Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Soil Chemical Properties and Cotton Yield

A 2-year field experiment was conducted in central Greece (Platykampos, Larissa) to investigate productivity parameters of cotton under conditions of water stress. A Latin square split-plot design with three replications was used to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels (250, 350, and 450 mm) and three fertilization rates (60, 110, and 160 kg N ha^–1), where irrigation level was the whole-plot factor and the fertilizer was the split-plot factor. The results showed that irrigation level had no significant effect on soil chemical properties, but these only changed with fertilizer application. Concentration of soil nitrates increased in proportion to the amount of applied fertilizer in early July. The associated rise in electrical conductivity (EC) was not sufficiently high as to adversely affect salt-tolerant cotton. The soil acidity produced during formation of nitrate was evident by a soil pH decrease of 0.2 units in the high fertilizer application. A great decline of nitrate N and EC and a rise of pH in all treatments in early August indicated rapid N uptake by the crop during the late stage of vegetative growth. In contrast, cotton yield was not affected by the rate of fertilizer application but by the level of irrigation. This is the reason that correlations between soil properties and yield were insignificant in early July and August. It appears that there was sufficient N available to the crop from sources other than fertilizer N (soil-derived N and irrigation N). Preplant soil nitrates were greater than residual nitrates in the second growing season and indicated depletion of soil mineral N pools of the order of 36 kg N ha^–1 in the 0- to 25-cm depth. Significant negative correlations between soil properties and cotton yield appeared only at the end of the season and indicated that depletion of soil mineral N increased with increasing crop N requirement or irrigation level.     

稻秸的不同组分对水稻土微生物量碳氮及可溶性有机碳氮的影响

为探明稻秸(稻草)及其不同组分(腐解稻秸、可溶性有机物和去活稻秸)对红黄泥水稻土微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)和可溶性有机碳、氮(DOC、DON)含量的影响。通过室内恒温培养试验,研究了长期淹水条件下,添加稻秸及其组分对MBC、MBN、DOC和DON的影响。结果表明,与对照(S处理)相比,添加稻秸(RS+S处理)、腐解稻秸(DRS+S处理)和去活稻秸(NARS+S处理)均提高了MBC,提高幅度分别为11.17%(p0.01),1.83%和6.25%(p0.05),添加可溶性有机物(DOM+S处理)处理降低了MBC,降低幅度为2.67%;RS+S处理提高了MBN,提高幅度为15.29%,DRS+S、DOM+S和NARS+S处理均降低了MBN,降低幅度分别为15.19%,3.09%和15.92%。与S处理相比,RS+S、DRS+S、DOM+S和NARS+S处理均极显著提高了红黄泥DOC(p0.01),提高幅度依次分别为13.33%,10.88%,6.81%和11.41%;RS+S、DRS+S和DOM+S处理均显著提高了红黄泥DON(p0.05),NARS+S处理极显著提高了红黄泥DON(p0.01),提高幅度依次分别为6.96%,10.84%,10.12%和13.41%。与S处理相比,DRS+S和NARS+S处理极显著提高了MBC/MBN,RS+S处理显著降低了MBC/MBN,DOM+S处理对MBC/MBN几乎没有影响;各处理对DOC/DON没有显著影响。稻秸及其不同组分对红黄泥水稻土MBC、MBN、DOC和DON含量的影响基本一致,但影响程度存在差异,稻秸和去活稻秸影响较大。结果可为稻秸及其不同组分对MBC、MBN、DOC和DON的影响机理提供基础数据,进一步揭示稻田土壤速效养分的来源与转化关系,为农业生产中秸秆的科学利用和稻田土壤肥力定向培育提供科学依据。     

Microbial Activity in Paddy Soil and Water-Use Efficiency of Rice as Affected by Irrigation Method and Nitrogen Level

The thin-shallow-wet-dry irrigation (TIR) method is one of water-saving irrigation methods of rice cultivation. The effects of TIR method on water-use efficiency (WUE) of rice and soil microbial activities were investigated under three rates of nitrogen (N) compared to conventional flood irrigation. The TIR method decreased total water consumption (21.7–23.5%) and increased rice WUE (17.8–27.2%). At high N level, the TIR method significantly increased the number of nitrifying bacteria; the activities of catalase, invertase, and urease in soil at the jointing, booting, and milky stages; and the number of denitrifying bacteria at the milky stage. Increased N rate increased grain yield and water consumption simultaneously, and middle N level increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N, the number of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, and the activities of catalase, urease, and invertase. Thus the TIR method at the middle N level can effectively improve rice WUE and soil MBC and enzyme activity.     

