Validation of a FAO land evaluation method by comparison of observed and predicted yields of five food crops in Burundi

Abstract. A land evaluation using unsophisticated data successfully predicted yield ranges of various crops in Burundi. Yields of wheat, pea, bean, maize and potato predicted from data for climate, soil and land use technology were compared with observed yields from farm trials and from seed station and research station trials. The predicted range of yield for each crop suitability class enclosed the mean farm yields 13 times out of 16 and yields on seed stations and research stations 10 times out of 15 and 14 times out of 21 respectively. The variability of the observed yields exceeded the predicted range of yields. The method is considered as validated. The method appears to be applicable for multi-year studies at a broad scale, but yield variation according to the weather from year to year is not accounted for. The variances of the yields on farms are greater than the variances in seed station and research station trials.
Since the method predicts correctly the mean regional farm yields, it could be useful for land use planning, research into optimal regional cropping specialisation, studies on food policy, and for evaluation of economic return and sustainability of different crops.     

不同轮作模式对黄淮平原潮土区土壤养分及作物产量的影响

通过大田试验,研究黄淮平原潮土区不同轮作方式对不同土层土壤速效养分和小麦产量构成因素及产量的影响.采用随机区组设置连续的小麦-玉米(WM-WM-WM)、1周期小麦-玉米+1周期小麦-大豆(WM-WS-WM)、1周期小麦-玉米+1周期小麦-夏花生(WM-WP-WM)、连续的小麦-夏花生(WP-WP-WP)和连续的小麦-大...     

Nitrogen and phosphorus transformations as affected by crop residue management practices and their influence on crop yield

Abstract. A 15-year field experiment investigated crop residue management practices, with crop residue removal, burning and incorporation as the main treatments and nitrogen levels as subtreatments. The effects of crop residue management practices on rice and wheat yield were measured for 11 years. Surface soil samples were taken to study nitrogen and phosphorus immobilization/adsorption and their release under laboratory conditions. The field experiment indicated that residue burning and residue removal resulted in greater grain yields of rice (5.57 and 5.53 t/ha, respectively) and wheat (4.12 and 4.02 t/ha, respectively) than residue incorporation (4.51 t/ha rice and 3.72 t/ha wheat). Laboratory experiments indicated that by the addition of crop residues nitrogen and phosphorus were converted to unavailable forms through immobilization and adsorption, respectively.
Crop residue management practices were discontinued after 13 years and wheat and maize crops were grown in sequence. There were significantly greater yields of wheat (3.57 t/ha in 1992–93 and 3.6 t/ha in 1993–94) and of maize (2.1 t/ha in 1993) in plots where the residues had previously been incorporated than where the residues were previously either removed or burned. This is attributed to release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the incorporated residues.     

长期施钾与秸秆还田对华北潮土和褐土区作物产量及土壤钾素的影响

分析了在华北平原的河北潮土和山西褐土上连续13年施用钾肥和秸秆还田下的大田作物产量和耕层土壤钾素状况。结果表明,在施用氮磷肥基础上长期施钾和秸秆还田能增加小麦和玉米产量,各施钾处理产量与氮磷处理差异显著。两定位点钾肥和秸秆还田的效应不尽相同;小麦年际间各处理产量变异（CV≤13%）小于玉米（CV14%）,河北潮土上的玉米增产效果高于小麦。与山西单作制度相比,河北轮作制度下土壤钾素支出大。秸秆还田和施用钾肥较只施氮磷肥可不同程度提高河北潮土和山西褐土0-20和20-40 cm两土层水溶性钾 （河北0-20 cm平均提高5.8 mg/kg,山西16.9 mg/kg,下同）、非特殊吸附钾（21.2 mg/kg,35.9 mg/kg）、非交换性钾（75.1 mg/kg,57.5 mg/kg）、矿物钾（0.03％,0.01％）及全钾含量;降低矿物钾比例的同时提高其余几种形态钾的比例。随土层加深,除矿物钾外,其余形态钾含量和比例均下降,特殊吸附钾不受施钾措施和土层深度的影响。直接施用钾肥效果优于秸秆还田,且两种措施对上层土壤各形态钾的影响效果大于下层土。     

