温度和秸秆质量调节与秸秆分解相关的微生物磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）组成

Variations in temperature and moisture play an important role in soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. However, relationships between changes in microbial community composition induced by increasing temperature and SOM decomposition are still unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and moisture levels on soil respiration and microbial communities involved in straw decomposition and elucidate the impact of microbial communities on straw mass loss. A 120-d litterbag experiment was conducted using wheat and maize straw at three levels of soil moisture (40%, 70%, and 90% of water-holding capacity) and temperature (15, 25, and 35°C). The microbial communities were then assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. With the exception of fungal PLFAs in maize straw at day 120, the PLFAs indicative of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi decreased with increasing temperatures. Temperature and straw C/N ratio significantly affected the microbial PLFA composition at the early stage, while soil microbial biomass carbon (C) had a stronger effect than straw C/N ratio at the later stage. Soil moisture levels exhibited no significant effect on microbial PLFA composition. Total PLFAs significantly influenced straw mass loss at the early stage of decomposition, but not at the later stage. In addition, the ratio of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial PLFAs was negatively correlated with the straw mass loss. These results indicated that shifts in microbial PLFA composition induced by temperature, straw quality, and microbial C sources could lead to changes in straw decomposition.     

Responses of soil microbial biomass and community composition to biological soil crusts in the revegetated areas of the Tengger Desert

As a key component of desert ecosystems, biological soil crusts (BSCs) play an important role in dune fixation and maintaining soil biota. Soil microbial properties associated with the colonization and development of BSCs may indicate soil quality changes, particularly following dune stabilization. However, very little is known about the influence of BSCs on soil microbes in sand dunes. We examined the influence of BSCs on soil microbial biomass and community composition in revegetated areas of the Tengger Desert. BSCs increased soil microbial biomass (biomass C and N), microbial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations and the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs. The effects varied with crust type and crust age. Moss crusts had higher microbial biomass and microbial PLFA concentrations than cyanobacteria-lichen crusts. Crust age was positively correlated with microbial biomass C and N, microbial PLFA concentrations, bacterial PLFA concentrations, fungal PLFA concentrations and the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs. BSCs significantly affected microbial biomass C and N in the 0–20 cm soil layers, showing a significant negative correlation with soil depth. The study demonstrated that the colonization and development of BSCs was beneficial for soil microbial properties and soil quality in the revegetated areas. This can be attributed to BSCs increasing topsoil thickness after dunes have been stabilized, creating suitable habitats and providing an essential food source for soil microbes.     

PLFA方法研究连作对加工番茄根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

通过在石河子大学农学院试验站开展加工番茄连作定点微区试验,采用氯仿熏蒸和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法相结合,研究了不同连作处理(种植1 a、连作3 a、5 a和7 a)对新疆加工番茄花果期和成熟期根际土壤微生物群落结构及土壤微生物量的影响。结果表明,连作导致土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)和微生物熵(q MB)下降,SMBC/SMBN升高,而微生物量磷(SMBP)随连作年限和生育期的变化而不同。连作显著增加了真菌PLFAs含量,降低了细菌PLFAs含量、土壤PLFAs总量及细菌/真菌PLFAs的比值,而放线菌PLFAs含量变化无规律。连作7 a时,成熟期的细菌PLFAs含量、土壤PLFAs总量较对照分别减少62.9%、50.3%(P0.05),而真菌PLFAs含量较对照升高60.2%(P0.05)。从多样性指数分析看,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Brillouin指数和Pielou指数均随连作年限的延长呈先升后降的变化,其中连作3 a时各项指数最大,连作7 a时最小,表明在本试验年限范围内,连作使得微生物群落多样性与均匀程度皆出现了一定程度的降低。相关性分析表明,土壤微生物各类群PLFAs量、微生物量及土壤肥力之间存在相关性,说明土壤微生物量与土壤肥沃程度相关,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。可见,加工番茄连作改变了土壤微生物群落结构,降低了土壤微生物量,最终在根际土壤微生态系统和环境因子等因素的综合作用下产生连作障碍。     

