简便、经济和可靠的方法;母本和父本选择以及母本与父本的组配对培育速生、材质优良的尾细桉杂种均较重要;尾细桉生长与木材密度的遗传相关不显著,需要对这两类性状分别进行选择;评选的尾细桉杂交组合和单株为培育速生、优质的桉树良种提供了有用的材料。     

Progeny test of tetraploid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Betula platyphylla</Emphasis> and preliminary selection of hybrid parents

Estimating genetic parameters of parental lines through progeny testing and choosing good hybrid parents are important for genetically improving seed orchard trees. In this study, 24 tetraploid progeny seedlings were used as experimental materials, which came from test cross design: six tetraploid Betula platyphylla lines (Q33, Q13, Q103, Q19, Q83 and Q14) as female parents and four individual B. platyphylla diploid lines (F3, F4, F9 and F11) as male parents were crossed. Variance analysis of height, diameter, height-to-diameter ratio, and internodal distance showed that the differences between hybrid combinations reached highly significant levels. Using multi-objective decisionmaking, we performed a comprehensive assessment of the various hybrid combinations. Using a selection rate of 20 % of the standard, five hybrids were selected; their genetic gains in average height, diameter, height-to-diameter ratio, and internodal distance were 20.95, 6.07, 13.07 and 8.96 %, respectively. We also analyzed the combining ability and genetic parameter effect values of parents and hybrid combinations. The combined analysis revealed that Q13, Q103, Q33 and Q83 were superior females; F3, F4, and F9 were superior males; and F3 × Q13, F4 × Q83 and F9 × Q33 were superior hybrid combinations. The heights and diameters of these progenies were 22.49 and 11.48 % greater than average, respectively.     

成县核桃杂交育种试验初报

为丰富和创新成县核桃育种材料,改良现有核桃品质,以当地品种陇南15为母本,陇南755、香玲、薄丰、辽核2号、辽核3号等品种为父本,开展核桃杂交育种试验,对F1代的开花与结果习性、果实表型性状等指标进行了观察和测定,同时对不同核桃杂交种F1代果实性状多样性进行了分析。结果表明:以早实性和雄先型的核桃为父本与陇南15杂交,可以获得结实期提前和雌花开花期推迟的杂交种;不同杂交组合,所得杂种后代果实表型性状差异显著(P<0.05),各杂种果实果壳表面特征整体表现较好;不同杂交组合所得杂种F1代果实性状存在多样性,变异最大的是果壳厚度,其次是出仁率和单果重,果实大小差异较小。     

Performance and variability patterns in wood properties and growth traits in the parents,F1 and F2 generation hybrid clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus deltoides</Emphasis>

The performance and variability patterns in the wood element’s dimensions, specific gravity and growth parameters namely ramet height and GBH were evaluated in 16 clones of parents, F1 and F2 hybrids of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. Ramet radial variations were non-significant, while inter-clonal variations due to interaction of clone/replication were significant for all the wood traits except vessel element length. Inter-clonal variations were significant only for fiber length and fiber wall thickness. Fiber length and specific gravity were significantly higher in female, while wall thickness and vessel element length were higher in male clones. Female parents (G48 and S7C8) showed higher fiber length and specific gravity than of the male parent (G3), while vessel diameter and wall thickness were higher in male parent (G3). There is not much difference in fiber length and vessel element’s dimensions among the parents, F1 and F2 generation hybrid clones. Specific gravity did not showed any trend for parents, F1 and F2 generations. Generally female clones showed higher growth rate. Broad sense heritability for wood traits ranged from 0.143 (fiber length) to 0.505 (fiber wall thickness), while for growth traits it was 0.374 (GBH) and 0.418 (height). Genetic gain for all the wood and growth traits was positive for most of the wood traits. The highly divergent male clone (78) and female clones (S7C8, G48, W/A 49) in number of combinations could be used for developing new hybrids of desired wood traits to develop new clones.     

Variation analyses of controlled pollinated families and parental combining ability of Pinus koraiensis

To evaluate and select elite Pinus koraiensis parent combinations and offspring families, 34 full-sib families were evaluated. Variance analysis of tree height, diameter at breast height and volume showed no significant differences among each block, the interaction of block, male and female. The family heritability of all traits were high( 0.9). Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variance of height, diameter at breast height, and volume showed that the phenotypic coefficient of variation of volume in the same combination was higher than height and diameter at breast height, indicating that volume was the main factor determining excellent single plant selection. The female and male trees with the best general combining ability indicated that the optimal parental hybridization was not necessarily the optimal combination. In addition, the least parents of hybrid offspring performance were always relatively poor and should not be selected as hybrid parents. Additionally, we found there was no significant difference among the effects of female and male parents by random modelling, but there were significant differences by fixed modelling. The most significant effect of female-and male interaction, and the selection of better female or male parents in the test parent group should be efficient as well as the results of significant variation among them by fixed modelling. For the evaluated breeding population of P. koraiensis, the backward selection of excellent parent combinations or forward selection of excellent individuals as progeny should be the major breeding strategies.