Wheat Nitrogen Fertilization Under no Till on the Low Altitude Brazilian Cerrado

This study evaluates the effects of different nitrogen (N) rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha^?1) and sources (ammonium sulfate, urea, and ammonium sulfonitrate with a nitrification inhibitor, Entec®) applied either as a single application during sowing (next to the planting rows) or as side dressing (stage 3.2 on Zadok scale), on production components and grain yield of irrigated wheat grown under no-till in a low-elevation Brazilian cerrado and Dark Red Dystrophic Latosol with clayey-texture. It was adopted a randomized block design (5 × 3 × 2) in factorial scheme with four replications. The N sources provided similar grain yields and chlorophyll contents. Increased nitrogen rates increased grain yield up to the 120 kg N ha^?1, regardless of application time and N source. Nitrogen fertilization as side dressing can be recommended based on leaf chlorophyll readings. Early application of all nitrogen fertilizers at sowing time was viable.     

Winter Wheat Quality Responses to Water,Environment, and Nitrogen Fertilization

Decreasing carbon (C) footprints by reducing nitrogen (N) and water inputs has been speculated to have negative impacts on wheat grain yield and flour processing quality. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of N and water stress on winter wheat grain yield, protein composition, and dough quality. Wheat fertilized at two N rates (unfertilized and recommended) was grown under water-stressed and well-watered environments. Nitrogen and water stress were measured using the ¹³C isotopic approach. Research showed that (1) N fertilizer and the water-management environment produced similar impacts on wheat quality and yield loss due to N stress and yield loss due to water stress (YLWS); (2) N fertilizer increased flour protein, dough stability, and relative concentration of glutenin (%Glu), unextractable polymeric protein (UPP), and relative amount of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS/LMW-GS); (3) the well-watered environment reduced protein contents when N mineralization was low, whereas it did not influence protein content when mineralization was high; and (4) the %Glu was negatively correlated with yield loss due to N stress (YLNS) and positively correlated with stability. This study showed that a clear understanding of the complex relationship between soil variability and climatic conditions should make it possible to develop adaptive management practices, increase profitability, and improve quality.     

Optimum Nitrogen Fertilization of Winter Wheat Based on Color Digital Camera Images

Abstract

Site‐specific nitrogen (N) fertilizer management based on soil N_min (soil mineral N) and the plant N status (sap nitrate analysis and chlorophyll meter (SPAD) reading test) has been shown to be effective in decreasing excessive N inputs for winter wheat in the North China Plain, but the multiple sampling of soil and plants in individual fields is too time‐consuming and costly for producers and farmers. In this study, a color digital camera was used to capture wheat canopy images at a specific growth stage to assess N needs. Treatments included a farmer's N treatment (typical farmer practice), an optimum N treatment (N application based on soil–plant testing), and four treatments without N (one to four cropping seasons without any N fertilizer input). Digital images were analyzed to get red, green, and blue color‐band intensities for each treatment. Normalized intensities of the red, green, and blue color bands were well correlated with soil N_min, SPAD readings, sap nitrate concentration, and total N concentration of winter wheat. This research indicated the potential of using a digital camera as a tool combined with an improved N_min method to make N fertilizer recommendations for larger fields.     

Nitrogen Application in Winter Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Conditions: Effects on Nitrogen Uptake,Utilization Efficiency,and Soil Nitrogen Deficit

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most growth restricting nutrients in cereal grain and represents one of the highest input costs in agricultural systems; therefore, environmental and economic considerations require the effective use of N fertilizer in plant production. This study was conducted for three years to better understand wheat plant response to optimize N fertilizer and how to reduce the risk of ground water pollution.

Two of the most important durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy and four N fertilization levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha^{? 1}, indicated as N0, N60, N120, and N180, respectively) were compared in this experiment. During plant growth, fresh and dry matter, plant nutritional state (SPAD readings and stem nitrate content), and N uptake were determined. At harvest, plant N content, N uptake, grain yield, yield components and quality were determined, allowing the calculation of the pre- and postanthesis N uptake and the N utilization efficiency indices. Furthermore, at the beginning and at the end of each year, soil mineral N was measured to calculate mineral N deficit in the soil.

