干热变性紫薯淀粉成膜工艺优化

紫薯中直链淀粉含量较高,具有较好的成膜性。以干热变性紫薯淀粉为基质,探究变性淀粉添加量、甘油添加量和海藻酸钠添加量对干热变性紫薯淀粉成膜特性的影响,通过响应面分析法确定干热变性紫薯淀粉最佳成膜工艺参数。结果表明:当变性淀粉添加量为3.99%,甘油添加量为1.52%,海藻酸钠添加量为0.60%时,干热变性紫薯淀粉膜的性能最优。研究成果将为干热变性紫薯淀粉可食用膜的工业化生产提供理论指导。     

响应面法优化干热变性莲子淀粉膜制备工艺

以干热变性莲子淀粉为主要原料,研究变性淀粉用量、甘油用量和干燥温度对干热变性莲子淀粉膜性能的影响,并采用响应面分析及加权评价函数法对膜性能指标进行综合优化,得到干热变性莲子淀粉的最佳成膜工艺条件为:变性莲子淀粉用量为3.53%,甘油用量为1.51%,干燥温度80.61℃。本研究成果将为干热变性莲子淀粉可食膜的工业化生产提供理论指导。     

食品添加剂对南阳彩色小麦淀粉糊化黏度特性的影响

为了解食品添加剂时南阳彩色小麦淀粉糊特性的影响,采用Brabender黏度仪,测定南阳彩色小麦淀粉在添加不同碱面、明矾、食盐和葡萄糖后的黏度曲线.研究了这些因素对小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响.结果表明,四种添加剂均使淀粉的糊化温度升高.随着碱面和明矾浓度的增加,淀粉糊的峰值黏度、最终黏度、消减值、回生值显著降低,崩解值显著升高,淀粉糊的热稳定性降低,凝胶性和凝沉性减弱;而葡萄糖和食盐的加入使淀粉的消减值、回生值和最终黏度升高,增强了淀粉糊的凝胶性和凝沉性.总体来看,碱面和明矾对南阳彩色小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响较大,葡萄糖和食盐的影响较小.碱面、明矾、葡萄糖和食盐的适宜添加量分别为0.4%、0.5 %、5.0%和2.0%.     

淀粉 脂类复合物对蓝色小麦淀粉流变性的影响

为了解淀粉脂类复合物对南阳彩色小麦淀粉糊流变特性的影响,利用黏度分析仪测定了月桂酸、豆蔻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸与小麦淀粉结合形成复合物后淀粉糊的流变特性。结果表明,分别将1.0%、2.0%和3.0%的脂肪酸添加到蓝色小麦淀粉中,在95℃下分别蒸煮5、10和15 min,复合指数随蒸煮时间的延长和脂肪酸用量的增加而提高,随脂肪酸碳链的增加而降低;黏度系数随复合物的增加而增加,而流变指数则随复合物的增加而降低;在四种脂肪酸中,月桂酸与淀粉形成复合物的能力最强,对小麦淀粉的流变特性影响最大;添加月桂酸2%、蒸煮10 min形成的复合物最好。     

小麦淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸酐改性的研究

为了改善小麦淀粉的性能,采用湿法工艺制备小麦辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯,并从表面结构、糊的黏度、透明度和凝沉性四个方面分析了小麦淀粉辛烯基琥珀酸酐改性前后理化性质的差异。小麦辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的湿法制备工艺为：反应时间3 h,pH值8.0,反应温度35℃,淀粉乳液浓度35%,酸酐加入量为淀粉干基重的3.0％~7.0%。该工艺所制备的小麦辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的取代度为0.012 4~0.019 4。扫描电镜分析表明,经过辛烯基琥珀酸酐改性之后,小麦淀粉颗粒表面产生凹陷现象;小麦淀粉糊的黏度和透明度明显提高,并且随着取代度的增加呈增大趋势;小麦淀粉糊的凝沉性降低。     

紫薯淀粉与卡拉胶共混体系糊化及流变学特性的研究

为考察亲水性胶体与紫薯淀粉之间互作机理,以紫薯淀粉为原料,加入不同比例的卡拉胶,研究紫薯淀粉/卡拉胶共混体系糊化及流变学特性的影响。布拉邦德黏度曲线表明,与单独紫薯淀粉相比,添加卡拉胶可增加共混体系的峰值黏度、终值黏度、崩解值及回生值;静态流变学特性研究表明,紫薯淀粉/卡拉胶共混体系均属典型的非牛顿流体,具有假塑性流体的特征,添加卡拉胶后,可提高共混体系的增稠性,降低其流动性,有助于提高体系的假塑性与剪切稳定性;动态流变学特性研究表明,紫薯淀粉/卡拉胶共混体系具有更高的储存模量(G′)和损耗模量(G″),表现出较优越的黏弹特性;在剪切结构恢复力试验中,随着卡拉胶的比例增大,共混体系的恢复力增大。这提示卡拉胶的加入,能改善紫薯淀粉的稳定性,对紫薯产品生产具有一定的应用价值。     