水氮耦合对水稻田间氨挥发规律的影响

在防雨棚池栽试验中应用通气法研究了水氮耦合对稻田土壤氨挥发速率的动态变化及损失量。结果表明,稻田施用氮肥后有明显NH3挥发损失,整个生育期累计氨挥发量为31.67～69.70kg·hm^-2,占施氮量的17.95%～28.64%;不同生育时期氨挥发量的大小依次为返青期〉拔节孕穗期〉分蘖期〉抽穗开花期〉乳熟期,挥发高峰出现在施氮肥后的1～3d内;随着施氮水平增加,田间氨挥发量显著增加。与此同时,稻田水分状况对NH3挥发损失具有重要影响,与常规灌溉模式相比,控制灌溉条件下氨挥发总量和氨挥发损失率均较小,且不同施氮水平间差异显著。就氨挥发损失率而言,在试验条件下水氮耦合效应显著,以控制灌溉模式下施氮量为180kg·hm^-2时的氨挥发损失率最低,为17.59%。     

长期不同施肥措施水稻土可矿化氮与微生物量氮关系的研究

采用短期淹水密闭培养法、长期淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法及氯仿薰蒸法,探讨不施氮肥、施氮肥、氮肥 有机肥、氮肥 有机肥 放萍4种施肥措施,连续16年长期定位试验水稻土的可矿化氮及微生物量氮的变化.结果表明:经过16年培肥及水稻种植,与不施氮肥相比,单施化学氮肥使水稻土可矿化氮数量极显著下降(p＜0.01),化学氮肥与有机肥配施可极显著地提高水稻土可矿化氮数量(p＜0.01);而化学氮肥及化学氮肥与有机肥配施均可极显著增加水稻土微生物量氮的数量(p＜0.01),但以单施化学氮肥增加的幅度最大.与氮肥和有机肥配施相比,在此基础上,连续7年水稻插秧后接种“Azolla“固氮菌体,水稻土可矿化氮及微生物量氮数量均无显著变化.两种培养方法,水稻土可矿化氮量与微生物氮量之间无密切联系,但水稻土可矿化氮和矿化氮与微生物量氮比率之间则有密切正相关关系.     

Responses of Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Composition to Moisture Regimes in Paddy Soils Under Long-Term Fertilization Practices

The effects of fertilization on activity and composition of soil microbial community depend on nutrient and water availability;however,the combination of these factors on the response of microorganisms was seldom studied.This study investigated the responses of soil microbial community and enzyme activities to changes in moisture along a gradient of soil fertility formed within a long-term(24 years)field experiment.Soils(0–20 cm)were sampled from the plots under four fertilizer treatments:i)unfertilized control(CK),ii)organic manure(M),iii)nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers(NPK),and iv)NPK plus M(NPK+M).The soils were incubated at three moisture levels:constant submergence,five submerging-draining cycles(S-D cycles),and constant moisture content at 40%water-holding capacity(low moisture).Compared with CK,fertilization increased soil organic carbon(SOC) by 30.1%–36.3%,total N by 27.3%–38.4%,available N by 35.9%–56.4%,available P by 61.4%–440.9%,and total P by 28.6%–102.9%.Soil fertility buffered the negative effects of moisture on enzyme activities and microbial community composition.Enzyme activities decreased in response to submergence and S-D cycles versus low moisture.Compared with low moisture,S-D cycles increased total phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)and actinomycete,fungal,and bacterial PLFAs.The increased level of PLFAs in the unfertilized soil after five S-D cycles was greater than that in the fertilized soil.Variations in soil microbial properties responding to moisture separated CK from the long-term fertilization treatments.The coefficients of variation of microbial properties were negatively correlated with SOC,total P,and available N.Soils with higher fertility maintained the original microbial properties more stable in response to changes in moisture compared to low-fertility soil.     

Evaluation of Nitrogen Fertilization Patterns Using DSSAT for Enhancing Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice

Temporal variation of rice growth and nitrogen (N) uptake generally follow a sigmoid curve and may respond positively to the N-fertilizer application at critical growth stages. In this study, it was hypothesized that the amount of N-fertilizer applied at critical growth stages possibly follows a geometric pattern such as line, parabola, and sinusoidal to attain maximum yield and nitrogen use efficiency. To test and identify the best pattern, short-term modeling-field testing-long-term modeling strategy was followed. The patterns with the highest simulated yield and nitrogen use efficiency from short-term modeling were tested in the field. Finally, long-term evaluation of N-fertilization patterns was performed using 25 years of historical weather data, resulting in the line pattern with 14% more yield and 25% less NO₃^? leaching in comparison to the conventional N-Fertilization pattern. Therefore, line pattern may be adopted to enhance the yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice.     