The results indicated that the treatment with 120 kg N ha^{? 1} of fertilizer ensures a good balance between yield and N utilization. In fact, N180 and N120 showed similar yield (3.01 and 3.07 t ha^{? 1}, respectively) and protein content (13.7 and 13.5 %). Meanwhile, throughout the three-year experiment, N180 presented the highest final mineral N content in the soil at the end of the cropping cycles, increasing the amount of N available for leaching. The N120 treatment showed the same values of N utilization indices as compared to N180, indicating that further doses of N fertilizer did not increase wheat N utilization. Plant N status shows that it is possible to modify the N fertilization to reach its optimum level during plant growth, in accordance with variable weather conditions, and consequently the plants requirements. The mean treatments of the preanthesis N uptake were about 67.5% of the total N uptake, and it was significantly and positively correlated with wheat yield. On the contrary, the postanthesis N uptake showed positive correlation with grain protein content, confirming the importance of late N supply in grains quality. The variation of weather conditions affected winter wheat yield, quality, N utilization and plant N status, but any difference throughout years was found between N180 and N120, confirming that higher N rate did not influence wheat growth, yield, and N uptake.     

Effect of Different Fertilization Methods and Nitrogen Doses on the Weediness of Winter Wheat

The field study was conducted in April 2006 in a long-term fertilization experiment that was set up in 1983. The aims of this study are to compare the weediness in plots with nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK), NPK + farmyard manure (FYM), and NPK + stalk treatments and to study the effect of increasing N doses on the weeds and winter wheat plants. The bifactorial test was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments were the following: 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha^?1 N, 100 kg ha^?1 phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅), and 100 kg ha^?1 potassium oxide (K₂O). Three weed species were dominant in the experiment: Veronica hederifolia, Consolida regalis, and Stellaria media. The NPK treatment resulted in the smallest average weed cover. The significantly greatest weed cover was found on the plots treated with NPK + FYM, but the greatest biomass production of winter wheat was measured also in the NPK + FYM treatment, which resulted in a good crop competition. The weed cover was increased proportionally by the rising N doses. The effect of increasing N rates was positive on the winter wheat biomass and on wheat competition to the weeds. Results of our study show that we can manage weeds better using favorable plant nutrition.     

施肥对黄土高原旱地冬小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响

肥料定位试验结果表明:各种肥料单施或配施对小麦产量影响顺序为MNP>NP>MN>N>M>MP>P>CK,不同肥料间具有明显的正交互效应。化肥配施可显着提高旱地小麦的水分生产效率和肥料利用率,有机肥与氮磷肥配合施用效果最佳,可使小麦耗水系数降低51.0%,水分利用效率提高165.6%,氮肥、磷肥利用率分别提高8.3,6.0个百分点,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提提高1.9g/kg、0.05g/kg、21.3mg/kg、16.8mg/kg和34.0mg/kg。     

氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦土壤硝态氮含量、根系生长及氮素利用的影响

以宁麦9号为材料,研究施氮量及氮肥基追比例对稻茬小麦土壤硝态氮含量、根系生长、植株氮素积累量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,拔节前0-60cm土层硝态氮含量随基施氮量的增加而显著增加,随生育进程的推进各处理硝态氮显著向下层土壤淋洗;拔节期追施氮肥显著提高了孕穗期0-40cm土层硝态氮含量,且随追施氮量的增加而显著增加,N300和N3/7处理硝态氮显著向40-60cm土层淋洗。根系主要生长于0-20cm土层,拔节前各土层根长密度均随基施氮量的增加而增加,拔节后则随施氮量增加和适当的追肥比例而增加。各施氮处理均以拔节至开花期为小麦氮素积累高峰期。适宜增加施氮量并适当提高追肥比例,有利于提高产量、植株氮素积累量和氮素利用效率。因此,在小麦生产中,适当降低施氮量并提高拔节期追肥比例有利于促进小麦根系生长和植株氮素积累,进而提高小麦产量并减少硝态氮淋洗损失。     

冬小麦施氮对复播大豆土壤微生物区系及产量的影响

为揭示冬小麦不同施氮水平对复播大豆土壤微生物区系的后效影响,于2017-2018年在小麦季设置0、225、375和525 kg·hm^-2 4个施氮处理,分别记作CK、N₁、N₂和N₃,采用稀释平板法和MPV稀释法研究冬小麦不同施氮量对复播大豆土壤微生物区系的影响。结果表明,麦季施氮量对复播大豆土壤微生物区系具有显著的后效作用。随着麦季施氮量的增加,复播大豆产量、土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、氨化细菌及好气性自生固氮菌数量呈先上升后下降的趋势,硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量呈不断上升的趋势;其中,麦季适宜的施氮量(N₁、N₂)更能促进土壤微生物总数的生长繁殖,优化菌群结构,提高后茬大豆产量;而过量施氮(N₃)刺激硝化、反硝化细菌数量的增加,降低大豆产量,加速土壤中氮素损失,降低氮肥利用率。综合考虑冬小麦季施氮量为375 kg·hm^-2时,复播大豆产量达到最高,平均为2 988.93 kg·hm^-2,两年大...     

