Comparison of Agriculture and Forestry Fiscal Subsidy Policies in China

Great importance has been attached to the “Agriculture-Rural-Farmer” issue by the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and the State Council of China. In recent years, a series of agricultural supporting subsidy policies, such as direct subsidies to grain, seed, material, and machinery purchases have been enforced, and these policies have greatly promoted the agricultural production and the incremental income of farmers. However, from the perspective of increasing the farmers’ income, although the subsidy coverage is expanding from fields to hilly areas where the farmers have made major contributions to the supply of wood and ecological security, the farmers have a low income without enough aid from the forestry fiscal subsidy policy. Foresters cannot enjoy the same policy support as farmers, because the level of forestry fiscal subsidies is obviously lower than the level of agricultural subsidies. Therefore, based on investigation, this article suggests giving more support to forest workers in terms of the promotion and optimization of forestation, forest tending, seeds and insurance subsidies, and further expanding the forestry subsidies’ category and scope and improving its standards.     

A Study of Afforestation Subsidy for Multi-purpose Forestry Development under Global Climate Change:Overseas Experiments and Implication

Global climate change poses new opportunities and challenges for forestry development, and therefore developing multiple-purpose forestry is an important measure to strengthen forestry response to climate change. At present, plantation in China ranks the world first in area, but with relatively low productivity. Constantly expanding forest area and improving forest management for enhancing multiple functions and purposes of plantations are the key measures to upgrade plantation capacity to mitigate and adap...     

对森林抚育补贴试点工作的思考

对当前森林抚育补贴试点工作中存在的诸如作业设计质量不高,中央专项资金补贴标准偏低,成效监测工作不够重视,抚育间伐强度难以准确掌握等问题进行了分析。对抚育对象的确定、抚育方式的选择、采伐木的选择和间伐强度的控制等关键技术环节进行了阐述。提出加强技术培训及经验交流,强化作业设计质量检查,制定地方技术规程和操作细则,推行森林抚育监理制,加强中间管理,抓住"二类调查"契机编制好实施方案等措施及建议。     

不同间伐强度对鲁中南山区人工赤松林生长的影响研究

森林抚育能够有效改善林分生长条件,提高林木生长量和森林质量。结合中央财政森林抚育补贴项目开展,历时7年试验研究了不同生态疏伐强度对人工赤松中龄林生长影响,确定了鲁中南山区人工赤松中龄林生态疏伐合理强度20-30%,为森林质量精准抚育管理提供参考依据。     

中美私有林补贴制度比较研究

首先对私有林及私有林补贴的概念进行了界定; 进而从造林成本补贴、生态效益补偿、税收优惠政策及信贷优惠政策4个方面对中美有关私有林补贴的政策进行比较分析; 最后, 对我国私有林补贴的发展提出若干建议。     

西藏森林抚育管理存在的问题及对策研究

森林抚育能够有效改善林分生长条件,提高林木生长量和质量。以西藏自治区中央财政森林抚育补贴监测评估有关数据为基础,通过对7个地市森林抚育实施情况的调研调查,总结组织管理、机制体制、技术方法等方面的主要管理措施,分析目前存在的问题及原因,并在此基础上提出进一步提高森林抚育设计技术水平、加强林业技术人员培训、严格抚育过程监管、建立安全应急机制、分地域差异化补贴等完善西藏森林抚育的对策建议,为制定科学合理的森林抚育方案、有效实施森林抚育提供参考依据。     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of subsidy schemes for industrial timber development and carbon sequestration in Japanese forest plantations

This study uses simulations to investigate the effects of implementing two different Japanese forestry subsidy systems on timber production and carbon stock, and examines the consequences for harvesting strategies. An existing Local Yield Table Construction System (LYCS), a wood conversion algorithm, and a harvesting cost model were used in the simulations to test the applicability of different subsidies to the thinning of stands. Using forest inventory data collected by local government staff, simulation output was used to calculate forestry profits, carbon stocks, subsidies, the amount of labor required, and the cost effectiveness of investing in subsidies. By comparing the output of simulations based on two scenarios, we found that both the clear-cutting area and the amount of harvested timber were larger under Scenario 2, in which the rules governing subsidy allocations are more relaxed, than under Scenario 1, in which the rules are more restrictive. Because the harvested timber under Scenario 1 was mainly produced by clear-cutting, the forestry profits and the subsidy predicted in the early period of the simulation, were larger under Scenario 1 than under Scenario 2. In contrast, the carbon stock was larger under Scenario 2 than under Scenario 1. The simulation model is likely to be useful for improving Plan-Do-Check-Act cyclesimplemented in Japanese forest management systems.     

