上海不同地区土壤中硒的形态分布及其有效性研究

本文研究了上海不同地区土壤中硒的形态分布及其有效性,结果表明,土壤中硒的存在形态与土壤ｐＨ和有机质含量密切相关,土壤中硒主要以有机物－硫化物结合态及元素态存在,占总硒含量在４３～６０％,其次是残渣态,占２３～４３％,而其余三种形态仅占１２～２１％,统计分析表明,可溶态,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态硒对作物最有效,土壤有效硒的ＮａＨＣＯ３和ＫＨ２ＰＯ４浸提法都可以用作判断土壤对作物供硒能力的指标。     

土壤中硒的形态及其区分

用６个土样进行土壤中硒形态分组的研究，并应用ＸＡＤ－７树脂消除富里酸中有机物质的干扰后，测定其中的无机态硒，采用凝胶色谱技术研究富里酸组分中的有机态硒，本方法成功地定量区分了土壤中各种形态的硒。     

土壤硒的形态及有效硒的提取

本文研究了陕西省几种主要土壤中硒的形态,并提出了一种土壤有效硒的浸提方法。土壤无机态硒的易溶部分依照杰克逊对无机磷分级方法被分为NH₄Cl-Se、Al-Se和Fe-Se三类。三部分硒总量占全硒含量的37—65%,平均为48%。三者的比例大致为Fe-Se>Al-Se>NH₄Cl-Se,它们与全硒和NaHCO₃-Se均呈显著相关,与水溶态硒相关不显著;由盆栽试验证明,土壤有效硒的NaHCO₃浸提法可以用作判断土壤对作物供硒能力的指标,而水溶态硒在本试验范围内与作物吸收性不一致。     

岚皋县岩石、土壤和农产品中硒分布规律研究

[目的]探讨岚皋县岩石、土壤和农产品硒含量分布特征及其相互关系,揭示岚皋县岩石、土壤和农产品硒的分布规律.[方法]采集岚皋县岩石、土壤和农产品样本,测定样本中总硒含量.[结果]岚皋县岩石硒含量范围0.006～43.38 mg kg-1,均值4.15 mg kg-1,震旦系和寒武系地层岩石硒含量显著高于其他地层;土壤硒含...     

若尔盖高原湿地土壤硒的数量、形态与分布

用连续浸提的方法研究了若尔盖高原4种湿地土壤(风沙土、草甸土、沼泽土和泥炭土)中硒的含量、形态、剖面分布及其影响因素,以期为该区人、畜缺硒症的防治积累科学资料。结果表明,该区土壤属于低硒环境,表层土壤全硒含量范围为65～260μg/kg。在各种形态硒中,水溶性硒仅占土壤全硒含量的1.12%～3.08%,交换态硒占2.91%～6.03%,有机态硒占10.28%～45.63%,酸溶态硒、硫化态硒和残余态硒3种无效态硒共占60%以上。在土壤有机态硒组成中,胡敏酸结合态硒(HA-Se)占有机态硒的57.84%,富里酸结合态硒(FA-Se)占42.16%。土壤总硒和有机态硒的含量与分布主要受土壤有机碳的影响,且其影响程度随着深度的不同而改变,湿地土壤丰富的有机碳有利于土壤有机态硒和总硒的积累。土壤总硒含量低、有机态硒的比例较高以及胡敏酸结合态硒占优势导致硒的生物利用率低,可能是该区域人、畜硒缺乏症发生的重要原因。     

我国富硒农产品与土壤标准研究

硒是人和动物生命活动必需的微量元素,缺硒可影响人体健康并导致诸多疾病。通过富硒农产品补硒是一种简单而有效的方法。本文从硒对人体的健康功效、居民硒的摄入量状况、土壤硒分布与作物硒吸收特征、富硒土壤研究现状、富硒农产品标准、富硒农产品中硒摄入量安全性评估等方面,进行了系统研究,阐述了研制富硒土壤分类标准的必要性。     

干湿交替灌溉对富硒土壤硒形态及水稻硒积累的影响

以自然富硒土壤为试材,采用盆栽试验,探讨了轻干湿交替、重干湿交替、正常管理和淹水状态下的土壤硒形态及水稻硒积累。结果表明:籽粒产量以轻干湿交替处理最高,比淹水处理高22.17%,二者差异显著。所有处理水稻不同部位的含硒量均表现为根(0.411~0.695mg/kg)茎(0.214~0.378mg/kg)叶(0.187~0.327mg/kg)谷壳(0.156~0.235mg/kg)籽粒(0.132~0.185mg/kg)。籽粒含硒量和土壤可溶态硒含量以重干湿交替处理最高,淹水处理最低,其中二者含硒量差异也达显著水平。土壤有效硒含量与水稻根、茎叶、谷壳和籽粒中硒含量均呈现显著或极显著正相关(0.939**,0.896**,0.793**,0.723*)。水稻根的硒吸收系数也以重干湿交替处理最高(0.438),淹水处理最低(0.259),表明干湿交替提高了水稻硒吸收能力。综合分析得出,干湿交替灌溉不但能提高水稻产量,还能提高稻米硒含量,且比正常管理节约用水,整体表现以轻干湿交替处理为最佳。     