灌溉与施肥对稻田氮磷径流流失的影响

通过大田试验探索不同灌溉模式下氮肥分次施用对稻田氮磷径流流失的影响.结果表明,传统灌溉条件下,不同施肥处理总氦、总磷流失量分别约为4.4l～17.85 kg/hm2和0.28～0.44 kg/hm2,其氮、磷流失率分别为3.2%和0.17%.相对于传统灌溉,间歇灌溉模式下的氮、磷流失量分别降低了约22.99%和10.01%,其氮肥流失率降低了1%,磷肥流失率与其大致相当.通过研究得出,间歇灌溉各施肥处理下小区产量较传统灌溉的平均增产约7.35%.在间歇灌溉条件下氮肥分四次施用处理下的径流氮、磷流失量相对较低,且增产效果明显.     

滴灌水氮对土壤残留有效氮及玉米产量的影响

通过大田试验研究膜下滴灌施用不同水氮对玉米产量及收获后土壤残留有效氮的影响,寻求适宜的水氮耦合量,为达到高产、高效与低土壤氮损失量、残留量相协调的目标提供初步理论。结果表明:1 351~1 465 m~3/hm~2的低灌水量不能有效发挥氮对产量的贡献。灌水1 400~1 800 m~3/hm~2、施氮280~290 kg/hm~2时水对产量提升速度最快而与氮无协同增产效应。灌水1 800~2 100 m~3/hm~2、施氮250~280 kg/hm~2能获得比较高的产量和水氮协同增产效应。收获后1 m土层有效氮分布为由浅向深逐层减少,不同水氮施用量主要影响40~100 cm的残留量。施氮量增加,有效氮残留量增大,用量240 kg/hm~2以内残留量增长缓慢,继续施氮增长迅速。1 351~1 465 m~3/hm~2的低灌水量下肥料氮转化为土壤氮少,残留有效氮少。1 802~2 071 m~3/hm~2的灌水量促进肥料氮向土壤氮转化,随水迁移增大了40~100 cm土壤有效氮。灌水量达2 197~2 315 m~3/hm~2后,1 m土层有效氮残留量减少、深层损失量增大。优选水氮耦合量包含于近似椭圆的区域,交集区灌水2 016~2 100 m3/hm~2,施氮228~250 kg/hm~2可作为松辽平原到内蒙古高原过渡地带膜下滴灌种植玉米的适宜水氮耦合量。     

分根区交替滴灌施肥频率对土壤水氮运移及番茄产量的影响

针对目前我国设施蔬菜实际生产过程中水肥调控不合理及水肥利用效率低的问题，本文通过温室试验研究了分根区交替滴灌施肥(ADF)条件下，不同施肥频率对土壤水分养分运移及番茄产量的影响，为番茄高效水肥调控提供理论依据。试验在ADF下设3个滴灌施肥频率处理F3(3 d)、F6(6 d)、F12(12 d)和1个常规滴灌施肥处理作为对照(CK，频率为6 d)。结果表明，在0～40 cm土层，高频滴灌施肥处理(F3)相比于低频处理(F12)生育期内两年平均土壤含水量和无机氮含量分别增加了7.9%和28.3%；在40～60cm土层，F3和F6相比于F12处理，两年平均无机氮累积量分别降低了37.8%和23.0%。与F12处理相比，F6处理两年平均番茄生物量、吸氮量和产量分别显著增加16.9%、15.2%和22.6%，而F3和F6处理之间均无显著差异。在相同施肥量和滴灌施肥频率条件下，F6处理在减少40%灌水量的同时能够保持与CK相当产量。因此，适当提高滴灌施肥频率能够促进番茄生长及产量的形成，ADF较常规滴灌施肥具有较大的节水稳产效果。本研究推荐ADF条件下6d一次的滴灌施肥频率可作为温室番茄生产中较...     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂对沿淮平原水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田氮素的影响

