右美托咪定复合布托啡诺麻前给药对犬绝育术的麻醉效果评价

为了探讨麻前给药右美托咪定和布托啡诺对犬绝育术的麻醉效果影响,将15只试验用犬随机分为丙泊酚组(P组)、右美托咪定-丙泊酚组(DP组)、布托啡诺-右美托咪定-丙泊酚组(BDP组),除麻前给药不同外,各组均实施丙泊酚诱导与异氟烷维持麻醉,并采用母犬绝育手术进行验证。分别于诱导麻醉前和维持麻醉后10、20、30、40、50 min和60 min时监测体温、心率、呼吸、血氧饱和度、血压等生理指标,记录各组间麻药用量与镇痛、镇静情况。结果显示,DP组、BDP组与P组相比能极显著降低(P<0.01)丙泊酚和异氟烷的麻药用量;麻醉后DP组与BDP组除心率轻度抑制外,临床其他各项生理指标相对稳定;BDP组的手术镇痛与镇静效果优于其他两组。表明麻前给予右美托咪定和布托啡诺能有效降低麻醉药用量,提高手术过程中麻醉效果,但在临床中应合理控制静脉给药速度与使用剂量。     

异氟烷麻醉对波兰兔相关生理指标及血流动力学影响的研究

为了探究不同浓度异氟烷麻醉对波兰兔血浆肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)及血流动力学的影响,试验将18只健康波兰兔随机分为异氟烷低浓度组(L-ISO组,1%异氟烷麻醉)、异氟烷中浓度组(M-ISO组,3%异氟烷麻醉)、异氟烷高浓度组(H-ISO组,5%异氟烷麻醉),持续麻醉20 min,观察对波兰兔的麻醉效果,分别于异氟烷麻醉前(0分钟)、麻醉后(5,10,15,20分钟)及苏醒后(10分钟)监测各组波兰兔体温(T)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO₂)、呼吸频率(RR)、收缩压(SAP)、舒张压(DAP)、平均动脉压(MAP);并同步采集股动脉血液,检测血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ(ANG-Ⅱ)和醛固酮(ALD)含量,分析肾素、ANG-Ⅱ和ALD含量与SAP、DAP和MAP的相关性。结果表明：各组在麻醉后15,20分钟T显著低于麻醉前(0分钟)(P<0.05);各组HR和RR在麻醉后5,10,15,20分钟显著低于麻醉前(0分钟,P<0.05);H-ISO组SpO₂在15,20分钟显著低于麻醉前(0分钟,P<0.05)。各...     

不同剂量下2组药物联合应用对犬镇静镇痛效果的影响

为研究咪达唑仑、布托啡诺和右美托咪啶3种药物联合用药对犬的镇静镇痛效果,试验采用6只试验犬,对给药前后犬的心率、呼吸频率等进行无损伤监测,并同时监测犬的其他体征变化和不同时段镇痛、镇静效果。试验结果表明:3种药物联合应用对犬有良好的镇静、镇痛作用,提高布托啡诺与咪达唑仑剂量,镇痛作用起效快,镇痛程度与持续时间增加,镇静作用起效慢,镇静时间延长,恢复期出现不良反应概率显著增加。     

右美托咪定对氯胺酮致发育期大鼠神经损伤的影响

本研究旨在探讨右美托咪定干预氯胺酮致发育期大鼠神经损伤的影响及其可能的机制。7日龄SD大鼠随机分为对照组、氯胺酮组（氯胺酮20 mg·kg^-1腹腔注射,每1.5 h注射1次,共5次）、右美托咪定组（右美托咪定腹腔注射15 μg·kg^-1）和氯胺酮+右美托咪定组（氯胺酮注射前30 min,腹腔注射15 μg·kg^-1右美托咪定）。最后1次给药90 min后,取大脑组织固定后进行尼氏染色;测定海马和皮质组织中CAT、GSH、MDA、IL-1β和IL-18的含量。尼氏染色结果显示,与对照组相比右美托咪定预先用药可以缓解氯胺酮导致的海马CA1区、CA3区和皮质区的神经元丢失。右美托咪定预处理还可以显著降低（P<0.05）海马和皮质MDA、IL-1β和IL-18水平,显著增加（P<0.05）CAT和GSH含量。综上表明,右美托咪定预处理能够有效降低海马和皮质MDA水平、增加CAT和GSH含量,并抑制炎症因子IL-1β和IL-18的分泌,在氯胺酮致发育期大鼠神经损伤时发挥神经保护作用。     