土壤中硒含量、形态及有效性分析

近年来,硒(Se)对于植物以及人体的有效性逐渐得到重视,越来越多的富硒土壤被发现和利用,但目前人们对于土壤中硒的含量、形态、转化及其有效性还没有形成系统、全面和准确的认识。本文通过对国内外硒研究文献的整理和分析,认为当前对土壤中硒总量有较全面的数据,但对于硒的植物有效性与其他影响因素之间的关系认识不一,主要原因在于研究前提(土壤类型、气候等)的差异以及不同因素之间的掩盖。今后应在相对控制某一变量的前提下,采用定量模型技术,分析土壤硒有效性的真实影响因素和定量规律。在区域大气-土壤-水-植物系统的硒平衡方面,针对大气沉降、硒甲基化(挥发)、硒的淋失等途径的定量规律和影响因素,应开展大尺度范围的监测和分析。利用硒同位素技术(自然丰度和加富标记),更加准确地追踪硒在土壤、植物等子系统的转化规律,从而为提高硒的利用效率提供科学依据。     

磷、硒配施对冬小麦硒吸收及土壤硒形态转化的影响

为研究磷硒配施对冬小麦根土界面硒有效性及形态分级的影响,并探究磷硒配施提高土壤硒有效性的可能机制,以冬小麦为试验材料进行根箱培养试验,设置0(P0)、80(P80)、160 mg·kg^-1(P160)3个磷水平和0(Se0)、1 mg·kg^-1(Se1)2个硒水平,分析冬小麦植株磷硒含量、累积量、迁移系数及根际和非根际土5种硒形态含量。结果表明,无论施硒与否,随着磷含量的增加,冬小麦生物量、地上部和根系磷含量均增大。施硒1 mg·kg^-1显著降低了P80和P160水平下冬小麦生物量、P160水平下根系磷含量及各部位磷累积量。在Se1条件下,施磷增加了各部位硒累积量,但显著降低了地上部硒含量和硒从根系向地上部的迁移系数。在Se0条件下,P160处理增加了根际土壤和非根际土壤中的可交换态硒含量。在Se1条件下,P160处理根际土壤中可交换态硒含量显著高于非根际土壤,但铁锰氧化物结合态硒和残渣态硒含量低于非根际土壤。综上所述,适宜的磷硒配施可影响土壤中各种硒形态的转化过程,可能是由于磷的施入和根系活动共同作用促进了土壤中铁锰氧...     

土壤-植物系统中硒的浸提形态研究进展

硒是环境中重要的生命元素,对人和动植物体的健康有重大的影响。本文结合国内外的最新研究进展,对土壤-植物系统中硒的浸提形态做了较为详细的综述。首先,重点介绍了目前研究较多的土壤硒的浸提形态,然后介绍了植物中硒的浸提形态,最后展望了硒在浸提技术上的发展趋势,以便为今后的研究提供参考。     

Total selenium content of agricultural soils in Japan

To evaluate the selenium (Se) level in agricultural soils in Japan and to investigate its determining factors, 180 soil samples were collected from the surface layer of paddy or upland fields in Japan and their total Se contents were determined. Finely ground soil (50 mg) was wet-digested with HNO₃ and HClO₄ solution and the released Se was reduced to Se(IV). The concentration of Se(IV) was then determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector after treatment with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene and extraction with cyclohexane. The total Se content ranged from 0.05 to 2.80 mg kg⁻¹ with geometric and arithmetic means of 0.43 and 0.51 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The overall data showed a log-normal distribution. In terms of soil type, volcanic soils and peat soils had relatively high Se content and regosols and gray lowland soils had relatively low Se content. In terms of land use, upland soils had significantly higher Se content than paddy soils. Among regions, soils in the Kanto, Tohoku, Hokkaido and Kyushu regions had relatively high content. The total Se content had a significant positive correlation with the organic carbon content ( P  < 0.01) and the equation for the estimation of total Se content with organic carbon suggested that on average approximately 48% (0.24 mg kg⁻¹) of the total Se was in inorganic forms and approximately 52% (0.25 mg kg⁻¹) was in organic forms. Soil pH, on the contrary, did not show a significant relationship with the total Se content. In conclusion, the organic matter content, in combination with volcanic materials, was the main determining factor of the total Se content of agricultural soils in Japan.     