长期大量施用污泥堆肥显著提升华北地区粮食作物产量和土壤碳汇效应

目的阐明长期不同用量质量达标的污泥堆肥配施化肥对华北地区冬小麦−夏玉米轮作体系作物产量,以及耕层土壤有机碳储量(SOCS)和全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)含量的影响,为污泥高效资源化利用及农业绿色可持续发展提供理论依据。方法于北京市昌平区,开展污泥堆肥(SW)与化肥配施定位试验(2008—2020年),种植制度为冬小麦−夏玉米轮作,试验设置5个处理：100%尿素(N)、50%WS+50%尿素(0.5SW+0.5N)、100%SW+50%尿素(SW+0.5N)、200%SW+50%尿素(2SW+0.5N)、400%SW+50%尿素(4SW+0.5N)处理。小麦、玉米收获后,调查籽粒和秸秆产量,0—20 cm土层土壤有机质和氮磷钾含量,并计算土壤固碳效率。结果随着污泥堆肥用量的增加,小麦和玉米籽粒和秸秆产量逐渐增加,与N处理相比,0.5SW+0.5N处理小麦、玉米籽粒和秸秆多年平均产量无显著差异,SW+0.5N、2SW+0.5N和4SW+0.5N处理下小麦籽粒产量分别增加了6.97%、14.88%和17.94%,玉米籽粒产量分别增加了8.43%、11.77%和15.38%。土壤中有机碳储量、全氮、全磷、全钾含量在0.5SW+0.5N、SW+0.5N、2SW+0.5N和4SW+0.5N处理下较N处理明显提升。同时,土壤中有机碳储量、全氮、全磷和全钾含量随污泥堆肥用量的增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。N、0.5SW+0.5N、SW+0.5N、2SW+0.5N和4SW+0.5N处理下,土壤全氮含量多年平均值分别为1.07、1.26、1.56、1.93和2.73 g/kg,全磷含量分别为1.19、1.67、2.37、3.27、4.11 g/kg,全钾含量分别为18.60、19.06、19.85、20.07、21.19 g/kg。结论与单施尿素相比,以质量达标的污泥堆肥替代50%尿素(0.5SW+0.5N)不会影响小麦、玉米籽粒和秸秆产量,而且可以提升土壤肥力。在尿素用量减半条件下,增加污泥堆肥用量可显著提高小麦、玉米籽粒产量和土壤肥力,特别是在污泥堆肥氮用量为尿素氮用量的4倍时,小麦和玉米可稳定增产15%～18%,并且由于高量污泥堆肥的长期施用极大地提升了土壤中有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的储量,保证了产量的可持续性和土壤的碳汇效应。     

Winter cover cropping influence on nitrogen mineralization,presidedress soil nitrate test,and corn yields

The mineralization and availability of cover crop N to the succeeding crop are critical components in the management of soil N to reduce N leaching. The effects of several leguminous and non-leguminous cover crops on soil N availability, N mineralization potential, and corn (Zea mays L.) yield were examined. The cover crops had variable effects on soil N availability and corn yield and N uptake. Because of the rapid mineralization of the cover crops following incorporation, the inorganic N levels in the soil sampled in mid-May 1992 (4 weeks after incorporation of cover crops), rather than the potentially mineralizable N, rate constants, initial potential mineralization rate, or cumulative N mineralized over 14 weeks, correlated well with N concentrations, C:N ratios, or the N added in the cover crops. However, the inclusion of potentially mineralizable N with inorganic N in a multiple regression improved the variability in the corn yield and the N uptake accounted for. Since extensive mineralization had occurred before the 21 May sampling, the potentially mineralizable N was affected more by the soil organic N and C than by the N concentrations of the cover crops. The presidedress NO₃ ^--N test levels were well predicted by the inorganic and potentially mineralizable N (R ²=0.89, P<0.01), although the test levels were better in predicting corn yield and N uptake. If the available soil N test needs to be made earlier than recommended by the presidedress NO₃ ^--N test, both inorganic and potentially mineralizable N are needed to better predict the corn yield and N uptake in the soils.     

土壤水分对小麦产量和品质的影响

本文综述了土壤水分对小麦产量和品质的影响。土壤水分既影响小麦产量,也影响其籽粒品质;土壤水分缺少能够影响器官发育,使叶面积减小,叶绿素含量降低,群体叶片光合性能下降。土壤水分缺少还使开花后的光合产物减少,造成灌浆物质不足,原贮存在营养器官中的物质向籽粒的运转速度加快,贮存物质在粒重中的比例提高,在一定程度上弥补了粒重和产量的降低。同时,土壤水分也影响小麦品质,主要表现在蛋白质和淀粉上。     

Effect on N P K applications on potatoes grown on a well decomposed and intensively fertilized organic soil

Abstract

Using predictably excessive rates of N, P and K for potatoes on a well decomposed and intensively fertilized organic soil, it was observed that while N depressed yields somewhat, there were neither deleterious nor beneficial effects from the application of P or K. The highest rates of P and K used were 1792 and 3584 kg/ha respectively. Increasing rates of N decreased B concentrations in the potato leaf tissue while increasing rate of K resulted in increasing concentrations of B. Zinc tended to be higher in leaf tissue as excessive phosphorus application rates increased.     

