Properties of a respiratory syncytial virus isolated from a sheep with rhinitis

A virus isolated from a yearling cross-bred ewe was identified as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by indirect immunofluorescence and by virus neutralization with bovine RSV antisera. The virus caused a mild conjunctivitis in 3-month-old lambs when inoculated alone. Although clinical signs of pneumonia were not observed, there was gross and microscopic evidence of pulmonary inflammation in the lungs of lambs inoculated with either the sheep RSV isolate alone or in conjunction with Pasteurella haemolytica. Lung lesions in the dual infection were more severe, with approximately 10% of the total lung mass affected. Lavage fluids from lambs inoculated with virus and bacteria contained approximately 3 times more inflammatory cells than from control lambs or lambs inoculated with virus only. The sheep RSV isolate was classified as a mild respiratory pathogen in lambs of this age. Speculations on the potential importance of this virus in interspecies transmission to cattle and goats were discussed.     

Seroprevalence of respiratory syncytial virus in free-ranging bighorn sheep

Sera from 187 (42%) of 447 free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in 9 western states had antibody titers to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Titers were from 1:5 to 1:640, as determined by the standard virus neutralization test. Results of the survey indicated that RSV is widespread in free-ranging bighorn sheep populations and that RSV may be an important factor in the bighorn sheep pneumonia-complex.     

Characterization and identification of a bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolated from young calves.

Two identical viruses designated 371 and 375 were recovered from nasal secretions of 2 of 7 calves in a beef cow-calf herd in which calves (45 to 105 days of age) had signs of acute respiratory tract disease. The cytopathic, morphologic and physico-chemical characteristics of the isolates were those of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Although a humoral antibody response to bovine respiratory syncytial virus was not observed, it was concluded that this virus probably had a part in the respiratory tract disease in these calves.     

Studies on the occurrence and significance of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Saskatchewan.

Seventy-six percent of 49 blood samples from Saskatchewan cattle had serum antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Experimental infection of one week and seven month old calves with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (Iowa strain) caused transient fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge and coughing but no macroscopic or microscopic lesions attributable to bovine respiratory syncytial virus.     

Role of Bibersteinia trehalosi, respiratory syncytial virus,and parainfluenza-3 virus in bighorn sheep pneumonia

Pneumonic bighorn sheep (BHS) have been found to be culture- and/or sero-positive for Bibersteinia trehalosi, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3). The objective of this study was to determine whether these pathogens can cause fatal pneumonia in BHS. In the first study, two groups of four BHS each were intra-tracheally administered with leukotoxin-positive (Group I) or leukotoxin-negative (Group II) B. trehalosi. All four animals in Group I developed severe pneumonia, and two of them died within 3 days. The other two animals showed severe pneumonic lesions on euthanasia and necropsy. Animals in Group II neither died nor showed gross pneumonic lesions on necropsy, suggesting that leukotoxin-positive, but not leukotoxin-negative, B. trehalosi can cause fatal pneumonia in BHS.     

猪流感病毒的基因组结构及跨种属传播

猪是禽和哺乳动物流感病毒的中间宿主和产生重组病毒的混合器,猪流感病毒基因重排现象非常普遍。从猪流感病毒的形态结构、抗原性、基因组与主要编码蛋白、基因重排与跨种属传播等方面,对其研究情况进行了综述,以期为进一步了解猪流感病毒基因重排及种间传播机制,更好的防控流感疫情提供参考。     

Role of IgE in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in sequential infections in vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves

A study was undertaken to evaluate the possible role of IgE in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection. Fifteen calves were allotted at random to 3 treatment groups. One group of 6 calves was vaccinated with attenuated BRSV vaccine before live-virus challenge exposure, another group of 6 was not vaccinated before challenge exposure, and the remaining 3 calves served as controls (nonvaccinated, nonchallenge exposed). Calves of the 2 experimental groups were exposed to 2 live-virus aerosolizations (challenge exposure) 35 days apart. Histamine and BRSV-specific IgE (BRSV-IgE) concentrations in serum, lung lavage fluid, and nasopharyngeal exudate, as well as clinical signs of disease, were evaluated for 14 days after each challenge exposure. Vaccination before challenge exposure with live BRSV appeared to have little or no effect on the severity of the disease, but did appear to affect disease persistence. A correlation (P less than 0.02) existed between signs of disease and BRSV-IgE concentration measured in lung lavage fluid, but this was only true for vaccinated calves. Although no other correlations were found between clinical signs of disease and IgE concentration, analysis of the results additionally revealed a strong correlation (P less than 0.002) between disease signs and histamine concentration in nasopharyngeal exudate from calves of both experimental groups. Thus, indirect evidence implicated IgE in BRSV infection pathogenesis.     

Replication of parainfluenza type-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in isolated bovine type-II alveolar epithelial cells.

The objectives of our research were to determine whether bovine pulmonary type-II alveolar epithelial cells could be isolated from bovine lung and maintained in tissue culture and to determine whether isolated bovine type-II alveolar epithelial cells would support productive viral replication of bovine parainfluenza type-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Type-II alveolar epithelial cells were isolated from lungs of 4- to 7-day-old male Holstein calves by enzymatic dissociation of pulmonary tissue with trypsin and by separation of cells with the use of filtration and centrifugation on continuous Percoll gradients. Cells were further separated by panning on IgG-coated plastic plates and by lectin binding. Isolated type-II alveolar cells were maintained on basement membrane-coated tissue cultured plates. In culture, type-II cells formed alveolar structures and maintained other cytologic features of type-II cells, including osmiophilic lamellar inclusions. Cell cultures were inoculated with and supported productive replication of bovine parainfluenza type-3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. This was determined by recovery of infectious viruses from inoculated cell cultures and by identification of viral structures in type-II alveolar epithelial cells by transmission electron microscopy.     

Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and glucosamine on bovine respiratory syncytial virus

2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG) and glucosamine reversibly inhibited the replication and cytopathic effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in bovine turbinate cell cultures. The inhibitors were effective when added up to 12 hours after cell cultures were inoculated. Their effectiveness decreased as the time between inoculation of cells and drug treatment lengthened. The sugars did not inactivate the virus directly, and inoculation of drug-treated cells in drug-free medium produced normal yield of virus. Mannose fully reversed the inhibitory effects of 2-dG, but was ineffective for glucosamine. Protein synthesis was necessary for production and release of infective virus after removal of 2-dG and glucosamine blocks. Electron microscopic studies revealed a large amount of bovine respiratory syncytial virus production with characteristic spike-like projections on the viral envelopes in the absence of these inhibitors. There was a drastic reduction in the number of mature virions produced in inhibitor-treated bovine turbinate cells, and the virions lacked the characteristic surface projections.     

Horizontal transmission of Aujeszky's disease virus from sheep to pigs

Eight 2-month-old merino lambs were inoculated intranasally with different (10(2.0)-10(5.0)TCID50) amounts of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV). Electron microscopic studies indicated that ADV replicated in extra-neural sites, in the epithelial cells of the mucosa of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Although the virus was excreted continuously in nasal discharges, horizontal transmission to contact lambs failed. The surviving exposed and contact lambs had no demonstrable antibodies against ADV and they were susceptible when challenged by ADV. However, the virus was transmitted to susceptible pigs in contact with the exposed lambs. One of the five contact pigs showed characteristic clinical signs of Aujeszky's disease, developed a nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis and ADV was recovered from the brain, nasal discharge and other organs. Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA from this virus confirmed the sheep origin of the isolate. The other 4 pigs seroconverted. ADV infection in sheep is therefore a possible source of infection for pigs, but the lack of horizontal transmission in sheep was confirmed.     