减氮配施抑制剂及鸡粪提高尿素氮在稻田土壤中的转化及利用

  【目的】  探究氮肥减量配施氮肥抑制剂和鸡粪的情况下土壤及肥料氮素供应和利用状况,及其对土壤肥力和水稻产量的影响,为我国东北地区水稻生产中提高氮肥利用效率、实现节肥增效提供理论基础。  【方法】  采用15N同位素示踪技术,盆栽试验设不施氮肥处理 (CK)、常规氮肥 (15N示踪尿素) 处理 (N)、80%尿素氮+20%鸡粪氮处理 (NM)、80%尿素氮+抑制剂处理 (NI)、80%尿素氮+抑制剂+20%鸡粪氮处理 (NIM)。测定不同生长时期来自于土壤及肥料中的铵态氮、微生物量氮含量及植株含氮量,收获时测定水稻产量。  【结果】  1) NI处理在土壤及肥料来源的铵态氮供应能力方面与N处理相当,抑制剂添加对氮肥减施有一定的补偿作用。在分蘖期和灌浆期,NM处理供氮能力优于无机氮肥处理。NIM处理在铵态氮和硝态氮供应能力方面效果最好。与N处理相比,NIM处理在水稻返青期、分蘖期和灌浆期土壤铵态氮含量分别提高了19.2%、66.3%和36.5%,硝态氮含量分别提高了13.9%、12.7%和17.3%,15NH₄+-N含量在分蘖期增加了14.59 mg/kg。2) 无机氮肥处理 (N、NI) 对土壤微生物量碳含量无显著影响,但添加鸡粪处理 (NM、NIM) 显著提高了返青期和灌浆期土壤微生物量氮含量 (P < 0.05)。与N处理相比,NIM处理在水稻返青期、分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期土壤微生物量碳含量分别提高了32.61%、29.23%、53.46%和2.85%,微生物量氮含量分别提高了147.98%、22.97%、133.33%和24.63%,15N-微生物量氮含量在分蘖期增加了约22.56 mg/kg。3) 抑制剂及鸡粪添加均提高了水稻产量和生物量,NIM处理的水稻生物量、产量和吸氮量较N处理分别提高了83.59%、124.18%和46.66% (P < 0.05),土壤中肥料氮的残留量显著增加了56.48%,肥料氮的损失减少了约78.7%。NIM处理的氮素吸收利用率、氮肥农学效率等显著高于其他处理,抑制剂与鸡粪在提高肥料氮素利用率方面存在显著交互作用。  【结论】  在我国北方棕壤水稻土上,在尿素中添加抑制剂 (1%PPD+1%NBPT+2%DMPP) 或者用鸡粪替代20%的尿素均能改善土壤氮素供应,氮肥减量20%配施抑制剂和鸡粪不仅不会减产,还会在提高水稻产量的同时提高肥料利用率。从肥料氮释放及水稻吸收利用的角度综合考量,减少20%尿素投入,添加氮肥抑制剂,以及添加氮肥抑制剂的同时,用鸡粪替代20%的尿素的效果较好。     