褐土耕地肥力质量与作物产量的变化及影响因素分析

对26个20多年长期定位试验的褐土土壤肥力质量和产量变化进行了分析。结果表明,从1986年到2006年,褐土区土壤有机质含量由11.50 g/kg上升到15.75 g/kg; 全氮由0.73 g/kg上升到1.07 g/kg; 碱解氮含量由73.5 mg/kg 上升到94.6 mg/kg,20年增加了21.1 mg/kg; 有效磷含量1998～2006年增加幅度较大,由18.1 mg/kg上升到28.7 mg/kg,年增加1.3 mg/kg; 速效钾含量也随时间呈一定的增加趋势。总之,褐土肥力总体呈稳中有升的趋势。土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量的上升趋势较土壤速效钾明显,土壤酸碱度保持基本稳定,作物产量也呈现了一定上升趋势。     

长期施钾和秸秆还田对河北潮土区作物产量和土壤钾素状况的影响

以河北冲积平原典型潮土区小麦-玉米轮作长期定位试验（19922009年）为基础,分析了长期施用钾肥和秸秆还田对作物产量、 土壤钾含量及钾素平衡的影响。研究结果表明,不同处理下小麦、 玉米17年平均产量均表现为NPKStNPKNPStNP,其中,小麦、 玉米NPKSt处理比NP处理分别增产9.37%和19.23%,NPK处理比NP处理分别增产6.32%和18.25%; NPSt处理比NP处理分别增产2.76%和9.60%; 长期定位施肥下,各处理耕层土壤（020 cm）各施钾肥的处理其速效钾、 缓效钾含量均与NP处理差异极显著,且表现为NPKStNPKNPStNP; 各处理下层土壤（2040 cm）的速效钾、 缓效钾含量差异均不显著,从钾素平衡看,NP处理钾素表观年盈亏量为-170.0 kg/hm2,土壤钾严重亏缺; NPSt处理实际平衡盈亏率-58.4%,表观年盈亏量为-150.6 kg/hm2; NPK处理钾素表观年盈亏量-3.1 kg/hm2,盈亏率-1.0%,基本接近平衡; NPKSt处理实际平衡盈亏率36.8%,表观年盈亏量为111.4 kg/hm2。试验结果说明,在潮土区,在施氮、 磷肥的基础上,配施钾肥或秸秆还田不仅能持续提高小麦、 玉米的高产、 稳产生产能力, 而且对保持农田土壤钾素平衡、 有效改善耕层土壤钾素状况、 提高土壤肥力有重要的作用。     

黄土高原黑垆土施肥的作物累积产量及土壤肥力贡献

施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力贡献是评价施肥是否科学的关键参数,为了给黄土高原黑垆土区施肥及农业可持续发展提供科学的决策依据,通过设置在黄土高原黑垆上的长期定位试验系统研究了不同施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力贡献。试验设不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷配施(NP)、秸秆与氮磷配施(SNP)、单施有机肥(M)和有机肥与氮磷配施(MNP)6个处理。结果表明,所有处理玉米和小麦累积产量与种植年限显著正相关。MNP、SNP、NP、M4处理玉米年均产量分别为8 856、7 089、7 226、7 043 kg·hm~(-2),小麦年均产量分别为4 916、3 747、4 132、3868kg·hm~(-2),均显著高于对照(CK)。SNP、M和MNP处理玉米和小麦产量与NP处理相近或高于NP处理。氮肥、磷肥的作物累积产量贡献量与种植年限分别呈二次凹函数和凸函数关系。氮磷配施(NP)、秸秆还田的作物累积产量贡献量则与种植年限显著正相关,其年均玉米产量贡献量分别为3408、2191kg·hm~(-2),小麦产量贡献量分别为429、206kg·hm~(-2)。长期施用有机肥及秸秆还田可显著增加土壤有机质和全氮含量。长期施磷肥土壤有效磷含量显著增加,而长期施用有机肥土壤有效磷和速效钾含量均显著增加。总体而言,黄土高原黑垆土区长期平衡施用化肥、施用有机肥、秸秆与化肥配合施用及有机肥与化肥配合施用均可增加作物产量,提升土壤肥力质量,适宜化肥施用量为N 90kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 75 kg·hm~(-2),秸秆还田可隔年施磷。     