添加氮素抑制剂是提高水稻氮肥利用率的有效途径之一。采用大田试验,探讨了氮素抑制剂(脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)及其组合)对沿淮平原水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田氮素的影响,旨在为优化沿淮稻田生态系统氮素养分管理,减少氮素损失提供科学依据。以常糯1号为供试材料,于2018年6—10月在安徽省怀远县(沿淮平原典型水稻种植区)进行试验。试验设5个处理:不施氮肥(CK);尿素(U);尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+DMPP);尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+NBPT);尿素+硝化抑制剂+脲酶抑制剂(U+NBPT+DMPP)。结果表明:尿素配施NBPT或者DMPP均有利于提高水稻产量、植株吸氮量和氮素利用效率,NBPT效果优于DMPP,NBPT和DMPP联合施用表现出协同增效作用。尿素配施抑制剂的3个处理U+NBPT、U+DMPP和U+NBPT+DMPP较单独施用尿素U处理的产量分别增加6.8%,4.3%,8.6%,植物吸氮量分别增加9.6%,6.5%,12.2%,与U处理之间差异达显著水平(P0.05)。尿素单独配施NBPT或者NBPT+DMPP组合均显著提高了氮肥吸收利用率(NRE)、氮肥农学利用率(NAE)、氮素吸收效率(NUP)和氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)(P0.05),而尿素单独配施DMPP也有不同程度的提高,但差异未达到显著水平(P0.05)。另外,尿素单独配施DMPP或者DMPP+NBPT组合均显著提高了水稻成熟期土壤铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和微生物量氮(SMBN)的含量,降低了硝态氮(NO_3~--N)的含量,提高了土壤中铵/硝比,而尿素单独配施NBPT对水稻成熟期土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和SMBN无显著影响。总体认为,在沿淮平原稻作种植体系中,尿素配施NBPT或者DMPP可以有效地增加水稻产量,促进水稻对氮素的吸收利用,提高氮素利用效率,NBPT和DMPP联合施用效果最理想。     

秸秆还田地不同水氮条件对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响

[目的]研究秸秆还田地不同水氮管理对水稻产量、土壤养分以及土壤酶活性的影响,为发展优质、高效生态农业提供理论支持。[方法]通过田间小区试验,设计了3种灌溉方式共9个处理,并设置3个麦秆不还田处理为对照。[结果]施氮量为225kg/hm2时,浅湿调控灌溉模式有利于控制水稻茎蘖量,降低水稻株高,形成合理的群体结构;不同水氮管理对水稻产量构成因素中的每穗总粒数、结实率无显著影响,水稻有效穗数受灌溉措施及施氮量的影响较大,浅湿调控灌溉可以显著提高水稻有效穗数和千粒重,从而提高水稻产量;施氮量为225kg/hm2时,浅湿调控灌溉可以有效提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、有效钾的含量。秸秆还田可以显著提高土壤蔗糖酶活性,降低土壤脲酶活性,而对土壤过氧化氢酶活性无显著影响。秸秆还田地施氮量为225kg/hm2时,浅湿调控灌溉对土壤蔗糖酶活性的提高最为显著,而不同水氮条件对土壤脲酶活性的影响并不显著。[结论]在秸秆还田地,当施氮量为225kg/hm2时,浅湿调控灌溉可以有效提高水稻产量及土壤肥力。     

生物炭对引黄灌区水稻产量和氮素淋失的影响

为解决宁夏引黄灌区稻田因过量施肥导致的土壤质量降低和养分淋失加剧问题,通过田间小区试验研究了施用外源生物炭对水稻产量、氮素淋失和平衡特征的影响。结果表明:同等施氮条件下,施用生物质炭对水稻子粒产量有显著的影响,生物炭用量达13 500kg/hm~2时水稻增产显著。施用生物炭也提高了氮肥利用率,施用生物炭9 000kg/hm~2和13 500kg/hm~2处理,氮肥利用率分别提高了6.7和7.8个百分点。田面水中总氮(TN)浓度和土体中TN淋失量随着生物炭用量的增加而降低,TN淋失量降幅在8.03%~13.36%之间,施用生物炭处理的氮素表观损失量分别降低了11.8%~45.2%。综合考虑引黄灌区水稻产量和环境效益,生物炭施用量控制在9 000~13 500kg/hm~2效果最佳。     

