体外卵母细胞的抗氧化作用研究进展

卵母细胞体外成熟培养是体外生产胚胎的关键步骤之一,在人工辅助生殖技术及胚胎工程中起着不可替代的作用。随着国内外对哺乳动物体外受精及胚胎体外发育研究的日益深入,这一动物生物技术也开始备受关注。研究发现,卵裂率及囊胚发育率与卵母细胞成熟水平呈正向相关,而活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)是影响卵母细胞成熟水平的主要原因之一。在离体培养卵母细胞过程中,过高水平的活性氧能够引起氧化应激,破坏细胞结构,导致细胞功能失调,不利于卵母细胞维持正常生殖功能。文章对卵母细胞体外培养过程中抗氧化机制的研究进展进行了综述。     

半胱胺对牛卵母细胞早期胚胎发育能力的影响

半胱胺（Cysteamine）是一种重要的巯基物,在体外培养体系中添加半胱胺能够增强谷胱甘肽（GSH）的合成和胚胎发育能力。本研究旨在探讨不同浓度半胱胺处理对牛卵母细胞体外成熟和早期胚胎发育能力的影响。结果表明,在牛卵母细胞体外成熟液中添加100μM的半胱胺,其囊胚率与对照组有显著差异;但是,与同时在成熟液和发育液中都添加100μM的半胱胺组差异不显著。研究结果也表明,在牛卵母细胞体外成熟培养液中添加半胱胺会提高牛卵母细胞的囊胚发育率,而且随着浓度的增加这种作用将达到饱和,其最佳作用浓度为100μM。     

谷胱甘肽对哺乳动物卵母细胞的影响

谷胱甘肽与哺乳动物卵母细胞之间关系密切,谷胱甘肽具有一种还原能力。谷胱甘肽参与保护雌性配子细胞免受氧化物的伤害,还参与维持卵母细胞减数分裂纺锤体形态。卵母细胞中谷胱甘肽浓度可以作为衡量哺乳动物卵母细胞质和核成熟程度的标志。它对于受精后雄原核形成起了积极的作用,并且还有助于早期胚胎发育。卵丘细胞对卵母细胞内的谷胱甘肽合成起重要作用。不同种类的低分子量硫醇复合物可以诱导卵母细胞中谷胱甘肽的合成。     

附睾功能及其对精子成熟的影响

哺乳动物的附睾为精子的成熟提供了特殊的微环境，是精子成熟、保护、运输和贮存的部位，在生殖过程中起着重要作用。附睾上皮细胞的合成、分泌、转运等功能使精子发生了一系列结构、生化和功能的改变．从而使精子获得受精和运动能力。作者对附睾的形态结构、功能和对精子成熟影响研究现状等作简要综述。     

附睾功能及其对精子成熟的影响

哺乳动物的附睾为精子的成熟提供了特殊的微环境,是精子成熟、保护、运输和贮存的部位,在生殖过程起着重要作用.附睾上皮细胞的合成、分泌、转运等功能使精子发生了一系列结构、生化和功能的改变,从而使精子获得受精和运动能力.本文对附睾的形态结构、功能和对精子成熟影响研究现状等作简要综述.     

没食子酸对黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

试验旨在研究没食子酸(gallic acid,GA)对黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟及早期胚胎发育的影响,进一步优化黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟体系。在卵母细胞体外成熟液(M液)中添加不同浓度没食子酸(0、10、30、50、100μmol/L),成熟22~24h后,统计卵丘扩展情况及卵母细胞成熟率;同时,对成熟的卵母细胞进行正常体外受精(IVF),统计早期胚胎的分裂率、囊胚率、囊胚卵裂球数及卵裂球细胞凋亡率。根据试验结果,选择最优浓度,使卵母细胞在含该浓度没食子酸的成熟液中成熟24h后,检测其细胞内的活性氧水平(ROS)和总谷胱甘肽(TGSH)含量。结果显示,M液中添加30μmol/L没食子酸组卵丘扩展分值和成熟率显著高于对照组(0μmol/L)(P0.05),其他处理组与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);成熟的卵母细胞体外受精后进行后续胚胎培养,其中10和30μmol/L组的分裂率均显著高于对照组和100μmol/L组(P0.05),50和100μmol/L组分裂率较对照组也有所提高,但差异不显著(P0.05);早期囊胚率统计发现,与对照组相比,30和100μmol/L能够显著提高囊胚发育率(P0.05),10和50μmol/L浓度组则无显著差异(P0.05);与对照组相比,30、100μmol/L没食子酸均能显著提高IVF胚胎的早期囊胚卵裂球数(P0.05);但囊胚卵裂球凋亡率与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);对卵母细胞内活性氧和总谷胱甘肽含量检测时,发现30μmol/L没食子酸可显著降低细胞内活性氧水平(P0.05),且显著提高总谷胱甘肽含量(P0.05)。综上所述,在黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟液中添加适量的没食子酸能有效降低卵母细胞内活性氧水平,提高总谷胱甘肽含量,进而提高卵母细胞成熟的质量及其后续IVF胚胎发育能力。     