响应面法优化菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的制备工艺

为确定快速粘度计（rapid visco analyzer, RVA）制备菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的最佳工艺条件，探讨椰子油添加量、复合时间、复合温度3个因素对菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的复合指数的影响。在此基础上，利用Box-Benhnken响应面法优化RVA制备菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的工艺条件。此外，对比了菠萝蜜淀粉和复合物的糊化特性、膨胀力和溶解性。结果表明，菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的最佳制备条件参数为：椰子油添加量为4%，复合时间为2.40 min，复合温度为90.70℃。在最佳条件下，菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的复合指数理论值为24.64%，实际验证值为24.33%，拟合模型预测值与实际验证结果吻合。复合物的糊化温度、峰值黏度和谷值黏度高于原淀粉，而最终黏度和回生值有所下降，说明复合物的热稳定性提高；复合物的形成阻止了淀粉膨胀，导致膨胀力和溶解度相较原淀粉明显降低。     

不同品种、成熟期鲜莲中淀粉的结构特性研究

莲子淀粉的结构特性对带壳莲子加工品质和食用品质影响显著。为提高带壳莲子调理食品的品质,本文采用场发射扫描电镜、直链淀粉全自动分析仪、X-射线衍射仪、马尔文激光粒度仪等仪器对4个莲子品种蜡熟期和完熟期莲子淀粉的结构特性进行研究。结果表明,同一品种不同成熟度莲子淀粉中的直链淀粉、抗性淀粉含量和淀粉颗粒粒径随成熟度的增大而增大,而同一品种不同成熟度莲子淀粉的结晶度随鲜莲成熟度的增大而减小（除京广1号外）。在4个品种中,建选17号和建选35号鲜莲中的淀粉含量在蜡熟期和完熟期都较高,而直链淀粉含量最低,对于延缓淀粉老化具有一定效果。     

小麦淀粉粒蛋白表达差异及其与淀粉糊化特性的关系

为探明小麦淀粉粒蛋白与淀粉糊化特性的关系,对河南省18个主栽小麦品种淀粉粒蛋白进行分离,并对淀粉粒蛋白类型、淀粉含量、糊化特性参数进行了研究.结果表明,18个小麦品种分离出了8种主要的淀粉粒蛋白,9种组合带谱,并以组合类型Ⅰ和组合类型Ⅶ所占比例最高,为55.56%,均表现为7条谱带.通过对淀粉粒蛋白条带数量以及谱带光密度总量和淀粉特性的相关性分析表明,淀粉粒蛋白光密度总量和直链淀粉含量、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度呈显著负相关,表明淀粉粒蛋白表达量影响淀粉的糊化特性.同时选取6个小麦品种,分别采用盐、SDS、蛋白酶对淀粉进行处理后,淀粉峰值黏度显著提高,其中以盐处理提高幅度最大,且不同处理之间差异达显著水平.对处理后淀粉粒蛋白进行电泳分析表明,处理后的条带明显减少,说明处理后小麦淀粉粒蛋白含量下降.综合试验结果,不同小麦品种淀粉粒蛋白表达存在差异,同时淀粉粒蛋白表达量高低影响淀粉峰值黏度.     