施用有机肥对土壤肥力的影响

在潮棕壤上进行了5年的定位试验,研究不同有机肥用量对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥处理与对照处理相比,施用有机肥有明显的增产和稳产作用。不施肥处理,除土壤全钾以外,土壤其他各项养分指标（C、N、P）均有所下降;施用有机肥能显著提高速效P、K养分含量和有机碳及全磷含量。5年时间,低量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量下降了9.19mg/kg,说明低量有机肥并不能保证土壤氮的供给;中量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量略有上升,土壤全氮收支基本平衡;高量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量有明显增加,土壤全氮也有较大程度的盈余。     

盐渍土壤特征及改良措施研究进展

全球盐渍土壤面积大、分布广,且近年来在自然和人为因素等综合影响下,土壤盐渍化进程加速.盐渍化对土壤环境以及作物生长发育造成严重不良影响,盐渍土壤改良对改善土壤环境、提高作物生产力尤为重要.我国盐渍土壤占世界盐渍土壤面积近1/10,盐渍土壤复垦和土壤盐渍化防治已成为我国农业可持续发展的当务之急.因此,采取适当且具有成本优...     

Impact of organic residues and mineral fertilizer application on soil–crop systems I: yield and nutrients content

A five-season experiment was initiated to study the effects of the recycling of some organic residues on a soil–crop system of a guar–wheat rotation in a sandy clay loam soil located in the semi-arid tropics of Sudan. Treatments included: incorporation of crop residues alone after harvest (Cr⁺), with (FCr⁺) or without (FCr^?) inorganic fertilizer, sewage sludge (SS) and humentos (H). Grain yield of wheat in FCr⁺ and Cr⁺ treatments was significantly higher than that obtained in FCr^? and control plots by ～22?62% and 116?119%, respectively. When crop residues were incorporated with inorganic fertilizer, the priming effect of crop residues on straw yield (106%) was almost double that of the priming effect of inorganic fertilizer (56%). The sustainable yield index of wheat straw dry matter for the control, crop residue, humentos, inorganic fertilizer, combined fertilizer and crop residue and sewage sludge was 28, 27, 8, 35, 21 and 38%, respectively. In general, N, P and K of straw dry matter (SDM) was in the order of FCr⁺ > FCr^? > SS > Cr⁺> H > C. The findings suggest that repeated incorporation of crop residues with inorganic fertilizer and applications of SS could both sustain wheat performance in the dryland ecosystems.     

沟坡侵蚀汇水区黑土水分和养分的空间异质性

[目的] 研究坡耕地侵蚀沟汇水区土壤水分和养分空间差异性及其变化,揭示黑土侵蚀对坡耕地粮食生产的影响。[方法] 选取典型黑土坡耕地发育的侵蚀沟汇水区为研究区域,系统观测全生育期土壤水分和养分性状,并秋收测产,解析黑土水分、养分、产量空间异质性及其相关性,分析沟坡侵蚀对土壤质量和作物生产力的影响。[结果] ①沟坡侵蚀对黑土坡耕地土壤水分性状造成了显著的影响,全生育期表层0—20 cm垄沟土壤含水量变异系数12.2%~17.4%,为中等变异;块金值/基台值<0.2,表明具有强烈的空间相关性,雨季块金值/基台值近为0,表明沟坡汇水区土壤含水量完全因地形等结构因子导致的径流迁移的影响,空间有效相关距离最小,为55.2 m。②沟坡汇水区土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量变化分别为23.9~49.7,0.8~1.7,0.3~0.6 g/kg,和70.3~183.8,27.8~78.9,71.2~202.1 mg/kg,土壤有机质含量有效空间相关距离小于100 m,全磷含量有效空间相关距离最大,接近500 m。③汇水区大豆产量变化1 669~3 223 kg/hm²,玉米产量变化8 177~10 871 kg/hm²。[结论] 沟坡侵蚀加剧了汇水区土壤水分和养分空间异质性,降低了耕地生产力。     

我国不同地区土壤肥力监测报告(1988～1997)二、南方二熟制稻田区土壤肥力变化趋势及原因分析

通过 10年土壤监测数据分析表明 ,在常规施肥和管理水平下 ,南方二熟制稻田区三种种植制度中 ,施肥区麦 -稻与蚕豆 -稻两种种植制度的冬作产量上升趋势明显 ,夏作水稻和冬水田水稻产量 75 0 0 kg/ hm2左右 ,比较稳定。三种种植制度的土壤有机质和全氮基本稳定 ,有上升趋势 ;有效磷稳中有升 ;速效钾除麦 -稻外下降趋势明显。主要原因是施肥的影响。农田养分平衡状况是氮磷有余而钾不足。