小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂对小型猪血浆RAAS的影响

为了研究小型猪特异性麻醉拮抗剂对小型猪血浆肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的影响,将14头中国实验用小型猪,随机分为单纯麻醉组(X/S组)和麻醉-催醒组(X/W组),肌肉注射小型猪特异性麻醉剂(XFM),记录麻醉前及麻醉后5 min、10 min、20 min、30 min无创血压和心率(HR);麻醉后30 min即刻,麻醉-催醒组肌肉注射小型猪特异性麻醉颉颉抗剂,单纯麻醉组肌肉注射相同量的生理盐水,并记录麻醉后32 min、35 min、40 min、60 min、90 min、120 min小型猪的无创血压及心率(HR),并于以上时间点采取前腔静脉血样。采用ELISA方法测定小型猪血浆中RAAS含量,并分析它们与心率和血压之间的相关性。结果显示,与对照组相比,在肌肉注射小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂后,无创血压、HR均明显的升高(P<0.01或P<0.05);小型猪血浆血管紧张素(AⅡ)浓度发生明显变化(P<0.05);血浆AⅡ的浓度与HR呈现显著负相关(P<0.05)。表明血浆中R-A-A-S参与了小型猪血流动力学变化的调节。     

隆朋 氟哌利多 布托啡诺 咪达唑仑复合对猫麻醉效果观察

试验选用隆朋-氟哌利多-布托啡诺-咪达唑仑按一定比例复合对猫进行一次性肌肉给药,观察复合剂对猫麻醉后生物反射、麻醉诱导时间、麻醉维持时间、苏醒时间及麻醉后心肺功能变化。试验结果表明,该复合剂对猫麻醉效果确实,对循环、呼吸系统影响轻微,镇痛时间维持在30～40min,麻醉时间1.5h左右,复苏时间3.5h,能满足临床大部分对猫手术的麻醉需要。     

猫用复合麻醉制剂在药品降压物质检测中的麻醉效果观察

正前期研究通过药品初步筛选试验与科学组方试验确定氯胺酮、右旋美托咪啶、羟考酮三者(溶液体积比=4.5∶7.0∶4.0)组成的复合麻醉制剂,对猫具有良好的麻醉效果,麻醉诱导时间为(2.93±1.14)min,麻醉时间为(56.97±12.82)min,苏醒时间为(21.74±5.17)min,在麻醉期内镇痛完全、镇静确实、肌松良好。本次研究对复合麻醉制剂应用于药     

右美托咪定与氟哌利多和布托啡诺复合对兔麻醉效果的观察

针对国内外缺乏兔专用的复合麻醉剂的现状,课题组将右美托咪定、氟哌利多、布托啡诺进行复合,采用肌肉注射麻醉家兔,并记录麻醉时间,观察制剂对兔的镇静、镇痛、肌松等效果的影响。试验结果表明,注射该复合制剂后,心率和呼吸频率在麻醉初期略有降低,但均在生理耐受范围内;麻醉诱导期为4.39±0.81 min,麻醉维持时间为60.71±4.59 min,苏醒期为20.05±3.15 min;镇静、镇痛及肌松效果均衡良好,可供50 min的良好化学保定作用。     