不同氮肥运筹模式对稻田田面水氮浓度和水稻产量的影响

通过构建包括不同氮肥类型、氮肥用量、施肥方式和施肥次数的6种氮肥运筹模式,分析了不同氮肥运筹模式对稻田田面水各形态氮浓度变化和水稻产量的影响。结果表明:不同时期施用缓控释肥和尿素后,总氮和铵态氮浓度均在1天达到峰值,硝态氮浓度在2～3天达到峰值,之后逐渐下降趋于稳定。铵态氮为各处理施肥后初期的主要氮形态,1天时铵态氮占总氮比例达50.6%～92.8%,而硝态氮仅占3.8%～22.6%。田面水总氮和铵态氮峰值浓度大小与氮肥类型、施用用量和施肥方式均存在相关性,等氮量施用条件下,田面水总氮和铵态氮峰值浓度大小顺序为撒施尿素处理撒施缓控释肥处理侧深施缓控释肥处理,在N施用量48 kg/hm~2条件下,撒施尿素处理、撒施缓控释肥处理、侧深施缓控释肥处理的总氮和铵态氮平均峰值浓度分别为38.44,16.44,7.55 mg/L和34.39,13.00,3.82 mg/L。等氮施用量和相同施肥次数条件下,基肥采用侧深施缓控释肥的处理4,5,6比相应的撒施缓控释肥的处理1,2,3的产量分别提高2.8%,3.5%,2.7%。基肥采用侧深施缓控释肥和一基一穗2次施肥的处理6的水稻产量,在氮肥总施用量减少30%条件下,仅比基肥采用撒施缓控释肥和一基一蘖一穗3次施肥的处理1的水稻产量减少0.3%。侧深施缓控释肥可以有效降低施肥初期田面水铵态氮峰值浓度,从而减少氨挥发和降低径流流失风险,并在一定程度减量条件下不会对水稻产量产生影响。     

长期配施有机肥对灌淤土春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

为了寻求合理利用畜禽粪便资源与改善玉米氮素利用的有效措施,通过3a连续田间定位试验,研究有机肥替代部分化肥配施对玉米产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:与CK相较,施用有机肥土壤pH值下降了0.59~0.86,土壤容重下降了8.05%~10.74%。有机无机配施(N1M1、N2M2)处理定位施肥3a后,土壤有机质含量年均分别增加0.86,0.44g/kg,土壤全氮含量年均分别增加0.09,0.06g/kg,土壤碱解氮含量年均分别增加4.74,3.68mg/kg,土壤速效磷含量年均分别增加6.62,5.35mg/kg,土壤速效钾含量年均分别增加8.46,6.66mg/kg。与常规N1处理比较,第3年N1M1、N2M2处理的产量分别提高了12.38%和13.43%,氮肥利用率分别提高了10.98%和16.20%,氮肥农学效率分别提高了4.65,10.50kg/kg,氮肥偏生产力分别提高了4.65,21.02kg/kg。因此,配施有机肥可降低土壤pH值和容重,显著提升土壤有机质和养分含量,对促进玉米产量和氮肥利用率具有积极作用,其中N2M2处理是协调作物产量和环境安全的合理选择。     

耕作与施肥对甘蔗地土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

通过野外调查与室内分析,研究了云南蒲缥甘蔗地赤红壤不同耕作与施肥土壤剖面微生物量碳、氮特征。结果表明:不同耕作与施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮均有一定影响,其中耕作对土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响较为一致,表现为免耕 > 翻耕。施肥对0—20 cm土层中微生物量碳的影响表现为翻耕施肥 > 翻耕,对20—40 cm,40—60 cm土层中微生物量碳的效应呈现为翻耕 > 翻耕施肥,而施肥对土壤微生物量氮影响则与其对微生物量碳的效应相反。耕作和施肥对各个土层土壤微生物商具有显著的影响（p<0.05）,表现为免耕 > 翻耕,翻耕施肥条件下0—20 cm土层的微生物商稍高于翻耕,而其他土层均为翻耕 > 翻耕施肥;土壤微生物量氮与全氮的比值与微生物量氮的变化趋势相近。在不同的耕作和施肥条件下,免耕有利于提高土壤微生物量,施肥在一定程度上也利于提高土壤微生物量。     

Case Study of the Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Active and Reserve Soil Acidity