Experimental reproduction of respiratory tract disease with bovine respiratory syncytial virus

An experiment was conducted to reproduce respiratory tract disease with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in one-month-old, colostrum-fed calves. The hypothesized role of viral hypersensitivity and persistent infection in the pathogenesis of BRSV pneumonia was also investigated. For BRSV inoculation a field isolate of BRSV, at the fifth passage level in cell culture, was administered by a combined respiratory tract route (intranasal and intratracheal) for four consecutive days. Four groups of calves were utilized as follows: Group I, 6 calves sham inoculated with uninfected tissue culture fluid and necropsied 21 days after the last inoculation; Group II, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV and necropsied at the time of maximal clinical response (4-6 days after the last inoculation); Group III, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV and necropsied at 21 days after the last inoculation; Group IV, 6 calves inoculated with BRSV, rechallenged with BRSV 10 days after initial exposure, and necropsied at 21 days after the initial inoculation. Clinical response was evaluated by daily monitoring of body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood gas tensions, hematocrit, total protein, white blood cell count, and fibrinogen. Calves were necropsied and pulmonary surface lesions were quantitated by computer digitization. Viral pneumonia was reporduced in each principal group. Lesions were most extensive in Group II. Disease was not apparent in Group I (controls). Significant differences (p less than 0.05) in body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial oxygen tension, and pneumonic surface area were demonstrated between control and infected calves. Results indicate that severe disease and lesions can be induced by BRSV in one-month-old calves that were colostrum-fed and seropositive to BRSV. BRSV rechallenge had minimal effect on disease progression. Based on clinical and pathological response, results did not support viral hypersensitivity or persistent infection as pathogenetic mechanisms of BRSV pneumonia.     

Human and bovine respiratory syncytial virus: immunopathologic mechanisms

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the major respiratory tract pathogen of infants and young children. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is recognised as an important cause of respiratory tract disease in calves. Both of these viruses and their respective diseases share many similarities. Immunopathologic mechanisms have been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. This review examines the current understanding of the role of immunopathologic mechanisms in RSV infections. The role of vaccines in inducing hypersensitivity is also examined. Additionally, non-immunopathogenic mechanisms involved in RSV infections are discussed.     

流感病毒血凝素在宿主特异性转变中的分子基础

流感病毒宿主感染谱很广,除野生鸟类外,还广泛存在于家禽、家畜、野生哺乳动物甚至海生哺乳动物和人类[1]。种系发生研究表明,感染其他物种的所有A型流感病毒都来源于野生鸟类,野生鸟类是迄今发现所有16个HA亚型和9个NA亚型流感病毒的天然宿主[2-3]在一定条件下,流感病毒可在不同物种之间发生直接或间接的相互传播。历史上流感病毒跨越种间屏障的现象屡见不鲜。例如,禽流感病毒长期以来仅在禽间存在与流行,但1918年H1N1亚型病毒导致了“西班牙人流感”;1957年,H2N2亚型病毒酿成“亚洲人流感”;1968年,H3N2亚型病毒导致“香港流感”的蔓延;1977年,H1N1亚型病毒再次导致了“俄罗斯流感”;1997年,香港发生了H5N1亚型禽流感病毒感染并致死人的事件[4];2003年底至2008年4月30日,H5N1亚型禽流感病毒再次于东南亚等国家肆虐,引发382人感染,其中241人死亡的事件。由此,流感病毒跨越种间屏障的现象引起了全球的关注。很多学者对流感病毒跨种间屏障机制的研究给予了高度重视并取得了诸多的研究进展。不同病毒的感染机制表明,当病毒在一个物种群体中经过多次感染,就会受到1次与宿主特性相关的自然选择过程...     

Experimental infection of calves with respiratory syncytial virus.

Three bovine isolates and one human isolate of RS virus were given intranasally to gnotobiotic, colostrum-deprived and conventional calves. All isolates produced a biphasic pyrexia associated with a serous nasal discharge. Virus was recovered from nasal secretions 4-10 days after inoculation from nasal, tracheal and bronchial mucosae and lung of animals killed 7-13 days after inoculation. Infection did not produce any macroscopic lesions, but histologically there was a focal degenerative rhinitis and a catarrhal bronchiolitis with the occasional formation of syncytia in bronchioles and alveoli.