阿法沙龙与异氟烷静吸复合麻醉对犬麻醉效果的影响

旨在探讨使用不同剂量阿法沙龙和异氟烷静吸复合麻醉（IVIA）对犬麻醉效果的比较。对18只试验犬随机编号后分为L（1～6号）、M（7～12号）、H（13～18号）3组,分别使用阿法沙龙3、6、9 mg·（kg·h）^-1静脉恒速滴注（CRI）配合0.5%异氟烷的维持麻醉方案,观察并记录诱导麻醉前1 h（T0）、维持麻醉期间（15、30、45、60 min）及停止给药后15 min（75 min）时,犬的生理指标、镇痛、镇静及肌松效果。45 d后,对该18只试验犬按原编号分组为CⅠ（1～6号）、CⅡ（7～12号）、CⅢ（13～18号）进行吸入性维持麻醉（2%异氟烷）,同样记录各指标。两轮试验均使用丙泊酚进行诱导麻醉。结果显示：L组与CⅠ组比较发现,在各时间点生理指标基本无统计学差异（P>0.05）,但L组存在轻度疼痛反应;与M组比较,CⅡ组体温、血氧均明显下降（P<0.05）,CⅡ组脉搏、心率、呼吸频率、舒张压显著下降,差异极显著（P<0.01）,麻醉中两组（M及CⅡ组）均无疼痛反应;与H组比较,CⅢ组脉搏、心率存在统计学差异（P<0.05）,麻醉中两组（H及CⅢ组）均无疼痛反应。IVIA和单纯吸入麻醉均可获得较好的麻醉效果,但阿法沙龙剂量为6 mg·（kg·h）^-1的IVIA可提高试验犬的心率、脉搏,对心血管和体温影响较小,同时无疼痛反应、麻醉深度良好及苏醒迅速。相较于常规呼吸麻醉,该麻醉方案可提高犬的整体麻醉质量。     

三种麻痹诱导方法对杂种犬吸入麻醉的影响

为评价3种麻醉诱导方法在吸入麻醉中对试验犬麻醉效果的影响.本试验将15只杂种犬,分为A、B、C3组,每组5只.A组为盐酸氯胺酮、速眠新Ⅱ组,B组为戊巴比妥钠组,C组为盐酸氯胺酮、地西泮注射液组,各组在诱导麻醉后行气管插管,应用异氟烷进行吸入麻醉,在不同时间点对试验犬的心率(HR)、血压(BP)、血氧饱和度(SPO2)、...     

Influence of medetomidine on stress-related neurohormonal and metabolic effects caused by butorphanol, fentanyl, and ketamine administration in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To examine stress-related neurohormonal and metabolic effects of butorphanol, fentanyl, and ketamine administration alone and in combination with medetomidine in dogs. ANIMALS: 10 Beagles. PROCEDURE: 5 dogs received either butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg), fentanyl (0.01 mg/kg), or ketamine (10 mg/kg) IM in a crossover design. Another 5 dogs received either medetomidine (0.02 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg), medetomidine and fentanyl (0.01 mg/kg), medetomidine and ketamine (10 mg/kg), or medetomidine and saline (0.9% NaCI) solution (0.1 mL/kg) in a similar design. Blood samples were obtained for 6 hours following the treatments. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were determined in plasma. RESULTS: Administration of butorphanol, fentanyl, and ketamine caused neurohormonal and metabolic changes similar to stress, including increased plasma epinephrine, cortisol, and glucose concentrations. The hyperglycemic effect of butorphanol was not significant. Ketamine caused increased norepinephrine concentration. Epinephrine concentration was correlated with glucose concentration in the butorphanol and fentanyl groups but not in the ketamine groups, suggesting an important difference between the mechanisms of the hyperglycemic effects of these drugs. Medetomidine prevented most of these effects except for hyperglycemia. Plasma glucose concentrations were lower in the combined sedation groups than in the medetomidine-saline solution group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Opioids or ketamine used alone may cause changes in stress-related biochemical variables in plasma. Medetomidine prevented or blunted these changes. Combined sedation provided better hormonal and metabolic stability than either component alone. We recommend using medetomidine-butorphanol or medetomidine-ketamine combinations for sedation or anesthesia of systemically healthy dogs.     

Evaluation of the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine,dexmedetomidine-butorphanol,and dexmedetomidine-ketamine in cats

OBJECTIVE: To determine sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with butorphanol or ketamine in cats. DESIGN: Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURES: Cats were given dexmedetomidine alone (10 microg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], IM), a combination of dexmedetomidine (10 microg/kg, IM) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg [0.09 mg/lb], IM), or a combination of dexmedetomidine (10 microg/kg, IM) and ketamine (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], IM). Treatments were administered in random order, with > or = 1 week between treatments. Physiologic variables were assessed before and after drug administration. Time to lateral recumbency, duration of lateral recumbency, time to sternal recumbency, time to recovery from sedation, and subjective evaluation of sedation, muscle relaxation, and auditory response were assessed. RESULTS: Each treatment resulted in adequate sedation; time to lateral recumbency, duration of lateral recumbency, and time to recovery from sedation were similar among treatments. Time to sternal recumbency was significantly greater after administration of dexmedetomidine-ketamine. Heart rate decreased significantly after each treatment; however, the decrease was more pronounced after administration of dexmedetomidine-butorphanol, compared with that following the other treatments. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements decreased significantly from baseline with all treatments; 50 minutes after drug administration, mean blood pressure differed significantly from baseline only when cats received dexmedetomidine and butorphanol. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that in cats, administration of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol or ketamine resulted in more adequate sedation, without clinically important cardiovascular effects, than was achieved with dexmedetomidine alone.     