UV-B辐射增强对不同品种大麦田土壤微生物量碳和土壤呼吸的影响

利用田间模拟UV-B辐射装置,从大麦分蘖期开始进行UV-B辐射增强处理,以后各主要生育期各选择一典型日分别观测作物根际、非根际土壤微生物量碳含量和土壤呼吸速率.UV-B辐射设对照(Ambient)和增强(Elevated,14.4kJ·m-2·d-1)两个水平,增强处理相当于南京地区4-5月自然光UV-B辐射量的120％.3个大麦品种分别为单2号、苏啤3号和苏啤4号.结果表明:3个品种中作物根际、非根际土壤微生物量碳含量均随生育进程表现出一致的规律,即分蘖、拔节、孕穗和抽穗期逐渐增加并达到最大值,成熟期则显著下降,UV-B辐射增强没有改变这种变化趋势;UV-B辐射增强后,各品种在多数生育时期观测的根际与非根际土壤微生物量碳含量显著低于对照(自然光)(P＜0.05),而单2号和苏啤4号在孕穗期(4月23日)观测的非根际土壤微生物量碳含量却明显高于对照(P＜0.05);UV-B辐射增强条件下,单2号在孕穗期和成熟期、苏啤3号在抽穗期与成熟期观测的土壤呼吸速率显著低于对照(P＜0.05),其它阶段的差异不显著,各处理中土壤呼吸速率由分蘖到拔节、孕穗、抽穗期逐渐增加,抽穗期、成熟期逐渐下降的趋势没有改变;在UV-B辐射增强条件下,单2号和苏啤3号两个品种的Q10值显著低于对照(P＜0.05),苏啤4号的Q10值则显著增大,明显高于其它品种(P＜0.05).研究认为,不同大麦品种土壤微生物量碳和土壤呼吸速率对UV-B辐射增强的响应存在差异.     

Response of soil microbial community and diversity to increasing water salinity and nitrogen fertilization rate in an arid soil

The scarcity of fresh water has forced farmers to use saline water (SW) for irrigation. It is important to understand the response of the soil microbial community and diversity to saline irrigation water. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of irrigation water salinity and nitrogen fertilization rates on soil physicochemical properties, microbial activity, microbial biomass, and microbial functional diversity. The field experiment consisted of a factorial design with three levels of irrigation water salinity (electrical conductivities (ECs) of 0.35, 4.61 or 8.04?dS?m^?1) and two nitrogen rates (0 and 360?kg?N?ha^?1). The results showed that the 4.61 and 8.04?dS?m^?1 treatments both reduced soil microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN), basal respiration, total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), bacterial PLFA, fungal PLFA, and fungal:bacterial ratios. In contrast, the SW treatments increased the MBC:MBN ratio. Nitrogen fertilization increased soil MBC, MBN, basal respiration, total PLFA, bacterial PLFA, and gram-negative bacterial PLFA. In contrast, N fertilization decreased gram-positive bacterial PLFA, fungal PLFA, and fungal:bacterial ratios. Average well color development, Richness, and Shannon's Index were always lowest in the 8.04?dS?m^?1 treatment. Carbon utilization patterns in the 8.04?dS?m^?1 treatment were different from those in the 0.35?dS?m^?1 treatment. In conclusion, five years of irrigation with brackish or SW reduced the soil microbial biomass, activity, and functional diversity, which may cause the deterioration of soil quality. Thus, the high-salinity water (EC?>?4.61?dS?m^?1) is not appropriate as a single irrigation water resource. Proper N fertilizer input may overcome some of the negative effects of salinity on soil microbial.     

有机无机配施对水稻产量及氮肥残效的影响

为揭示有机无机配施条件下15N尿素在稻田土壤中的残效状况,在我国北方棕壤性水稻土上进行盆栽试验,结合土壤氮素供应及水稻对肥料氮的吸收利用,探寻最佳的施肥方式.设置空白(CK)、尿素(N)、秸秆+尿素(NS)、猪粪+尿素(NM)、稳定性尿素(NI)、秸秆+稳定性尿素(NIS)、猪粪+稳定性尿素(NIM)7个处理.结果 表...     

蘑菇生长过程中覆土内微生物群落结构的变化特征

The culturable bacterial population and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile of casing soil were investigated at different mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cropping stages. The change in soil bacterial PLFAs was always accompanied by a change in the soil culturable bacterial population in the first flush. Comparatively higher culturable bacterial population and bacterial PLFAs were found in the casing soil at the primordia formation stage of the first flush. There was a significant increase in the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs during mushroom growth. Multivariate analysis of PLFA data demonstrated that the mushroom cropping stage could considerably affect the microbial community structure of the casing soil. The bacterial population increased significantly from casing soil application to the primordia formation stage of the first flush. Casing soil application resulted in an increase in the ratio of gram-negative bacterial PLFAs to gram-positive bacterial PLFAs, suggesting that some gram-negative bacteria might play an important role in mushroom sporophore initiation.     

