河北省沙尘天气时空分布特征及影响因素分析

利用20个基础气象站1980-2006年的气象观测数据,对河北省沙尘天气的时空分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析研究.结果表明,河北省沙尘天气以扬沙为主;在空间分异上,沙尘天气自西向东发生频次递减,西北部和南部是沙尘天气的高发区,东部是沙尘天气的低发区,各类沙尘天气的高发中心不尽相同.在年际变化上,扬沙、浮尘和沙尘暴3类沙尘天气均呈逐年波动减少的趋势,春季发生次数最多;气候周期性变化是造成沙尘天气年际年内变化的主要原因,大风与沙尘源地的耦合决定了沙尘天气的空间分布特征.     

内蒙古通辽市沙尘暴发生规律

利用内蒙古通辽市近48年（1954-2001年）沙尘暴天气气象数据研究通辽市沙尘暴发生规律.结果表明：1）通辽市沙尘暴天气发生次数、持续时间具有明显的月变化、季节变化、年际变化、年代际变化规律;2）通辽市沙尘暴发生的持续时间、次数的变化趋势具有一致性,近48年间沙尘暴天气总体呈减少趋势,20世纪50-70年代是高发期,且变化幅度大;3）80年代后沙尘暴发生次数急剧减少,进入90年代后又呈上升趋势;4）一年中春季3个月,尤其是4月份是沙尘暴发生高峰期;5）沙尘暴的发生与降雨量、风速存在明显的相关性.     

黄土高原沙尘暴时空分布格局及变化趋势分析

研究了黄土高原地区沙尘暴的时空分布格局和变化趋势,主要的工作包括利用黄土高原地区253个旗县市气象站20世纪50年代至1984年沙尘暴的多年平均值做空间插值,结合遥感影像,分析了沙尘暴的空间分布格局,呈现出从西北向东南先增多后减少,北多南少的分布。利用1961-2000年沙尘暴记录分析了沙尘暴年内的季节分布,发现沙尘暴主要发生在春季,尤其是4月。最后,对40 a间沙尘暴进行了趋势分析,发现该区沙尘暴有明显的减少趋势,在1984年发生了明显转折,这种减少趋势在空间上不具有明显差异。     

中国北方春季沙尘暴周期变化特征及其对最大风速的响应

利用1971—2013年中国北方沙尘暴资料,分析了近43年中国北方春季沙尘暴的时空变化规律及其对最大风速变化的响应。结果表明:1971—2013年中国北方春季沙尘暴日数基本呈现出一致的逐渐减少趋势,其中1970年代初到20世纪末出现明显的减少趋势,进入21世纪以来沙尘暴日数略有增加,但仍维持在较低水平。中国北方春季的最大风速与沙尘暴日数呈显著正相关,并且其总体和阶段变化趋势都与沙尘暴日数变化有很好的对应关系。近43年中国北方春季沙尘暴日数最显著的变化特征为线性减少趋势,通过去趋势处理后发现其有明显的年际和年代际波动,在年际尺度存在明显的准7年周期,年代际尺度的准18年周期达到了99%的置信度水平。通过典型周期循环重建表明,中国北方地区沙尘暴准7年周期主要表现出整体一致的变化特征,河西走廊到陕北地区为大值中心,并且在位相转换过程中有一定的先兆性;准18年周期主要表现为东西反向和南北反向的交替异常循环。另外在典型循环演变过程中,最大风速与沙尘暴日数都有很好的协同变化关系,即风速偏大(小)时,对应沙尘暴日数也偏多(少)。     

东北水稻障碍型低温冷害变化特征及其与关键生育期温度的关系

利用东北地区153个气象站1961-2010年逐日气温资料,采用统计学方法分析水稻障碍型低温冷害的气候特征,并与孕穗期和抽穗-开花期温度进行相关分析。结果表明:东北大部水稻障碍型低温冷害事件呈减少趋势,且其区域性分布较明显,表现为吉林大部在水稻孕穗期、辽宁局部在抽穗期低温冷害呈增加趋势;近50a低温冷害发生站次年际波动较大,总体呈减少趋势,但2001-2010年冷害发生站次明显增多;障碍型低温冷害对发育期气温变化较敏感,二者呈显著负相关关系,温度每升高1℃,整个东北地区低温冷害发生站次减少35个;对冷害和发育期气温的年际、年代际变化特征进行分析发现,发育期气温升高导致低温冷害减少是年代际和年际变化共同影响的结果。     