长期施肥对黑土氮素矿化与硝化作用特征的影响

采用培养试验研究了长期施肥对黑土矿化与硝化作用特征的影响。结果表明,黑土的矿化作用和硝化作用都较强,长期施肥对黑土矿质态氮量有显著影响,施用化肥能够增加矿质态氮量,在施用NPK肥基础上增施有机肥,矿质态氮量进一步增加,表明在土壤管理上如果增加有机肥的施用,可以提高土壤的供氮能力。长期施肥黑土的硝化率与施N肥相关性较好,其次是施用PK肥。有机肥与无机肥配施可使土壤硝化率显著提高;硝化率高低取决于黑土可矿化态氮素含量和土壤pH。     

施氮量对冬小麦—夏玉米土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响

通过河北清苑连续6年的田间定位试验,以冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系作为对象,设置不同的施氮处理(N_0、N_(100)、N_(180)、N_(255)、N_(330)),研究不同施氮量对冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系的土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响。结果表明:6年土壤表观氮素累积盈亏量随施氮量的增加而增加,N_0和N_(100)处理的土壤氮素累积盈亏量为负值,N_(180)、N_(255)和N_(330)处理的土壤氮素累积盈亏量分别高达382,1 173,2 116kg/hm~2;各处理的氮素表观盈亏量年际间变异较大,而在2种作物上的氮素累积盈亏量差异不大;在冬小麦季和夏玉米季,土壤氮库达到平衡状态的施氮量分别为155,134kg/hm~2;土壤氮素表观盈亏量均与土壤无机氮变化量呈显著负相关,与施氮量呈显著正相关,且随降雨量的增加呈增加趋势;不同生育期的结果表明,在冬小麦—夏玉米生长前期均表现土壤氮素盈余,而后期土壤氮素亏缺。因此合理施用氮肥既要考虑土壤氮素盈亏,也要关注生育期的分配。     

Chronic Nitrogen Fertilization Modulates Competitive Interactions Among Microbial Ammonia Oxidizers in a Loess Soil

Nitrogen(N) application may lead to niche segregation of soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and bacteria(AOB), thereby reducing the competitive interactions between AOA and AOB due to higher ammonium substrate availability. However, the adaptive mechanisms of AOA and AOB under N enrichment remain poorly understood. Stable isotope probing(SIP) microcosm incubation was employed to reveal community changes of active AOA and AOB in a loess soil from a field experiment growing potatoes that received no N(control, CK), low N(LN, 75 kg N ha~(-1)), and high N(HN, 375 kg N ha~(-1)). The results showed that the soil potential nitrification rate(PNR) was measured by culturing of the soil samples from the field experiment. Soil PNR was significantly increased in HN by87.5% and 67.5% compared with CK and LN, respectively. Compared with CK, the~(13)C-amoA genes of soil AOA and AOB in HN had 2.58 × 10~4 and 1.55 × 10~6 copies, representing 1.6-and 16.2-fold increase respectively. It was indicated that AOB dominated soil ammonia oxidation. A phylogenetic analysis of the~(13)C-amoA gene showed that N application significantly increased the proportion of54 d9-like AOA up to 90% in HN, while the Nitrososphaera gargensis-like and Nitrososphaera viennensis-like AOA were inhibited and completely disappeared. Nitrogen application also resulted in the community shift of active AOB-dominant group from Nitrosospira briensis-like to Nitrosospira sp. TCH711-like. Our study provides compelling evidence for the emergence and maintenance of active nitrifying communities under the intensified N input to an agricultural ecosystem.     

Mid-Season Recovery from Nitrogen Stress in Winter Wheat

ABSTRACT

Although spring-applied nitrogen (N) has been shown to be most efficient, the technique of delaying all N applications until mid-season, and the resultant effect on maximum yields, has not been thoroughly evaluated. This experiment was conducted to determine if potential yield reductions from early-season N stress can be corrected using in-season N applications. Data from three experimental sites and two growing seasons (six site-year combinations) were used to evaluate three preplant N rates (0, 45, and 90 kg ha^?1) and a range of in-season topdress N rates. Topdress N amounts were determined using a GreenSeeker hand-held sensor and an algorithm developed at Oklahoma State University. Even when early-season N stress was present (0-N preplant), N-applied topdress at Feekes 5 resulted in maximum or near-maximum yields in four of six site-year combinations when compared with other treatments receiving both preplant and topdress N.     