不同施肥处理对长期不施肥区稻田土壤微生物生态特性的影响

采用室内恒温培养方法,研究了不同施肥处理对水稻长期肥料试验中不施肥区（CK）和全肥区（NPK）土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,施肥处理（单施化肥、施猪粪和施秸杆）可以显著提高土壤的微生物量碳以及脲酶、酸性磷酸酶的活性,施用有机肥的效果明显大于单施化肥; 有机肥在无肥区（CK）的施用效果与在全肥区（NPK）的效果接近。PLFA分析表明,施肥使无肥区（CK）土壤微生物群落结构发生了显著的变化,施用有机肥显著增加了土壤微生物群落结构的多样性。与不施肥和单施化肥相比,施有机肥主要增加了细菌和真菌的特征脂肪酸如不饱和脂肪酸、环状脂肪酸cy19∶0等的相对含量,而降低了放线菌标记性脂肪酸10Me18∶0的相对含量。     

新型有机无机复合肥对冬小麦产量及关键期生长的影响

合理灌溉和施用肥料是实现冬小麦节水增产增效的关键,本研究选用"小偃22号"小麦品种,通过田间试验,于2009~2010年研究了不同施用量新型有机无机复合肥(SAF)对冬小麦农田关键期土壤剖面含水量以及作物生长与产量的影响。结果表明:1)各SAF处理较常规施肥(NF)增产在10%~30%之间;随着灌水量的增大,SAF最佳施肥量也随之增大,3种灌水处理中,理论最大产量出现在灌1水处理中,为8 894.11 kg·hm-2,此时对应的SAF施肥水平为1 350 kg·hm-2。2)小麦拔节初期,SAF处理土壤剖面含水量从表层到深层呈现缓慢减小再持续增大的"V"型分布,而常规施肥处理则呈现为减小增大再减小再增大的"W"型分布;在小麦灌浆期,SAF处理土壤剖面含水率的峰、谷值的深度均深于常规施肥处理。3)小麦分蘖期,SAF处理使小麦植株相对低矮,根相对粗短,这种趋势随着肥料施量的增大越发明显。在灌浆期,中SAF处理植株最为低矮,而穗重及地上干物质量最大;小麦灌浆速率差异主要表现在中SAF处理的小麦灌浆速率明显高于其余处理。上述结果表明:SAF使土壤垂直剖面含水率峰、谷值出现的位置更深;SAF处理的灌浆速率高于常规施肥处理,相比常规施肥处理,SAF处理可使作物在低灌水条件下(拔节期灌水60 mm)更好地实现最优产量。     

灌溉模式和供氮水平对水稻氮素利用效率的影响

以Ⅱ优838为材料,湖北潮土为供试土壤,通过2年稻麦轮作柱栽试验研究了2种灌溉模式（FW: 土表淹水3 cm; CW: 保持土壤湿润但土表不积水）和4个供氮水平(N 0、126.0、157.5、 210.0 kg/hm2）对水稻地上部干物重、 氮素积累量、 氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,灌溉模式和供氮水平对水稻产量、 地上部氮素积累量和氮素利用效率均有显著（P0.05）或极显著影响（P0.01）。其中,淹水处理下水稻产量、 地上部氮素积累量、 水稻氮素农学利用率、 氮肥吸收利用率、 氮肥偏生产力和氮素生理利用率显著高于控水处理;地上部生物量及氮素积累量随供氮水平的提高而增加趋势明显; 氮肥农学利用率、 氮肥偏生产力和氮素生理学利用率均表现为随施氮量提高而下降的趋势,但减氮25%处理（N 157.5 kg/hm2）与常规施氮量处理（N 210.0 kg/hm2）间的差异并不显著。综合分析水稻产量与氮素吸收利用效率的各项指标,在8个供试处理中,淹水灌溉模式并减氮25%的处理为值得推荐的稳产高效水氮运筹模式。     