Evaluation of carbon sequestration and thinning regimes within the optimization framework for forest stand management

Due to the urgent demand for thinning in planted forests and the tend towards sustainable forest resource management, the forest stand age class eligible for the thinning subsidy in Japan was expanded during the period from 2000 to 2004. Currently, further expansion is under consideration in line with meeting the Kyoto Protocol target of carbon sequestration. In this paper, we conducted evaluation analyses of carbon sequestration and subsidy effects within the optimization framework for the forest stand management. The optimal forest stand management model called Dynamic Programming model for Kyushu Stand Simulator (DP-KYSS) was utilized for the analysis of the target sugi (Cryptomeria japonia) forest stand in the Kyushu region, Japan. Our results showed that the thinning subsidy was effective to stimulate thinning activities at the eligible age class for the subsidy, and that 20% of the current or proposed payment was appropriate to give an incentive to forest owners for conducting the same optimal thinning regime. The amount of carbon sequestered in remaining trees at final harvest was not always shown to increase over time. Depending upon the subsidy condition, it could decrease. The average annual amount of carbon sequestered under no subsidy showed its maximum at age 35, while under the other subsidy conditions, it was shortened to age 25. The net present value of cost per unit carbon loss associated with subsidy became the highest for the rotation age of 35 years for all subsidy policies considered here.     

Effect of Key Priority Forestry Programs on off-farm employment: Evidence from Chinese rural households

This paper examines how 3 Key Priority Forestry Programs (the KPFPs) influenced rural off-farm employment time using a long-term panel dataset that spans 18 years (1995–2012) and includes 6 provinces in China. The programs included the most significant forest policies, including the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), Desertification Combating Program around Beijing and Tianjin (DCBT), and Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP). A labor supply model with both fixed and cluster effects were used to identify the programs' disparate impacts in the different regions and on various policy stages. We found the following results: (i) the overall effect of the SLCP was pronounced in relation to the off-farm participation time, but it weakened gradually after the first policy stage; (ii) the DCBT had less impact than the SLCP in increasing the work time of farmers who already had off-farm jobs, but it was better than the SLCP during the various subsidy policy stages; (iii) the NFPP's total effect was insignificant; (iv) forestry subsidies tended to be decoupled for farmers in China, since the substitution effect was greater than the income effect and increased the supply of non-agricultural labor hours. The researches and policy implications of our work are also discussed here.     

丽江市国家森林抚育补贴试点工作探讨

阐述丽江市森林抚育试点工作主要经验做法和取得的成效,分析在试点工作中存在的思想认识不足、政策体制制约、资金扶持偏低、成本高而经济效益低、森林抚育实施难度大等问题.藉此,提出优化审批程序、加大投入、强化管理等对策及建议.     

The policy analysis of governing illegal logging: A game theory approach

Illegal logging has attracted worldwide attention, and some measures, such as timber procurement policies and timber regulations, have been taken. However, there are no studies that examine the governance of illegal logging using game theory. This paper applies game theory to analyze the subsidy policy for governing illegal logging as well as the effects of the subsidy on the benefits of suppliers and operators of forest products. The results show that controlling illegal logging has an impact on exporting enterprises, and the effects produced by subsidies and non-subsidies are different for enterprise. Enterprises that receive subsidies will occupy foreign markets and gain additional profits, while enterprises that are not subsidized will exit foreign markets. The amount of subsidies is related to enterprise’s governance cost. The benefit for operators and suppliers depend on the combination of supervision level and forest products’ legality. The critical point of regulation of operators is related to regulatory costs, the additional benefits of weak supervision of suppliers, and penalties for regulatory failure. The critical point for suppliers to select legal raw materials is related to suppliers’ operating costs, gray income, and the degree of punishment.     

生态疏伐对华北落叶松林分结构和生物多样性的影响

森林抚育对调整林分结构、促进林木生长都具有极大作用。为了解抚育对华北落叶松林分结构和林下物种多样性的影响,以承德市第三乡林场华北落叶松—白桦混交林为研究对象,采用对比分析的方法,对生态疏伐前后的林分结构、径阶分布和生物多样性进行了探讨。结果表明:生态疏伐后林分平均胸径增加2.1cm,平均树高稍有变化,林分密度从疏伐前的1 365株/hm~2下降到900株/hm~2;生态疏伐前,直径分布曲线呈左偏,6~16径阶林木数量占总数的42.6%;疏伐后,6~16径阶林木株数占总株数的21.3%,直径分布稍向右偏,更趋于正态分布;疏伐后,林下物种的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener指数均有所增加,Pielou均匀度指数在1号、4号、5号样方内有所下降,2号、3号样方内呈增加趋势,且3号样方的Simpson、Shannon-Wiener和Pielou均匀度指数涨幅均最大,分别比抚育前增加了0.373、0.834和0.203。     

泰山刺槐林抚育间伐后林分结构变化调查研究

研究了泰山刺槐人工林经不同次数抚育间伐后的林分结构及刺槐的径级分布变化,结果表明:(1)在混交林还是纯林中,保留刺槐的胸径和树高均随间伐次数的增加而减少,表现为抚育间伐0次抚育间伐1次抚育间伐2次抚育间伐3次。(2)混交林的林分密度和刺槐现存密度随采伐次数的增多都有加大的趋势。抚育间伐对刺槐混交林起到定向引导作用。(3)建议营建适当配比的块状混交林以提高森林的生态功能。     