Excessive soil acidity and low soil pH may liberate plant toxic levels of manganese and aluminum from soil minerals, and interfere with nitrogen and phosphorus availability. Active soil acidity is measured as soil pH and reacts quickly in the soil-plant system. Potential or reserve acidity is inactive in the soil, and acts as a source of replenishment for active acidity. Studies to determine the effect of ammoniacal-nitrogen fertilizer treatments and irrigation methods on plant growth and development of cotton, and changes in soil properties were conducted. Nitrogen treatments ranged from 0 to 168.0 kg N/ha in 33.6-kg N/ha increments. Soil samples from each N-treatment from both irrigation blocks were analyzed for active and potential acidity. Irrigation water high in Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and HCO^3? tended to raise soil pH. Under dry land conditions ammonical N-fertilizer lowered soil pH. Reserve acidity was larger under dry land conditions than under furrow irrigation. No significant differences in reserve soil acidity were observed under furrow irrigation, or under dry land conditions. Calcium, Na⁺, and HCO^3? content of the irrigation water were driving forces to reduce both active and potential soil acidity. Fertilization with ammoniacal-nitrogen sources was the driving force in increasing active and potential soil acidity.     

滴灌施氮对春玉米氮素吸收、土壤无机氮含量及氮素平衡的影响

为解决吉林省半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下氮肥合理施用问题,通过2年(2015—2016年)田间试验,研究了覆膜滴灌条件下施氮量(0,70,140,210,280,350kg/hm~2)对春玉米产量、氮素吸收利用、土壤剖面无机氮含量变化及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明:施氮量在70~210kg/hm~2范围内玉米产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,当施氮量超过210kg/hm~2后,处理间产量无显著差异;将玉米产量(y)与施氮量(x)拟合,得出最佳施氮量分别为195.1,201.0kg/hm~2。施氮显著提高了玉米各生育时期氮积累量,其中灌浆期和成熟期氮积累量以施氮量210kg/hm~2处理最高。氮素当季回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力均随施氮量的增加而下降。玉米成熟期0-200cm剖面土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量随土层深度增加呈逐渐下降的趋势;施氮提高了0-200cm土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,其中施氮量280,350kg/hm~2处理40-200cm土层硝态氮含量显著高于其他施氮处理。玉米吸氮量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量与施氮量呈极显著的正相关;玉米吸氮量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮表观损失量分别占增加纯氮的21.6%~23.3%,33.0%~37.4%,41.0%~43.7%。综上所述,在本试验条件下,综合产量、氮素吸收利用、土壤剖面无机氮含量变化及氮素平衡等因素,在吉林省半干旱区滴灌施肥适宜施氮量应控制在195~210kg/hm~2。     

不同覆盖旱作水稻对后茬大麦生长和土壤氮素的影响

通过田间试验研究水稻不同覆盖旱作栽培方式对后茬大麦生长及土壤氮素动态变化的影响。结果表明，盖草处理后茬大麦表层土壤硝态氮含量最高，而土壤铵态氮含量由高到低依次为：水作〉盖草〉覆膜〉裸露，且硝态氮、铵态氮从表层（0～20cm）到底层（60～80cm）依次降低。具有明显的层次性。各处理都表现出0～40cm土层氮素表观盈余，水作、盖草和裸露处理后茬分别比覆膜处理后茬高40．5％，39．5％和36．1％。大麦籽粒产量以盖草处理后茬摄高，分别比水作后茬和裸露后茬增加837kg／hm^2和251kg／hm^2。后茬大麦各生育阶段对氮素的累积吸收量均以前茬盖草早作处理最高。覆膜、盖草和裸露旱作水稻后茬大麦的氮肥利用率分别比水作稻后茬大麦高16．1％，17．5％和13．8％。土壤氮素转化和大麦产量均表明，半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作水稻-大麦轮作是一种较合理的种植模式。     

微生物菌肥对盐渍土壤微生物区系和食葵产量的影响

在内蒙古五原县,以食葵LD5009为供试作物,通过大田试验,研究了不同微生物菌肥产品（包括丹路牌微生物菌肥和丹路牌微生物菌剂）对盐渍土壤微生物、土壤含盐量及食葵产量的影响。结果表明：（1）施用不同产品可降低0～40cm土层盐分含量;（2）施用不同产品可改善土壤微生态系统,促进土壤微生物繁殖,提高细菌和放线菌的数目,并提高细菌优势菌多样性,且不同产品处理均广泛分布有芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属细菌;（3）施用不同产品可极显著提高食葵产量,产量表现为菌剂与无机肥配施〉单施菌肥〉单施无机肥,菌剂配施化肥处理增产可达107.62%;（4）单施菌肥对土壤微生态系统的作用效果较优,但其增产、抑盐效果均不如菌剂配施无机肥处理,不能完全代替化肥产品。