Comparison of soil fungal/bacterial ratios in a pH gradient using physiological and PLFA-based techniques

We have compared the total microbial biomass and the fungal/bacterial ratio estimated using substrate-induced respiration (SIR) in combination with the selective inhibition technique and using the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) technique in a pH gradient (3.0-7.2) consisting of 53 mature broad-leaved forest soils. A fungal/bacterial biomass index using the PLFA technique was calculated using the PLFA 18:2ω6,9 as an indicator of fungal biomass and the sum of 13 bacterial specific PLFAs as indicator of the bacterial biomass. Good linear correlation (p<0.001) was found between the total microbial biomass estimated with SIR and total PLFAs (totPLFA), indicating that 1 mg biomass-C was equivalent to 130 nmol totPLFA. Both biomass estimates were positively correlated to soil pH. The fungal/bacterial ratio measured using the selective inhibition technique decreased significantly with increasing pH from about 9 at pH 3 to approximately 2 at pH 7, while the fungal/bacterial biomass index using PLFA measurements tended to increase slightly with increasing soil pH. Good correlation between the soil content of ergosterol and of the PLFA 18:2ω6,9 indicated that the lack of congruency between the two methods in estimating fungal/bacterial ratios was not due to PLFA 18:2ω6,9-related non-fungal structures to any significant degree. Several PLFAs were strongly correlated to soil pH (R² values >0.8); for example the PLFAs 16:1ω5 and 16:1ω7c increased with increasing soil pH, while i16:0 and cy19:0 decreased. A principal component analysis of the total PLFA pattern gave a first component that was strongly correlated to soil pH (R²=0.85, p<0.001) indicating that the microbial community composition in these beech/beech-oak forest soils was to a large extent determined by soil pH.     

Effects of different water regimes and nitrogen application strategies on grain filling characteristics and grain yield in hybrid rice

In order to optimize N application and understand how the different combinations of water and N management affect grain filling characteristics and yield, we designed three irrigation regimes (W₁ submerged irrigation, W₂ alternate irrigation, W₃ dry cultivation), and different N application strategies at 180 kg ha^?1 in 2010 and 2011. The relationship between grain filling characteristics and grain yield formation were respectively investigated. The results revealed that there were obvious interacting effects of irrigation regime and N application strategies on grain yield and grain-filling characteristics as well. Compared with W₁ and W₃ treatments, under W₂, the N-fertilizer should account for 30% base, 30% tillering, and 40% panicle fertilizer with the last being applied equally at 4th and 2nd leaves emerged from the top. Correlation analysis revealed that grain filling rate during middle grain-filling stage was the largest and contribute more than 50% to grain-filling. Grain yield was significantly related to grain filling rate (G_max or G_mean), final weight of a kernel (A), and mean grain filling rate (MGR) of the early, mid and late stages during grain filling in inferior spikelets, which is the important reason for water and N coupling effect further to increase yield and fertilizer use efficiency.     

Effect of Fertilization Systems on Soil Microbial Biomass and Mineral Nitrogen during Canola (Brassica napus L.) Development Stages

The dynamics of microbial biomass and mineral nitrogen (N) during two growth stages were compared in soils under different fertilization treatments. At stem elongation, the fertilizer system had more N in the mineral pools, whereas manure and integrated systems had more N in the microbial biomass, indicating shifts in N pools between the two systems. At the flowering stage, integrated (manure + fertilizer) and manure systems had more N in two pools, indicating release of plant-available N from the microbial biomass. The carbon (C) / N ratio of the microbial biomass was significantly greater in manure and integrated treatments than in fertilizer treatments. Soil mineral N was significantly positively correlated with seed yield at the stem elongation stage, whereas it was positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C at the flowering stage. Stepwise regressions revealed that seed yield was significantly associated with mineral N at stem elongation and microbial biomass N at the flowering stage.     