灌浆期不同时段高温对稻米淀粉理化特性的影响

【目的】研究灌浆期不同时段高温对稻米淀粉组成、结构和理化特性的影响,揭示高温对稻米淀粉理化特性影响的时段效应,阐明高温、结构和功能之间的关系。【方法】以耐热水稻品种黄华占和热敏感的9311近等位基因系为实验材料,利用人工气候箱设置高温[38℃(昼)/30℃(夜)]和对照[28℃(昼)/22℃(夜)],研究灌浆前期(齐穗期后1－15 d)和后期(齐穗期后16 d至成熟)高温对稻米的加工品质、外观品质、淀粉组成、支链淀粉链长分布、粒度分布、胶稠度、黏度特性、糊化特性、结晶特性和颗粒形态的影响。【结果】灌浆期高温使糙米率、精米率、整精米率显著下降,使垩白粒率和垩白度显著升高,导致加工品质和外观品质变差。灌浆期高温使总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、短支链淀粉含量、大淀粉粒占比、直/支链淀粉比显著下降,而中等支链淀粉含量、小中淀粉粒占比、糊化温度和糊化焓显著上升,黏度特性显著改变,结晶类型不变但结晶度显著改变,淀粉颗粒表面出现小孔,表面变得凹凸不平,导致淀粉颗粒更加碎片化和蒸煮食味品质变劣。灌浆期不同时段高温对稻米品质的影响不同,灌浆前期高温对稻米淀粉的影响大于灌浆后期,耐热品种受影响小于热敏感品种。灌浆前期高温处理下供试材料具有较高的消减值和较低的崩解值,黏度特性变差;灌浆后期高温处理下供试材料具有较低的消减值和较高的崩解值,黏度特性变好。【结论】灌浆前期高温对淀粉理化特性的影响最大,进而导致稻米的加工品质、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质变劣,灌浆后期高温提升了黏度特性。     

Physical properties of dry-heated octenyl succinylated waxy corn starches and its application in fat-reduced muffin

Waxy corn starch was modified by dry heating (130 °C, 2 h) in the presence of octenyl succinic acid (OSA) at different pHs (4, 6, and 8), and the physicochemical properties of the modified starch were evaluated. The dry-heated octenyl succinylated (DH-OS) starch was also evaluated as a partial fat substitute in a muffin. Dry heating of starch under a more acidic condition resulted in lower degree of polymerization (DP_n) but lower degree of substitution (DS). The pasting viscosity of the DH-OS starch prepared under basic conditions was higher than that of the unheated counterparts, whereas that under acidic conditions was lower. It was because the substitution favored basic conditions, and thermal degradation was accelerated by acids. The gelatinization characteristic was not significantly altered by OSA substitution and dry heating. The muffin containing the DH-OS starch had a higher specific volume and a softer texture than the muffin containing maltodextrin. Among the DH-OS starches tested, the starch prepared under acidic conditions produced muffins that had a greater volume, which was most likely due to its low molecular size. The muffin prepared with DH-OS starch at pH 6 was the softest in texture and had characteristics that were relatively close to the full-fat muffin.     

Interaction of granular maize starch with lysophosphatidylcholine evaluated by calorimetry, mechanical and microscopy analysis

In this study we evaluated the thermo-mechanical properties of maize starch pastes (80% wt/wt) under the effect of exogenous lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical spectrometry (DMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Particular attention was paid to the development of the amylose-LPC inclusion complex. Results from SEM and DSC showed that with no exogenous LPC, granular maize starch developed the amylose network structure for starch gelling at 80–95 °C. In comparison, at 1.86 and 3.35% of LPC, heating up to 130 °C was needed to develop the three-dimensional network required for starch gelling. Results showed that at these LPC concentrations LPC interacted mainly with amylose within the starch granule. At concentrations ≥8.26% the LPC interacted with amylose both inside the granule and on the granule's surface. At such LPC concentrations heating to 130 °C did not fully develop the starch network structure for gelling. These results suggested that a higher thermal stability was achieved by starch granules because of LPC inclusion complex formation. DSC or DMS did not detect the development of this complex, probably because its formation took place below the onset of gelatinization under conditions of limited molecular mobility. Subsequently, a lower level of organization (i.e. complex in form I) was achieved than in the complex developed at high temperature and water excess (i.e. complex in form II). On the other hand, the changes in the starch granule structure observed by SEM as a function of the time–temperature variable were well described by the phase shift angle (δ) rheograms for starch pastes with and without addition of LPC.     

不同淀粉脱支酶对菠萝蜜种子淀粉分子结构的影响及糊化特性研究

采用普鲁兰酶和异淀粉酶制备脱支菠萝蜜种子淀粉(debranched jackfruit seed starch,DS)及脱支菠萝蜜种子支链淀粉(debranchedjackfruitseedamylopectin,DAP),旨在研究所得DS和DAP之间的差异。结果表明,DS具有较宽的分子量分布,而DAP具有较窄的分子量分布。普鲁兰酶水解α-1,6糖苷键更完全,所以普鲁兰酶DS和DAP平均分子量更低。普鲁兰酶水解较短侧链更有效,异淀粉酶则可水解外分支链。异淀粉酶DAP具有高比例B2链、B3链和长平均链长,导致其具有低的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度和回生值,但糊化温度高。因此,淀粉脱支酶的选择和直链/支链淀粉组成均能导致淀粉分子结构和糊化特性显著不同(p<0.05),可根据特定需要选择合适制备方法增强或抑制菠萝蜜种子淀粉固有性质或赋予其新的特定性质。     