黑河流域中游荒漠区沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘与气候因子的关系

[目的]分析黑河流域中游荒漠区沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘频次和时长的月变化和年变化及其成因,并分析其与主要气候因子的关系,为区域沙尘天气的早期预警和荒漠区的经营和管理提供依据。[方法]利用黑河流域红沙窝荒漠化综合防治试验站的2010—2019年的沙尘天气监测数据和气象数据进行分析。[结果]沙尘频次和时长主要集中在春季,其次是冬季,春冬两季的频次和时长各占全年的82.3%和79.4%。10 a间沙尘暴和扬沙频次总体变化趋势逐渐减少,而浮尘频次总体变化趋势逐年增加;沙尘时长总体变化趋势逐年增加。沙尘频次月变化与土壤湿度(10 cm)和大气湿度之间呈极显著负相关(p0.01),与风速之间呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。春季期间,沙尘暴年际发生频次仅与土壤湿度(10 cm)之间呈极显著负相关(p0.01),扬沙年际发生频次仅与土壤湿度(10 cm)之间呈显著负相关(p0.05),浮尘年际发生频次与土壤温度(5 cm)之间呈显著正相关(p0.05);冬季期间,沙尘暴年际发生频次与土壤温度(5 cm)之间呈显著负相关(p0.05),与土壤湿度(10 cm)和降水量之间呈极显著负相关(p0.01);扬沙年际发生频次与土壤温度(5 cm)之间呈显著负相关(p0.05),与大气温度之间呈极显著负相关(p0.01)。[结论]近10 a来,黑河流域中游荒漠区的沙尘天气主要发生在春季和冬季,破坏性较大的沙尘暴和扬沙逐年减少,而浮尘逐年增加。沙尘频次的月变化主要影响因素是浅层土壤湿度、大气湿度和风速。春季的浅层土壤湿度影响了沙尘暴和扬沙年际频次变化,浅层土壤温度影响了浮尘年际频次变化;冬季的浅层土壤温湿度和降水量影响了沙尘暴的年际频次变化,浅层土壤温度和大气温度影响了扬沙的年际频次变化。     

呼和浩特地区近48年沙尘暴发生规律及其影响因子研究

对呼和浩特地区1954-2001年沙尘暴发生的次数、发生的时间以及影响沙尘暴发生的因子进行了分析,旨在总结该地区沙尘暴发发生的规律,为当地沙尘暴预防及减灾提供一定的理论参考.研究表明:呼和浩特地区近48 a的沙尘暴发生次数总体呈减少趋势,但从90年代后有所增加,特别是2000年开始急剧增加.从沙尘暴发生的时间变化看,春季午后至傍晚是沙尘暴的多发期.从沙尘暴发生持续时间和次数的季节变化看,一年中春季沙尘暴发生持续时间和次数都偏高,尤其是4月份为全年最高,5月以后沙尘暴发生次数急剧下降,8月和10月为全年最低;沙尘暴发生与降水量和前一年最大植被覆盖度呈负相关、与当年的风力强劲程度呈正相关.     