双季稻田添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT氮肥的最高减量潜力研究

【目的】添加脲酶抑制剂（Urease inhibitor, UI）是提高肥料利用率的有效途径,在尿素（Urea,U）中添加1%的脲酶抑制剂NBPT（N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺）是目前研究使用证明效果最可靠的添加比例。针对当前稻田氮肥施用水平过高的问题,本文采用田间小区试验研究了目前脲酶抑制剂添加比例下稻田氮肥的减施潜力以及脲酶抑制剂的节肥增效机理。【方法】本试验在我国长江中下游的双季稻田进行,脲酶抑制剂用量NBPT为尿素用量的1%。尿素用量设五个水平为N 90、 112.5、 135、 157.5 和180 kg/hm2,分别依次记为U1、 U2、 U3、 U4和U5, 7个处理为CK（不施氮肥）、 U1+UI、 U2+UI、 U3+UI、 U4+UI、 U5+UI、 U5（U5为传统施氮量, N 180 kg/hm2为农民习惯施氮量）,三次重复。U1~U5处理施氮量分别是在农民习惯施氮量的基础上降低50%、 37.5%、 25%、 12.5%、 0%。通过取样分析水稻分蘖期和孕穗期各处理对土壤脲酶活性、 硝酸还原酶活性、 土壤铵态氮含量、 硝态氮含量以及微生物量碳、 氮的含量,研究NBPT对水稻两个主要生育期土壤氮素供应的影响,比较各处理的产量以及氮肥利用率来得出氮肥的减施潜力,在此基础上通过逐步回归分析研究以上各指标对产量的影响,探明脲酶抑制剂（NBPT）在双季稻田的增效机理。【结果】 1) 在双季稻田,添加NBPT后,施氮量为N 135 kg/hm2的籽粒产量达到最高。与传统施氮（单施尿素N 180 kg/hm2）处理相比,早、 晚稻可分别增产8.54%和12.87%,氮肥当季利用率分别提高6.78%和9.46%,可节约氮肥25%; 2)与传统施氮相比,添加NBPT显著降低了水稻分蘖期的土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量,显著提高了孕穗期的铵态氮含量,而对此时期的脲酶活性无显著影响,NBPT对两个时期的硝酸还原酶活性、 硝态氮含量及微生物量碳、 氮含量均无明显影响,可见基施的NBPT主要是降低尿素水解速率方面效果显著,并且NBPT具有时效性,其主要是在水稻孕穗期之前起作用,在生态上较为安全; 3) 从各项土壤指标与水稻产量相关性的逐步回归分析结果来看,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期稻田土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无明显影响。【结论】由于脲酶抑制剂NBPT减缓了分蘖期尿素的水解作用,提高了孕穗期土壤中的铵态氮含量,为水稻后期生长提供充足的氮肥,在双季稻减肥方面具有显著的效果。在本试验土壤条件下,尿素中添加1% 的NBPT,可在提高产量的同时,将传统施氮肥量减少25%,是适于稻田应用的脲酶抑制剂。     