向海沼泽湿地土壤碱解氮含量的季节变化特征研究

对比分析向海沼泽封闭性湿地和开放性湿地土壤中碱解氮含量的季节变化特征结果表明,2个典型区湿地表层土壤中碱解氮含量呈不规则“N”形变化曲线,其他土壤层次变化则相对和缓,但植物枯死期各层均表现出碱解氮含量增加趋势;各层土壤碱解氮季节动态变化过程均可采用三次多项式拟合模拟,且模拟效果均较好。     

Selective determination and formation of elemental selenium in soils

A selective method for the determination of elemental selenium in soil was developed and was applied to the study of elemental selenium in soil. (1) Elemental selenium extracted with carbon disulfide from soil was selectively transformed into selenocyanate ion by reacting with potassium cyanide in carbon disulfide. The selenocyanate ion formed was recovered into an aqueous solution and the amount of selenium in the aqueous solution was determined. This method was specific to elemental selenium and did not interfere with the other selenium compounds and soil components. The method was also highly sensitive and enable to determine more than 0.1 μg kg^-1 of elemental selenium in soil. (2) The formation of elemental selenium was confirmed, when a soil was submerged and the redox potential of the soil decreased. The amount of elemental selenium formed was proportional to the selenite content of the soil, indicating that elemental selenium is transformed from selenite upon its reduction.     

137Cs在耕作土壤中的均一性分布研究

选择一块面积为35m×30m较为平坦的农耕地作为研究对象,采集68个样点,共计112个样品,对~(137)Cs在土壤中的垂直分布和水平分布进行了探讨.结果表明,~(137)Cs在耕作土壤剖面中分布主要集中在耕层以内,且各个层的质量活度介于2.92～4.01Bq/kg之间,在土壤表层中水平面上质量活度介于28.77～30.98Bq/kg之间,该核素在土壤剖面和地表水平面上都呈现均一性分布特征.     

Sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy reveals differences in sulfur speciation of bulk soils, humic acid, fulvic acid, and particle size separates

X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra at the sulfur (S) K-edge (E=2472 eV) were compared for bulk soil material, humic and fulvic acid fractions, and different particle size separates from Ah horizons of two arable Luvisols, from an O and a Bs horizon of a Podzol under Norway spruce forest, and from an H horizon of a Histosol (peat bog). In the bulk soil samples, the contribution of reduced organic S (organic mono- and disulfides) to total sulfur increased from 27% to 52%, and the contribution of ester sulfate and SO₄²⁻-S decreased from 39% to 14% of total S in the following order: arable Luvisols Ah—forested Podzol O—Histosol H. This sequence reflects the increasing organic carbon content and the decreasing O₂ availability in that order. Neither sulfonate nor inorganic sulfide was detected in any of the bulk soil samples. For all samples except the Podzol Bs, the XANES spectra of the bulk soils differed considerably from the spectra of the humic and acid fractions of the respective soils, with the latter containing less reduced S (16-44% of total S) and more oxidized S (sulfone S: 19-35%; ester sulfate S: 14-38% of total S). Also the S speciation of most particle size fractions extracted from the Ah horizon of the Viehhausen Luvisol and the Bs horizon of the Podzol was different from that of the bulk soil. For both soils, the contribution of oxidized S species to total S increased and the contribution of sulfoxides and organic mono- and disulfides decreased with decreasing particle size. Thus, sulfur K-edge XANES spectra of alkaline soil extracts, including humic and fulvic acids or of particle size separates are not representative for the S speciation of the original soil sample they are derived from. The differences can be attributed to (i) artificial changes of the sulfur speciation during alkaline extraction (conversion of reduced S into oxidized S, loss of SO₄²⁻ during purification of the extracts by dialysis) or particle size separation (carry-over of water-soluble S, such as SO₄²⁻), but also to (ii) preferential enrichment of oxidized S in hydrophilic water-soluble soil organic matter (ester sulfate) and in the clay fraction of soils (ester sulfate, adsorbed SO₄²⁻).     