黄土塬区氮磷配施对冬小麦光合作用、产量形成及水分利用的影响

在黄土高塬沟壑区,研究了不同施肥条件对冬小麦各个生育期的叶面积指数、光合作用、干物质积累、产量形成以及水分利用的影响,结果表明：与对照相比,施肥后小麦叶面积指数和光合速率都显著提高,同化作用增强,平均产量提高了47.6%,水分利用效率提高了24.6%。不同的肥料配施对冬小麦的干物质积累、产量以及水分利用效率的影响顺序基本一致,即高氮高磷〉高氮低磷〉低氮低磷〉低氮高磷,但方差分析表明,在这种氮磷配施方案中起作用的主要是氮肥,磷肥的贡献不大,且二者并没有产生明显的交互作用。     

冬小麦北移种植的研究进展

就“冬麦北移”问题的提出和研究进展，以及“冬麦北移”中应注意的问题进行综述，旨为“冬麦北移”的进一步研究开展和我国北方冬麦区的规划提供参考依据。     

Suspending Nitrogen Fertilization Reduces Residual Soil Nitrates in Dryland Cotton

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production is a potential source of nitrate (NO₃ ^?) contamination of soils, groundwater, and streams. The McConnell–Mitchell plots, a long-term study of cotton responses to N-fertilization and irrigation methods, were utilized to determine the NO₃ ^?-N in soil cropped to continuous cotton. The McConnell–Mitchell plots had a split-block experiential design. The main blocks of this test were irrigation methods. Each block of plots was irrigated using a single irrigation method for the entirety of the testing. Nitrogen fertilization rates were tested within each irrigation block. The soil NO₃ ^?-N content of two irrigation blocks, furrow flow (FI) and center pivot (CP), were compared to the dryland (DL) control block. Nitrogen treatments tested within each irrigation block ranged from 0 to 168.0 kg N ha^?1 in 33.6-kg N ha^?1 increments. Nitrogen treatments were tested for 18 years (1982 through 1999), discontinued for 4 years (2000 through 2003), and resumed in 2004. Soil samples were taken in the early spring (2000 and 2004) to a depth of 1.50 m in 0.15 m increments and analyzed for NO₃ ^?-N. Soil samples taken in 2004 were prior to any fertilization treatment. Irrigation method was found to influence the distribution of soil NO₃ ^?-N. Little accumulation of soil NO₃ ^?-N was observed in either irrigation block or under dryland production when N rates were less than 67.2 kg N ha^?1. Distribution of soil NO₃ ^?-N in the FI block was significantly different with sample depth and N treatment but not the interaction of depth and treatment in both 2000 and 2004. Presumably, the small and close values of the means and the greater variability of interactions compared to main effects precluded significant interactions. Differences in soil NO₃ ^?-N in the FI block after suspending N treatments for 4 years were similar to those found in 2000, although the soil NO₃ ^?-N was generally depleted in 2004 compared to 2000. The distribution of soil NO₃ ^?-N in the CP-irrigated block was dependent on the interaction of sample depth with N treatment in both 2000 and 2004. Soil NO₃ ^?-N values and differences tended to be too small to be of discernable or practical importance under CP irrigation. The distribution of soil NO₃ ^?-N in the DL block was dependent on the interaction of sample depth with N treatment in 2000 and 2004. Soil NO₃ ^?-N was minimal in the three lowest N treatments (0, 33.6, and 67.2 kg N ha^?1) in 2000. Greatest amounts of soil NO₃ ^?-N were found in conjunction with the 134.4 and 168.0 kg N ha^?1 treatments both years. Depletion of soil NO₃ ^?-N was evident in the surface 0.45 m of the 100.8, 134.4, and 168.0 kg N ha^?1 treatments under DL conditions in 2004.     

Meta-analysis of Winter Wheat Response to Chloride Fertilization in Kansas

Cereal grain yield response to chloride (Cl) fertilization has been reported in most of the Great Plains. The objective of this study was to use meta-analytic methods to summarize and provide quantitative estimates of the effects of soil and fertilizer Cl on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) response including grain yield and flag leaf Cl tissue level. Meta-analysis evaluated the effect of soil and fertilizer Cl application from different studies on a common scale of effect size. Chloride tissue concentration using the flag leaf correlated well with fertilizer plus soil Cl at a depth of 0–60 cm. However, our analysis indicates possible luxury uptake of Cl in relation to grain yield, with a possible upper limit in plant uptake with soil Cl levels around 68 kg Cl ha^–1. Application of Cl fertilizer generated average wheat yield increases of approximately 8%.     