Hemodynamic effects in dogs after intramuscular administration of a combination of dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam or dexmedetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine

Objective-To evaluate hemodynamic effects in dogs after IM administration of dexmedetomidine (7.5 μg/kg, butorphanol (0.15 mg/kg), and tiletamine-zolazepam (3 mg/kg [DBTZ]) or dexmedetomidine (15 μg/kg), butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg), and ketamine (3 mg/kg [DBK]). Animals-5 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs. Procedures-Each dog received DBTZ and DBK in a randomized crossover study with a 48-hour interval between treatments. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen while instrumentation with Swan-Ganz and arterial catheters was performed. Following instrumentation, hemodynamic measurements were recorded at 3.54% (1.5 times the minimum alveolar concentration) sevoflurane; then sevoflurane administration was discontinued, and dogs were allowed to recover. Six hours after cessation of sevoflurane administration, baseline hemodynamic measurements were recorded, each dog was given an IM injection of DBTZ or DBK, and hemodynamic measurements were obtained at predetermined intervals for 70 minutes. Results-DBTZ and DBK induced hypoventilation (Paco(2), approx 60 to 70 mm Hg), respiratory acidosis (pH, approx 7.2), hypertension (mean arterial blood pressure, approx 115 to 174 mm Hg), increases in systemic vascular resistance, and reflex bradycardia. Cardiac output, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption following DBTZ or DBK administration were similar to those following sevoflurane administration to achieve a surgical plane of anesthesia. Blood l-lactate concentrations remained within the reference range at all times for all protocols. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-In healthy dogs, both DBTZ and DBK maintained oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption to tissues and blood lactate concentrations within the reference range. However, ventilation should be carefully monitored and assisted when necessary to prevent hypoventilation.     

More effective induction of anesthesia using midazolam-butorphanol-ketamine-sevoflurane compared with ketamine-sevoflurane in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus)

The common marmoset has been increasingly used for research in the biomedical field; however, there is little information available regarding effective methods of anesthesia in this species. This study retrospectively analyzed 2 regimens of anesthesia induction: intramuscular injection of ketamine followed by inhalation of 5% sevoflurane, and intramuscular injection of midazolam, butorphanol and ketamine followed by inhalation of 5% sevoflurane. Anesthetic depth did not reach the surgical anesthesia stage in 7 out of 99 animals receiving the former regimen, whereas there were only 2 such animals out of 273 receiving the latter regimen. The latter regimen, when followed by maintenance anesthesia with 3% sevoflurane inhalation, was successfully used in various nociceptive procedures. These results indicate that the injection of a combination of midazolam, butorphanol and ketamine followed by inhalation of a high concentration of sevoflurane is effective for anesthesia induction in marmosets.     

Effects of two preanesthetic regimens for ophthalmic surgery on intraocular pressure and cardiovascular measurements in dogs

The effects of different preanesthetic medications (acepromazine plus either meperidine or butorphanol) given before the induction of anesthesia with midazolam and ketamine on intraocular pressure, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure were investigated in 20 dogs. Following administration of preanesthetics and induction of anesthesia, dogs were intubated and anesthesia was maintained with halothane for 10 minutes. Intraocular pressure was significantly higher (P <.05) at several evaluations for dogs premedicated with acepromazine/meperidine than for those premedicated with acepromazine/butorphanol. Mean heart rate and diastolic arterial blood pressure were significantly (P <.05) higher 5 minutes after administration of acepromazine/meperidine than after acepromazine/butorphanol. Results of this study suggest that acepromazine/butorphanol is a satisfactory preanesthetic combination to use before induction of anesthesia with midazolam and ketamine for ophthalmic surgery in dogs.     