放牧与围栏内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮变化及微生物群落结构PLFA分析

以内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原和克氏针茅草原为研究对象,采用氯仿熏蒸法和磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）分析方法研究了放牧与围栏条件下内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量和群落结构特征的变化情况。研究表明放牧与围栏草地土壤微生物生物量和群落结构差异显著。氯仿熏蒸法分析结果表明内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳的含量介于166.6-703.5mg·kg^-1之间,微生物生物量氮含量介于30.34-92.15mg·kg^-1之间,其中贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮最高,大针茅草原次之,克氏针茅草原则最低。放牧条件下,贝加尔针茅草原、大针茅草原土壤微生物生物量碳、氮显著低于围栏草地,克氏针茅草原则无显著变化。PLFA分析结果显示,内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物群落PLFAs种类、含量丰富,共检测出28种PLFA生物标记磷脂脂肪酸,并且以直链饱和脂肪酸和支链饱和脂肪酸为主,相对含量占总量的2/3左右,其中贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物含量最丰富,其围栏样地土壤的PLFA含量达到27.3nmol·g-1,大针茅草原和克氏针茅草原依次降低。围栏条件下,各类型草原土壤细菌脂肪酸与总PLFA含量均显著高于放牧草地,真菌脂肪酸含量则因草原类型不同各有差异;放牧导致各类型草原革兰氏阳性细菌PLFAs/革兰氏阴性细菌PLFAs（GPPLFAs/GNPLFAs）比值显著降低,而除了克氏针茅草原,细菌PLFAs/真菌PLFAs比值则显著升高。PLFAs主成分分析表明,放牧和围栏处理对内蒙古针茅草原土壤微生物群落结构产生影响,且围栏处理的影响程度大于放牧处理。经相关分析表明,氯仿熏蒸法和PLFA分析方法之间有很好的一致性,且土壤微生物PLFAs与土壤有机质、全磷、硝态氮显著相关。     

Labile,recalcitrant, microbial carbon and nitrogen and the microbial community composition at two Abies faxoniana forest elevations under elevated temperatures

We investigated the interactions of altitude and artificial warming on the soil microbial community structure in a subalpine Abies faxoniana forest in southwestern China after four years of warming. Open top chambers (OTCs) at two elevations (3000 m and 3500 m) were established, and their soil microbial characteristics, organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) were measured. The microbial community structure was quantified by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. A two-step sulfuric acid hydrolysis was used to quantify the labile and recalcitrant C fractions in the soil organic matter. The results showed that bacterial PLFAs and gram-negative bacterial PLFAs increased and the fungal PLFAs and the fungi/bacteria ratio decreased with warming at the high altitude. By contrast, the warming effects on those parameters at low altitude were small. The higher proportion of labile easily decomposable soil C may explain the different responses of the microbial community composition at the two altitudes. An RDA analysis confirmed that the variations in the soil community structure were significantly associated with soil organic matter properties such as the sizes of the soil labile N pool (LP-N), the recalcitrant N pool (RP-N), and the labile C pool as well as dissolved organic C (DOC) and dissolved organic N concentrations (DON). Our results also showed that labile C and N pools increased with the altitude, but the microbial biomass C as measured with chloroform fumigation techniques decreased. Warming increased only the recalcitrant C pools at the high altitude. Given the longer mean residence time for recalcitrant C and the much greater size of this soil organic carbon pool, the results indicated that a rise in temperature in our case increased soil C pools at higher altitudes, at least during the early stages of experimental soil warming. Warming could also cause changes in the composition of the microbial community and enzyme activities, consequently leading to functional changes in soil ecosystem processes at the high altitude.     

Phospholipid fatty acid composition of a 2,4,6-trinitrotolune contaminated soil and an uncontaminated soil as affected by a humification remediation process

Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) was performed to investigate effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) contamination and soil remediation on microbial biomass and community structure. A TNT-contaminated and an uncontaminated soil from a former ammunition plant were analysed before and after a humification/remediation process. TNT contamination reduced microbial biomass but indicated only minor differences in PLFA composition between the contaminated and uncontaminated soils. The humification process increased microbial biomass and altered soil PLFA patterns to a larger degree than did TNT contamination.     