长期秸秆还田对德阳地区稻田土壤镉赋存形态的影响

明确长期秸秆还田对稻田土壤Cd污染阻控或促进效应,有利于制定针对性的农田Cd污染治理措施,对保障粮食安全生产具有重要意义。以四川省德阳市旌阳区Cd污染稻田为研究对象,通过田间实地调查与采样分析,探讨了秸秆还田不同年限(0 a、1 a、4 a、8 a)对农田土壤Cd赋存形态及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明,研究区稻田土壤Cd形态含量分布为:残渣态铁锰氧化物结合态有机结合态碳酸盐结合态可交换态;秸秆还田(4 a以上)显著增加了土壤有机质含量,进而促进了稻田耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤有机结合态Cd含量水平显著上升(以秸秆还田4 a,其含量增加了45%为最高),对土壤可交换态Cd含量略有增加效应;土壤p H则随秸秆还田年限的延长呈先升高后缓慢下降趋势,主要影响土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd含量水平的变化。从土壤Cd形态的生物利用性角度评价,随秸秆还田年限延长(1~4 a),能减轻稻田耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤有效态Cd的分配,促进其向潜在态Cd转移;而对犁底层(20~40 cm)土壤Cd形态的生物有效利用性的影响未达显著水平。总体来看,秸秆还田(1~4 a)提高了土壤有机质含量,显著增加了耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤有机结合态Cd含量水平,促进了耕作层(0~20 cm)稻田土壤Cd由有效态向潜在态转化,降低稻田土壤Cd污染状况;持续长期的秸秆还田(连续秸秆还田8 a以上),则可能因土壤p H下降而促进土壤Cd由潜在态向有效态转化,增加稻田土壤Cd的生物吸收累积效率。     

Spatial distribution of roots and cracks in soils cultivated with sunflower

The aim of this research was to investigate the spatial distribution of roots and cracks in two clay soils cropped with sunflower under different inter-row spacing in order to identify the optimal management. A latin square experimental design was applied to compare bare soil and soil cropped with sunflower, with three plant densities, obtained by keeping constant the number of plants on the row (3 plants m^?1) and varying the row spacing (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 m). The presence of the crop and the different distance between rows influenced soil moisture content as well as the root spatial distribution and thus the structural features of cracks. Increasingly lower values of moisture were found in both soils as the distance between rows decreased; an opposite trend was observed for both root density and crack size. The volume of cracks in the soil grown with sunflower at 0.4 m row spacing was 201.4 m³ ha^?1, thus 8 times higher than the value on the bare soil and 2.5 times higher compared to the one grown at 0.8 m between rows. Optimal results in terms of root density, soil moisture and crack size were obtained with an inter-row spacing of 0.6 m.     

Hydrolytic enzyme activities in agricultural and forest soils. Some implications for their use as indicators of soil quality

Although a great deal of information exists about the effect of land use on soil enzyme activities, much of this is contradictory and brings into question the suitability of soil enzyme activities as indicators of how land use affects soil quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of land use on different soil biochemical properties, especially hydrolytic enzyme activities, with the aim of providing knowledge about the problems related to the use of enzymes as indicators of soil quality. The data presented derive from various studies in which a large number of soils under different types of forest or agricultural management were analysed by the same methods. All of the soil samples were characterized in terms of their main physical and chemical properties, the activity of several hydrolases, microbial biomass C and soil basal respiration. The results indicate that soil use causes a large reduction in organic matter content and that the effect on enzyme activity varies depending on the type of land use or management and the type of enzyme. Furthermore, the enzyme activities per carbon unit (specific activities) in soils affected by land use are almost always higher than in maximum quality soils (climax soils under oak vegetation or oak soils), and land use also generates greater increases in the specific activity as the C content decreases. The mechanism responsible for these increases probably involves loss of the most labile organic matter. Enzyme enrichment is not always produced to the same degree, as it varies as a function of the enzyme and the type of land use under consideration. It is concluded that the complexity of the behaviour of the soil enzymes raises doubts about the use of enzyme activities as indicators of soil degradation brought about by land use.     

农产品水足迹评价研究进展

水足迹是消费者或生产者直接或间接使用水资源量的衡量指标,并被广泛应用于全球或区域虚拟水贸易分析研究。本文从全球、国家或地区等不同空间尺度对农产品水足迹评价研究进行了比较全面的综述。近十几年来,农产品水足迹研究从2008年以前的全球农产品贸易虚拟水量分析评价为主,转向2009年以后国家或地区空间尺度的农产品形成过程中所消耗的直接和间接水量的详细核算研究为核心。水足迹评价具有明显的空间分布特征,为了获取准确、全面客观的农产品生产水足迹信息,必须要考虑区域地理特征、土壤理化特性、气候变化、生产技术及污染物生态毒性等因素的影响。水资源管理决策制定时应综合考虑农产品绿水、蓝水和灰水足迹,因为农产品的蓝水足迹表征了社会淡水资源的直接消耗,对国际市场贸易决策制定具有重要意义,而农产品灰水足迹评价则更明确地反映了农业生产对环境的影响程度。实现全球或区域农业水资源保护与可持续利用,不仅要提高农业生产水资源利用效率,还应该调整农业生产结构、农产品虚拟水贸易的模式和方向,减少农产品流通过程和饮食消费的水资源浪费。