Evaluation of the perioperative stress response from dexmedetomidine infusion alone,with butorphanol bolus or remifentanil infusion compared with ketamine and morphine infusions in isoflurane-anesthetized horses

ObjectiveTo evaluate perioperative stress-related hormones in isoflurane-anesthetized horses administered infusions of dexmedetomidine alone or with butorphanol or remifentanil, compared with ketamine–morphine.Study designRandomized, prospective, nonblinded clinical study.AnimalsA total of 51 horses undergoing elective surgical procedures.MethodsHorses were premedicated with xylazine, anesthesia induced with ketamine–diazepam and maintained with isoflurane and one of four intravenous infusions. Partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) was achieved with dexmedetomidine (1.0 μg kg^–1 hour^–1; group D; 12 horses); dexmedetomidine (1.0 μg kg^–1 hour^–1) and butorphanol bolus (0.05 mg kg^–1; group DB; 13 horses); dexmedetomidine (1.0 μg kg^–1 hour^–1) and remifentanil (3.0 μg kg^–1 hour^–1; group DR; 13 horses); or ketamine (0.6 mg kg^–1 hour^–1) and morphine (0.15 mg kg^–1, 0.1 mg kg^–1 hour^–1; group KM; 13 horses). Infusions were started postinduction; butorphanol bolus was administered 10 minutes before starting surgery. Blood was collected before drugs were administered (baseline), 10 minutes after ketamine–diazepam, every 30 minutes during surgery and 1 hour after standing. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse rate, end-tidal isoflurane concentration, cortisol, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose and insulin concentrations were compared using linear mixed models. Significance was assumed when p < 0.05.ResultsWithin D, cortisol was lower at 120–180 minutes from starting surgery compared with baseline. Cortisol was higher in KM than in D at 60 minutes from starting surgery. Within all groups, glucose was higher postinduction (except DR) and 60 minutes from starting surgery, and insulin was lower during anesthesia and higher after standing compared with baseline. After standing, NEFA were higher in KM than in DB. In KM, MAP increased at 40–60 minutes from starting surgery compared with 30 minutes postinduction.Conclusions and clinical relevanceDexmedetomidine suppressed cortisol release more than dexmedetomidine–opioid and ketamine–morphine infusions. Ketamine–morphine PIVA might increase catecholamine activity.     

Comparison of the cardiopulmonary effects of anesthesia maintained by continuous infusion of ketamine and propofol with anesthesia maintained by inhalation of sevoflurane in goats undergoing magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cardiopulmonary effects of anesthesia maintained by continuous infusion of ketamine and propofol with anesthesia maintained by inhalation of sevoflurane in goats undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. ANIMALS: 8 Saanen goats. PROCEDURES: Goats were anesthetized twice (1-month interval) following sedation with midazolam (0.4 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced via IV administration of ketamine (3 mg/kg) and propofol (1 mg/kg) and maintained with an IV infusion of ketamine (0.03 mg/kg/min) and propofol (0.3 mg/kg/min) and 100% inspired oxygen (K-P treatment) or induced via IV administration of propofol (4 mg/kg) and maintained via inhalation of sevoflurane in oxygen (end-expired concentration, 2.3%; 1X minimum alveolar concentration; SEVO treatment). Cardiopulmonary and blood gas variables were assessed at intervals after induction of anesthesia. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD end-expired sevoflurane was 2.24 +/- 0.2%; ketamine and propofol were infused at rates of 0.03 +/- 0.002 mg/kg/min and 0.29 +/- 0.02 mg/kg/min, respectively. Overall, administration of ketamine and propofol for total IV anesthesia was associated with a degree of immobility and effects on cardiopulmonary parameters that were comparable to those associated with anesthesia maintained by inhalation of sevoflurane. Compared with the K-P treatment group, mean and diastolic blood pressure values in the SEVO treatment group were significantly lower at most or all time points after induction of anesthesia. After both treatments, recovery from anesthesia was good or excellent. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that ketamine-propofol total IV anesthesia in goats breathing 100% oxygen is practical and safe for performance of magnetic resonance imaging procedures.     