江苏省植被覆盖动态变化及其与气候因子的关系

[目的]研究2000—2013年江苏省植被覆盖状况的时空分布特征,并从年际和季节尺度上分析植被覆盖的空间变化特征以及NDVI与气温、降水量的相关关系和滞后性,以期为区域生态环境监测、生态环境保护和植被可持续发展提供参考。[方法]运用美国国家航空航天局(NASA)发布的2000—2013年MODIS 13Q1级产品(归一化植被指数)和江苏省1999—2013年各气象站点气象资料,采用最大值合成法、趋势线分析法、Person相关分析法和偏相关分析法。[结果](1)14a来,江苏省植被NDVI整体上呈下降趋势,且在时间和空间尺度上有所差异;(2)由于气温、降水量、厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜等事件的影响,NDVI在年际和季节间呈波动性变化;(3)NDVI对降水变化响应的滞后期为1个月,NDVI基本同步于相应气温的变化,仅夏季滞后期为1月。[结论]从时间尺度上看,年际、秋季,NDVI呈下降趋势,而春夏季,NDVI呈上升趋势;从空间尺度上看,江苏省西部的植被覆盖程度明显优于东部沿海和长江中下游平原。NDVI在年际和季节尺度上与气候因子的相关性显著,且与气温的相关性最好。     

黑河流域中游荒漠区沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘监测及其与气候因子的关系

[目的] 分析黑河流域中游荒漠区沙尘暴、扬沙以及浮尘频次和时长的月变化和年变化,并分析其与主要气候因子的关系,为区域沙尘天气的早期预警和荒漠区的经营和管理提供依据。[方法] 利用黑河流域红沙窝荒漠化综合防治试验站的2010—2019年的沙尘天气监测数据和气象数据进行分析。[结果] 沙尘频次和时长主要集中在春季,其次是冬季,春冬两季的频次和时长各占全年的82.3%和79.4%。10 a间沙尘暴和扬沙频次总体变化趋势逐渐减少,而浮尘频次总体变化趋势逐年增加;沙尘时长总体变化趋势逐年增加。沙尘频次月变化与土壤湿度（10 cm）和大气湿度之间呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）,与风速之间呈极显著正相关（p<0.01）。扬沙年际发生频次与土壤温度（5 cm）之间呈显著负相关（p<0.05）,与大气温度之间呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）。[结论] 近10 a来,黑河流域中游荒漠区的沙尘天气主要发生在春季和冬季,破坏性较大的沙尘暴和扬沙逐年减少,而浮尘逐年增加。沙尘频次的月变化主要影响因素是浅层土壤湿度、大气湿度和风速。春季的浅层土壤湿度影响了沙尘暴和扬沙年际频次变化,浅层土壤温度影响了浮尘年际频次变化;冬季的浅层土壤温湿度和降水量影响了沙尘暴的年际频次变化,浅层土壤温度和大气温度影响了扬沙的年际频次变化。     

常德地区56年暴雨气候特征和变化趋势分析

利用湖南省常德市7个气象观测站56年(1960—2016年)的逐日降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Morlet小波变换以及合成分析等统计方法,分析了常德市暴雨发生次数(日数)的时空分布特征及其变化规律。结果表明:空间分布上常德市暴雨发生次数呈山区多、湖区少的特点;在季节分布上,暴雨主要出现在汛期(5—9月),主汛期(6—8月)是常德市暴雨最集中的时段;月际分布上,全年仅12月没有出现暴雨,其他月份都有暴雨出现,6月常德市暴雨日数呈下降趋势,9月暴雨次数上升且在2013年最多;在旬季分布上,暴雨次数从4月上旬开始缓慢增加,6月上旬急剧增加,7月上旬达到峰值,随后缓慢下降。20世纪80年代暴雨发生次数出现增多,90年代达到峰值,随后减少,后期变化趋势平缓。     

土壤水分与氮肥对玉米根系生长的影响

利用田间小区试验研究了不同土壤水分条件下N肥对根系生长（根长、根重和根冠比）的影响。结果表明,玉米拔节期和开花期无论水分条件如何。施N肥可增加其总根长、麦层根长和根重并使根冠比下降;灌浆期施N肥可增加总根长和表层根长,但正常水分条件下N肥使根重和根冠比下降,而干旱条件下N肥对根重和根冠比则无影响,不同处理根冠比大小与N吸收和分配有很大关系。     