黄土塬区氮磷配施对冬小麦光合作用、产量形成及水分利用的影响

在黄土高塬沟壑区,研究了不同施肥条件对冬小麦各个生育期的叶面积指数、光合作用、干物质积累、产量形成以及水分利用的影响,结果表明:与对照相比,施肥后小麦叶面积指数和光合速率都显著提高,同化作用增强,平均产量提高了47.6%,水分利用效率提高了24.6%。不同的肥料配施对冬小麦的干物质积累、产量以及水分利用效率的影响顺序基本一致,即高氮高磷>高氮低磷>低氮低磷>低氮高磷,但方差分析表明,在这种氮磷配施方案中起作用的主要是氮肥,磷肥的贡献不大,且二者并没有产生明显的交互作用。     

减氮配施有机肥对夏玉米——冬小麦土壤硝态氮及氮肥利用的影响

为实现华北平原夏玉米-冬小麦的高产及氮肥的高效利用,采用田间小区试验方法,研究了氮肥减量及其与有机肥配施对夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系内土壤硝态氮分布及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明:与不施氮处理(CK)相比,施用氮肥增加了冬小麦和夏玉米的生物量和产量,而在农民习惯施氮基础上减量1/3不会显著影响到生物量和产量。其中减氮配施有机肥(ONM)处理的周年总产最高,相比习惯施氮(CN)和减氮处理(ON)分别提高了1.85%和3.78%。处理CN的0~180 cm土壤硝态氮累积量的周年变化均值达502.7 kg hm^-2,分别是处理CK、ONM、ON的2.95、2.17、1.56倍。与处理CN相比,处理ONM显著降低了剖面(0~180 cm)土壤中的硝态氮含量,其中在夏玉米季和冬小麦季的降低幅度分别为18.1%~66.7%和37.3%~87.2%。处理ON和ONM相比处理CN,植株周年总吸氮量无显著性差异,氮肥利用率却得到了显著提高。其中处理ONM的周年氮肥利用最高,比处理CN提高了36.9%。综合分析,减氮与有机肥配施不仅显著降低了0~180 cm土壤硝态氮含量,大幅度提高了氮肥利用率,且有助于增加冬小麦和夏玉米的生物量及产量。     

不同施肥下冬小麦生长过程中土壤矿质氮变化及其与冬小麦叶片SPAD值的关系

通过调查分析,研究了土长期施肥条件下土壤中矿质氮含量变化及其与地上冬小麦叶片SPAD值。结果表明:(1)整个冬小麦生长期不同土层硝态氮和铵态氮的变化趋势不一致,硝态氮含量是先下降后上升的变化,而铵态氮含量呈一直上升的变化趋势。在没有施过氮肥的处理中,0—20cm,20—40cm土层中土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量显著低于施用氮肥的处理;(2)冬小麦生长时期,各个处理叶片SPAD值各异,但都是先升高后下降的变化,无氮肥施用的叶片SPAD值低于施氮肥的处理;(3)冬小麦各个生长时期叶片SPAD值与土壤不同层次(0—20cm,20—40cm)硝态氮含量呈正相关关系,而与铵态氮含量相关性不显著,这表明小麦是对硝态氮较为敏感的作物。本试验结果可以为进一步合理调控氮肥施用、明确施氮对小麦产量和品质的影响提供一定的基础依据。     

水氮优化条件下在华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作中的化肥氮去向

针对华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作区水肥高投入的特点,引入以土壤Nmin（NO₃- -N+NH₄+ -N）为基础的优化施氮技术和以土壤水分含量为基础的优化灌溉技术对施氮量和灌溉进行优化,大幅度降低了氮肥用量和灌溉量,且生物产量和籽粒产量均未发现显著降低。微区结果表明,传统灌溉方式下,传统施氮处理的化肥氮利用率很低,冬小麦当季为22.7%, 夏玉米当季25.7%,整个轮作周期为28.44 %; 氮损失率较高,冬小麦当季为52.9%, 夏玉米当季35.7%,整个轮作周期为47.0%; 而优化施氮可大幅度提高化肥氮利用率,降低损失,冬小麦当季、夏玉米当季和整个轮作周期的化肥氮利用率分别达到45.1%, 42.9%和46.1%, 损失率分别为33.3%, 7.1%和34.5%。优化灌溉下的优化施氮与传统灌溉的优化施氮相比,虽然化肥氮利用率未有显著差异, 但是却显著降低了损失,显著增加了化肥氮的土壤残留。同时对土壤氮素矿化的影响也显著不同,建议在化肥氮优化中应考虑水分管理。研究还表明, 在华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作区,反硝化损失可能是化肥氮损失的主要途径。