白狼林业局森林抚育补贴试点实施方案

2009年国家启动了森林抚育补贴试点工作,文章就白狼林业局森林抚育补贴试点实施方案所涉及的内容进行了叙述。     

Evaluation of policy instruments for protective forest management in Austria

This paper is based on a research project studying policy instruments for natural hazards protection in Austria. It discusses two theoretical approaches concerning instruments for political control: policy analysis and systems theory. Because of the stronger empirical basis, policy analysis was applied as the theoretical framework of the study. The findings are discussed for explaining the three essential instruments which are presented in this paper: the regulation of protective forests (ban forests) as a regulatory instrument, a subsidy programme for the restoration of mountain forests as an economic instrument, and the restoration plan for mountain forests as an informational instrument. According to liberal principles, the regulations allocate the costs for mountain forest management to the forest owners and to the beneficiaries of the protective effects of the forest. To avoid conflicts, however, these regulations are not implemented. The forest authority chooses subsidies for the restoration of mountain forests instead. Planning instruments are rather used for legitimizing the subsidies than for rational planning. The evaluation shows that policies can be explained in a better way by the institutional setting and the interests and values of political actors than by the formal characteristics of policy instruments. Three major conclusions are drawn for the analyses of policy instruments: (a) in practical application, the informal functions of policy instruments are more important than their formal characteristics; (b) policy instruments must not be analysed separately as they are not applied independently from each other; (c) in policy research a typology of policy instruments is useful as a model of reference but must not be mistaken for either an explanatory or a normative concept.     

环境再生产与森林生态效益补偿

1　立论的着力点林业发展过程中 ,生态与经济的矛盾、森林利用与环境保护之间的矛盾、国家利益与森林经营者个人利益之间的矛盾、生态系统恢复和森林可持续经营过程中巨大的资金需求与供给严重不足的矛盾随处可见 ,上述矛盾相互交织已经严重影响到林业产业的健康发展 ,影响到森林资源的有效保护和生态环境的维持与改善。因此 ,综合采取技术、经济、管理、法律等手段从根本上解决生态环境保护和建设中所带来的矛盾和困难已经刻不容缓。其中建立森林生态效益补偿制度 ,理顺和协调森林所有者、经营者与受益者的利益关系 ,为林业发展提供稳定的…     

杉木大径材作业级水平经营模式研究

以靖安县为研究对象,从作业级层次提出了杉木大径材的经营模式,在现有18地位指数以上的杉木林地选取目标树,然后通过合理的抚育间伐、林地施肥等后期集约经营管理措施,不断调整林分密度,使目标树保留密度为1 200株/hm2左右,最终培育成大径材。这对于指导南方集体林区县级开展森林经营,促进区域森林持续经营水平的提高具有指导意义。     

对丹江口市退耕还林后续产业建设的思考

随着退耕还林政策补助陆续到期,针对解决退耕农户长远生计问题的长效机制尚未建立,2007年8月,国务院以(国发[2007]25号)发出了《关于完善退耕还林政策的通知》,制定了继续对退耕农户给予适当补助,建立巩固退耕还林成果专项资金的政策,以巩固退耕还林成果、解决退耕农户生活困难和长远生计问题。根据我市实际,结合退耕还林后续产业的建设,对巩固退耕还林成果、解决退耕农户长远生计等方面提出了部分建议。     

Estimation of sequestered carbon in Article-3.4 private planted forests in the first commitment period in Japan

The purpose of this study was to predict the likely amounts of carbon sequestration on a national scale for Japan in the Article-3.4 private planted forests of the Kyoto Protocol during the first commitment period. We regarded the planted forests that had undergone silvicultural practices such as weeding, pruning, and thinning since 1990 as Article-3.4 planted forests in accordance with the definition given by the Forestry Agency of Japan. Regression models were developed to predict the forest areas that had undergone silvicultural practices, employing silvicultural subsidies and forest workers' wages as predictor variables. Then the time series changes in the predictor variables were provided by extending their recent trends, with the result being that the forest areas that have undergone silvicultural practices were predicted on the basis of the three scenarios of the variables. Thus, the Article-3.4 forest area was calculated considering overlaps of silvicultural practices over fixed stands, and the area was converted into the amount of carbon sequestration by multiplying it by coefficients such as a volume table, biomass expansion factor, and others. The result implied that Article-3.4 private planted forests were expected to sequester 8.16–8.87 Mt-C year⁻¹ during the first commitment period. These amounts cover 63%–68% of the carbon sequestration goal by land-use change and forestry activities capped under the Marrakesh Accords. To realize this prediction, it is important to provide a sufficient silvicultural subsidy to last until the end of the first commitment period and to implement silvicultural practices on the forest stands that have not undergone such practices since 1990.     

提高集体林权制度改革后森林经营管理水平的探讨

针对辽东山区集体林权制度改革后的实际情况,从建立林业合作经济组织、建立林业评估及风险防范体系、加大中幼林抚育财政补贴、提高森林抚育经营技术、进行采伐限额制度改革五个方面,详细阐述了提高集体林权制度改革后森林经营管理水平的几项措施,为林改后山区农民森林经营管理提供切实可行的指导意见。