荒漠绿洲下垫面粒度特征与供尘关系的研究

研究以野外观测为主要手段，分析了不同高度大气降尘与不同下垫面沙粒的粒度特征及二者间的关系。结果表明：近地表0．1m处收集到的沙尘物质主要来自于近地表跃移的沙粒，随着高度的增加，降尘中细沙成分越来越少，粉沙成分越来越大。不同下垫面粒度特征与扬沙起尘关系密切。其粒度特征可反映下垫面向大气提供沙尘的程度。     

LANDSAT IMAGES REVEAL TRENDS IN THE AEOLIAN DESERTIFICATION IN A SOURCE AREA FOR SAND AND DUST STORMS IN CHINA'S ALASHAN PLATEAU (1975–2007)

The development and reversal of aeolian desertification have been widely recognised as the dominant causes of changes in the source areas of dust storms. The Alashan Plateau, which is near China's Hexi Corridor, is one of the major dust storm source regions in northern China. To investigate the relationship between climatic and anthropogenic factors and the development of aeolian desertification, we reconstructed the temporal and spatial evolution of aeolian desertification and the underlying processes from 1975 to 2007 using Landsat images and analysed the driving forces. The results show that aeolian desertified land in the study area covered 32 847·79 km² in 2007, amounting to 11·3 per cent of the total area, with an initial period of desertification expansion from 1975 to 2000 and a reversal of desertification from 2000 to 2007. On the basis of the analysis of effects of climate changes and human activities in the region, aeolian desertification was principally driven by human activities in this area; climatic variations had little effect on the area of severe desertification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dust deposition and particle size in Mali, West Africa

Dust deposition samples were collected during April and May (1990) at four sites on the inland delta region of Mali in West Africa. High dust deposition rates were measured and characterised by considerable variations between sites. A major dust plume passed over the area, following a dust storm near Gao, 500 km to the east, however the contribution of this plume to overall deposition was surprisingly small.Dust particle-size characteristics indicate mixing of dusts from three sources. Long-distance dust deposition producing fine deposits (mainly < 5 μm); dust from regional sources producing deposits mainly in the size range 20–40 μm; and local dust arising from human activities, particularly vehicle and livestock movements, producing relatively coarse material in the size range 50–70 μm, plus some fines. Local dusts appear to have made the greatest contribution to deposition, with a moderate (though less than expected) contribution from the plume and a minor contribution from long-distance dusts.These results have implications for dust deposition studies aimed at quantifying dust contributions to soils. Although these Mali dust deposition rates are high (2.5–28.6 t⁻¹ km⁻² day⁻¹), the significant proportion of locally derived dust means that new dust inputs to the soils of the Inland Delta region of Mali are small.     

Chemical Composition Change in TSP Due to Dust Storm at Gosan, Korea: Do the Concentrations of Anthropogenic Species Increase Due to Dust Storm?

Aerosol composition change between dust storm and non-dust storm periods in spring is studied using the total suspended particle data measured at Gosan, a background area in Korea. The concentrations of eight inorganic ions and 12 elements were analyzed for the TSP samples collected from March 1992 to May 2006. Two-step statistical analyses were carried out for the data: F test and t test. The concentrations of anthropogenic ionic species showed increasing trend since 2003. The absolute concentrations of most anthropogenic species such as sulfate or nitrate increased (from 7.33 to 9.25 µg m^?3 and from 2.04 to 4.84 µg m^?3, respectively) during the dust storm period. However, the enrichment factors or normalized concentrations based on Al of most anthropogenic species decreased during dust storm period (factor of 0.1–0.5). It suggests that, in general, relative importance of anthropogenic species during dust storm would be not high.     

新疆准东露天煤矿开采区降尘量时空特征及影响因素

[目的]针对新疆准东五彩湾露天煤矿开采区浮尘扩散的问题,选定多种气象因子分析其对浮尘扩散和自然沉降的影响,为监测自然降尘污染提供时间和空间依据。[方法]通过统计分析不同的气象因子同自然降尘量的相关性,确定主导影响因子;通过对自然降尘量时间序列和空间序列的分析,研究准东露天煤矿开采期引起的自然降尘污染的时间和空间变化规律。[结果](1)随着时间的推移自然降尘量总体呈三峰趋势;(2)气象因子对于自然降尘量的影响强弱表现为:平均风速平均土壤湿度平均环境温度;(3)该地区开挖期间自然降尘分布受人为扰动和风的叠加影响。[结论]4,6和9月份由于开采强度较大,自然降尘量相对较大;平均环境湿度对自然降尘量影响不大。风为该地区影响自然降尘的主要气象因子。自然降尘主要分布在主导风上下风向距煤矿开采区、堆渣区和工业区约8~10km范围区域。     