“薄浅湿晒”灌溉稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮和酶活性研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同氮肥水平下薄、 浅、 湿、 晒灌溉对水稻拔节期、 孕穗期和乳熟期土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、 微生物量氮（MBN）、 硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量和酶活性的影响,以探讨该灌溉方式下土壤微生物活性变化规律。试验设2 种灌水方式,即常规灌溉（CIR）和薄、 浅、 湿、 晒灌溉（TIR）; 3种氮肥水平,即低氮（N 0.10 g/kg）、 中氮（N 0.15 g/kg）和高氮（N 0.2 g/kg）。结果表明,与CIR处理相比,TIR处理土壤MBC增加13%~240%,而土壤MBN减少6.5%~47.3%;高氮水平时3个时期TIR处理土壤硝化细菌有所增加,反硝化细菌拔节期和孕穗期降低12.1%~61.2%,而乳熟期增加0.7~3.0倍;中、 低氮水平时孕穗期TIR处理土壤硝酸还原酶活性分别降低63.8%和43.3%。与低氮水平相比,中氮水平可以增加土壤MBC、 MBN、 硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量以及过氧化氢酶、 脲酶和转化酶活性,而高氮水平则降低土壤MBN,以及过氧化氢酶、 脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性。可见,中等氮肥水平下薄、 浅、 湿、 晒灌溉方式能有效提高稻田土壤微生物量碳和过氧化氢酶、 脲酶、 转化酶活性。     

豫南紫云英水稻轮作区减施不同比例氮肥对水稻养分吸收和转运的影响

  【目的】  研究水稻–紫云英轮作体系中,翻压紫云英并减施氮肥对不同生育期水稻养分吸收、转运特征,以及对土壤养分状况的影响,为豫南稻区紫云英–水稻轮作模式氮肥的科学管理提供理论依据。  【方法】  长期定位试验位于河南信阳,始于2008年。试验设置不施肥对照(CK)、常规施肥(N100),以及种植并翻压紫云英条件下,氮肥为常规处理用量的100% (GN100)、80% (GN80)、60% (GN60)、40% (GN40),共6个处理。测定了水稻产量、关键生育期生物量、氮磷钾养分吸收量、土壤基础养分含量,分析了水稻养分吸收及土壤养分供应对水稻产量的影响。  【结果】  与N100处理相比,GN40、GN60、GN80和GN100处理水稻产量无显著差异,GN40和GN60处理氮肥农学效率分别增加213.41%和113.70%,GN40、GN60和GN80处理氮肥偏生产力分别增加162.17%、75.69%、34.39%。与N100处理相比,GN100和GN80处理抽穗期秸秆生物量分别增加17.22%和41.06%,成熟期秸秆生物量分别增加28.22%和20.92%。与N100处理相比,GN60、GN80和GN100处理成熟期稻谷氮吸收量分别增加31.34%、31.79%和20.13%,GN60、GN80成熟期稻谷磷吸收量分别增加14.23%和14.61%,GN80处理成熟期稻谷钾吸收量增加10.64%。与N100处理相比,GN60处理氮转运量增加12.54 kg/hm2;GN40、GN60和GN80处理磷转运量分别显著增加11.32、23.02和18.09 kg/hm2,磷转运率分别增加35.92、41.22和39.91个百分点,磷对稻谷转运贡献率分别增加39.36、74.60和57.93个百分点。与N100处理相比,GN40、GN60、GN80和GN100能充分满足水稻生长过程中对土壤无机氮需求;GN60、GN80处理分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期土壤有效磷含量显著降低;GN40、GN60、GN80和GN100处理分蘖期、抽穗期和成熟期土壤速效钾含量显著降低。随机森林分析结果表明各生育期土壤有效磷含量和水稻分蘖期氮、磷、钾吸收量对水稻产量形成有较大的贡献。线性回归分析表明,分蘖期和抽穗期土壤养分含量以及各生育期地上部氮、磷、钾吸收量与稻谷产量呈显著正相关。  【结论】  在我国豫南紫云英–水稻轮作区,翻压紫云英配合氮肥减施40%,能够培育土壤碳、氮库,满足土壤氮素供应,促进水稻对磷、钾养分的吸收和积累,增加籽粒氮、磷、钾养分转运量,提高氮肥农学效率和偏生产力,实现水稻增产稳产。