Effects of a constant‐rate infusion of dexmedetomidine on the minimal alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in ponies

Reasons for performing study: Dexmedetomidine has been administered in the equine as a constant‐rate infusion (CRI) during inhalation anaesthesia, preserving optimal cardiopulmonary function with calm and coordinated recoveries. Inhalant anaesthetic sparing effects have been demonstrated in other species, but not in horses. Objectives: To determine the effects of a CRI of dexmedetomidine on the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in ponies. Methods: Six healthy adult ponies were involved in this prospective, randomised, crossover, blinded, experimental study. Each pony was anaesthetised twice (3 weeks washout period). After induction with sevoflurane in oxygen (via nasotracheal tube), the ponies were positioned on a surgical table (T0), and anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (expired sevoflurane fraction 2.5%) in 55% oxygen. The ponies were randomly allocated to treatment D (dexmedetomidine 3.5 µg/kg bwt i.v. [T10–T15] followed by a CRI of dexmedetomidine at 1.75 µg/kg bwt/h) or treatment S (bolus and CRI of saline at the same volume and rate as treatment D). After T60, MAC determination, using a classic bracketing technique, was initiated. Stimuli consisted of constant‐current electrical stimuli at the skin of the lateral pastern region. Triplicate MAC estimations were obtained and averaged in each pony. Monitoring included pulse oximetry, electrocardiography, anaesthetic gas monitoring, arterial blood pressure measurement and arterial blood gases. Normocapnia was maintained by mechanical ventilation. Analysis of variance (treatment and period as fixed factors) was used to detect differences between treatments (α= 0.05). Results: An intravenous (i.v.) dexmedetomidine CRI decreased mean ± s.d. sevoflurane MAC from 2.42 ± 0.55 to 1.07 ± 0.21% (mean MAC reduction 53 ± 15%). Conclusions and potential relevance: A dexmedetomidine CRI at the reported dose significantly reduces the MAC of sevoflurane.     

Effect of butorphanol administration on cardiovascular parameters in isoflurane-anesthetized horses - a retrospective clinical evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine cardiovascular responses to administration of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation of anesthetic records. ANIMALS: Seventy-six horses anesthetized for a variety of clinical surgical procedures. METHODS: Anesthetic records of clinical equine patients anesthetized between January 1999 and December 2003 were searched. The records were reviewed for horses in which anesthesia was induced with ketamine and a benzodiazepine and maintained with isoflurane, and horses that received butorphanol intraoperatively. Exclusion criteria included horses in which the rate of infusion of an inotrope or end-tidal isoflurane concentration was changed 10 minutes before or after the butorphanol bolus. The horses were separated into two groups: group 1 horses received butorphanol at intervals as part of a balanced protocol, group 2 horses had > or = 10% increase in heart rate (HR) or blood pressure within 10 minutes prior to butorphanol administration. RESULTS: Eighty-nine butorphanol administration events matched the criteria for inclusion, 49 in group 1 and 40 in group 2. There were no significant changes after butorphanol administration in systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and heart rate (HR) in group 1, or in end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration or hemoglobin oxygen saturation in either group. There were significant decreases in SAP (p < 0.0001), MAP (p < 0.0005), and DAP (p < 0.0008) after butorphanol administration in group 2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results presented here confirm that butorphanol can be administered to horses during isoflurane anesthesia without adverse effects on HR and arterial blood pressure. The results imply that butorphanol can deepen the plane of anesthesia and obtund sympathetic stimulation from a surgical procedure.     

A balanced anesthesia with a combination of xylazine, ketamine and butorphanol and its antagonism by yohimbine in pigs.

The effects of intramuscular injections of xylazine (2 mg/kg)-ketamine (15 mg/kg) [X-K15], and xylazine (2 mg/kg)-ketamine (5 mg/kg)-butorphanol (0.22 mg/kg) [X-K5-B] were compared in atropinized (0.05 mg/kg) miniature pigs (pigs). Both combinations induced the anesthesia for more than 1 hr, however X-K5-B induced the more potent and well balanced anesthesia as compared with X-K15, although the amount of ketamine was reduced to one third. The duration of loss of pedal reflex, an indicator of surgical anesthesia, in X-K5-B (62 +/- 13 min) was significantly (P less than 0.05) longer than in X-K15 (28 +/- 19 min). In addition, X-K5-B was accompanied by loss of laryngeal reflex in all pigs. Recovery from anesthesia in X-K5-B was much smoother than in X-K15, and the administration of yohimbine (0.05 mg/kg) could rapidly and smoothly reverse the anesthesia induced by X-K5-B, although it was accompanied by a transient fall in blood pressure and tachycardia. The combination of xylazine, ketamine and butorphanol appears to be a relatively safe and widely available anesthesia for the period of one hour in pigs.