Case studies of Asian dust storm impacts on a coastal site: implication of a good dust storm tracer

Significant dust storm impacts have seldom been recorded and reported in Hong Kong. Herein, four cases which occurred in Hong Kong during the spring times of recent years are examined using back-trajectory computation and chemical analysis of air-borne samples. All of the cases show that the dust was transported from the source to Hong Kong in 2–5 days and that PM₁₀ concentrations approached or exceeded the European Union air quality criteria and the USA National Ambient Air Quality Standard. The chemical characteristics of the samples taken in these events agreed both with those from the source regions and with those archived from selected Hong Kong datasets. The concentrations of the crustal constituents (Al, Fe, Mn, Ca) of the Hong Kong samples on the episode days were at least three times higher than the concentrations measured on non-episode days. The mass ratios of Fe/Al and Mn/Al (but not Ca/Al) can act as good tracers of Asian dust storms to this coastal site where sea-salt and other anthropogenic species are normally dominant. Furthermore, unusually high Mg levels indicated a mainly crustal origin for this element, rather than the marine origin normally found at this coastal location. Particulate nitrate exhibited more elevated concentrations in all of the dust storm samples than in non-dust-storm and local samples.     

Addition of aeolian dusts to soils in southeastern Australia: red silty clay trapped in dunes bordering Murrumbidgee River in the Wagga Wagga region

In southeastern Australia, aeolian dust deposits are very common and have a significant influence on soil properties and soil landscapes. However, the characteristics of the pure dust materials and the rates of dust-fall in the past are unclear because of the low overall rate of dust deposition and mixing with locally derived sediments. In the Wagga Wagga region, some dunes have functioned as dust traps. Thin (<1 cm thick) red clayey bands and thick (up to 2.5 m) red clayey layers within the dune sequences are likely to represent illuviated aeolian dust. These dust materials are characterised by a bi-modal particle size distribution, one mode in the clay and another in the coarse-medium silt. The clay minerals are dominated by kaolinite, illite and smectite. Both ¹⁴C and optical dating indicate the most recent period of dune formation was around 3–4 ka. In an example of these young dunes, there is a total of 2 cm equivalent thickness of dust materials, giving a deposition rate of 0.5–0.7 cm ka⁻¹. All three samples from an elevated dune are saturated with respect to environmental radiation dosage, and give minimum optical ages in excess of 80 ka. In this higher dune, the total thickness of dust is 50–80 cm, similar to that (50–100 cm) of the Yarabee Parna, the youngest aeolian dust deposit in the Wagga Wagga region. This may have been deposited unevenly, being more concentrated during the period 25–16 ka, which has been identified as a major dust deposition period in the Tasman Sea. If this variation occurred, the dust deposition rate indicated by the 50–80 cm dust material in the dune could have been as high as 5 cm ka⁻¹ for the period 25–16 ka.     

Transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through a partly urbanized river basin

The PAH-pollutant loads resulting from storm runoff to a receiving stream are associated with high concentrations of suspended sediments. This is explained by the sorption coefficients and isotherms on street dust, suspended solids, bedload and other sorbents. Pollutographs for a stream with storm runoff mainly from storm water overflows from a combined sewered medium sized town show strong ‘first-flush’ phenomena. Rainfall and bedload contribute only to a lesser extent to the overall transport which stems from street dust washoff. High correlation between total PAH load and maximum flow, but no relation between total PAH load and the number of days since the previous storm, indicates a ‘low washoff case’ under ‘transport limited’ conditions. 3.4-Benzopyrene load was modeled by a pollutant washoff function analoguous to that of the EPA storm water model.