Chemical Composition,Mineral Profile,and Functional Properties of Canna (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Canna edulis</Emphasis>) and Arrowroot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Maranta spp</Emphasis>.) Starches

The aim of the present study was to evaluate some chemical and mineral characteristics and functional and rheological properties of Canna and Arrowroot starches produced in the Venezuelan Andes. Canna starch showed a higher (P < 0.05) moisture, ash, and crude protein content than arrowroot starch, while crude fiber, crude fat, and amylose content of this starch were higher (P < 0.05). Starches of both rhizomes own phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium, and zinc in their composition. Phosphorus, sodium, and potassium are the higher in both starches. Water absorption, swelling power, and solubility values revealed weak bonding forces in Canna starch granules; this explained the lower gelatinization temperature and the substantial viscosity development of Canna starch during heating. Arrowroot starch showed a higher gelatinization temperature measure by DSC, than Canna starch and exhibited a lower value of ΔH. Both starches show negative syneresis. The apparent viscosity of Canna starch was higher (P < 0.05) than the Arrowroot starch values. The size (wide and large) of Canna starch granules was higher than arrowroot starch. From the previous results, it can be concluded that Canna and Arrowroot starches could become interesting alternatives for food developers, depending on their characteristics and functional properties.     

Effects of heat,drought and their combined effects on morphological structure and physicochemical properties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) starch

High temperature (HT) and drought stress (WS) severely affect rice quality by altering the starch structure in rice. The morphological and physicochemical properties of starches isolated from two rice varieties grown under three stress treatment (HT, WS and WS + HT) during the grain filling stage were investigated. The results showed that WS increased amylose content (AC%) and the proportion of large starch granules (LSG) and made the surface of the starch granule smooth and flat. As a result, a lower relative crystallinity, surface order, swelling power, setback viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy were caused. HT decreased AC% and milled rice rate, but increased chalky rice rate, the number of LSG and the large air space and pits on the surface of the starch granules. As a result, a higher relative crystallinity, surface order, swelling power, setback viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy were caused. Similar results were observed under the treatment of WS + HT, indicating that there is a mild antagonistic effect on rice starch when the HT and WS occur simultaneously.     

马铃薯不同杂交组合及后代淀粉品质性状的评价

以马铃薯品种大西洋和资源材料1533为母本配制的10个杂交组合无性二代为试验材料,对其淀粉粘度、糊化温度和峰值粘度温度性状进行评价。结果表明:以大西洋为母本配制的各杂交组合后代无性系个数在粘度高值端、糊化温度低值端及峰值粘度低值端所占比例较大。以1533为母本配制的各杂交组合后代无性系个数在粘度高值端占比例也较大、但在糊化温度低值端和峰值粘度低值端占比例很小。综合性状表现最好的是大西洋×东农308,该组合后代平均粘度为1 480 BU、平均糊化温度为67.7℃、平均峰值粘度温度为78.5℃,其次表现较好的组合是1533×D2和大西洋×D2。这3个组合是选育马铃薯淀粉加工专用型品种的优良群体材料。     

Effects of monoglycerides on pasting properties of wheat starch after repeated heating and cooling

The effects of repeated heating and cooling on the properties of pastes prepared from a commercial wheat starch (Triticum aestivum L.) with added monoglycerides were studied using a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). The nanostructure of the freeze-dried pastes was determined by X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering. Pastes prepared from the wheat starch alone, or from the starch mixed with tripalmitin, which does not form complexes with starch, produced regular viscosity profiles in the RVA when subjected to multiple heat-cool cycles. In comparison, the effects of adding monoglycerides (or monoacylglycerols) depended on the chain length and saturation of the fatty acid of the monoglyceride. Repeated heat-cool cycles in the RVA of the starch with different monoglycerides induced the formation of complexes of varying stability that influenced the viscosity trace of the paste during multiple heating and cooling cycles. Small-angle X-ray scattering in combination with X-ray diffraction proved useful in describing the nanostructural changes in the RVA pastes induced by monoglycerides and temperature cycling. The results indicate that the functional properties of starch pastes may be manipulated through the strategic selection of an added monoglyceride.