卵母细胞ZP蛋白及其泛素化的研究进展

卵透明带(ZP)是包围在卵母细胞外的糖蛋白基质,在受精过程中的精卵识别及顶体反应中都起着十分重要作用。研究证实,泛素化蛋白质存在于哺乳动物的ZP上,而泛素-蛋白酶体途径介导的蛋白降解又是机体调节细胞内蛋白水平与功能的一个重要机制。因此,在受精过程中,精子顶体和成熟卵母细胞释放蛋白酶体,有可能通过泛素-蛋白酶体途径降解ZP中的泛素化蛋白。文章主要对卵母细胞ZP的结构和功能及泛素-蛋白酶体途径参与受精过程作一综述。     

牛卵母细胞体外受精和体外成熟技术

文章从卵母细胞的来源、精子体外获能、卵母细胞体外成熟、体外受精和体外受精早期胚胎培养五个方面综述了牛卵母细胞体外受精和体外成熟技术的研究进展.同时指出了影响精子体外获能的因素、影响卵母细胞成熟培养的因素、体外受精存在的问题及解决办法等.并且对影响该技术的主要因素进行了系统分析.     

没食子酸对黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

试验旨在研究没食子酸（gallic acid，GA）对黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟及早期胚胎发育的影响，进一步优化黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟体系。在卵母细胞体外成熟液（M液）中添加不同浓度没食子酸（0、10、30、50、100 μmol/L），成熟22~24 h后，统计卵丘扩展情况及卵母细胞成熟率；同时，对成熟的卵母细胞进行正常体外受精（IVF），统计早期胚胎的分裂率、囊胚率、囊胚卵裂球数及卵裂球细胞凋亡率。根据试验结果，选择最优浓度，使卵母细胞在含该浓度没食子酸的成熟液中成熟24 h后，检测其细胞内的活性氧水平（ROS）和总谷胱甘肽（TGSH）含量。结果显示，M液中添加30 μmol/L没食子酸组卵丘扩展分值和成熟率显著高于对照组（0 μmol/L）（P<0.05），其他处理组与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）；成熟的卵母细胞体外受精后进行后续胚胎培养，其中10和30 μmol/L组的分裂率均显著高于对照组和100 μmol/L组（P<0.05），50和100 μmol/L组分裂率较对照组也有所提高，但差异不显著（P>0.05）；早期囊胚率统计发现，与对照组相比，30和100 μmol/L能够显著提高囊胚发育率（P<0.05），10和50 μmol/L浓度组则无显著差异（P>0.05）；与对照组相比，30、100 μmol/L没食子酸均能显著提高IVF胚胎的早期囊胚卵裂球数（P<0.05）；但囊胚卵裂球凋亡率与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）；对卵母细胞内活性氧和总谷胱甘肽含量检测时，发现30 μmol/L没食子酸可显著降低细胞内活性氧水平（P<0.05），且显著提高总谷胱甘肽含量（P<0.05）。综上所述，在黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟液中添加适量的没食子酸能有效降低卵母细胞内活性氧水平，提高总谷胱甘肽含量，进而提高卵母细胞成熟的质量及其后续IVF胚胎发育能力。     

附睾精子抗氧化保护机制研究进展

通过附睾转运,精子经历了一系列的生化和形态变化逐渐成熟,在精子成熟的过程中,其胞质成分含量逐渐减少,因此精子对氧化应激更为敏感,进而导致精子结构和功能受到损害,故而附睾管腔微环境中抗氧化酶的作用非常重要。活性氧(ROS)在精子功能中起着双重作用:生理水平的ROS可促进精子受精前的获能,而过高水平ROS则会导致精子发生氧化损伤。在附睾中清除多余ROS的抗氧化酶主要有超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPXs)以及过氧化物酶(PRDXs),但是不同年龄的哺乳动物附睾不同部位中各种抗氧化酶的含量均会发生变化,不同抗氧化酶对ROS也具有不同的清除机制。当附睾缺乏某一抗氧化酶时,会使精子DNA受损、精子质量下降,最终导致异常生殖结果增加。因此,哺乳动物附睾中各类抗氧化酶需要相互协调将ROS维持在生理水平,但有关这方面的研究报道较少。附睾上皮细胞分泌的抗氧化酶以附睾小体的形式传递给精子,以清除自身有氧代谢以及异常精子所产生的ROS,进而保护精子正常成熟。作者综述了附睾精子所面临的氧化应激以及附睾中各类抗氧化酶对精子的保护作用。     

Cysteamine Supplementation of In vitro Maturation Media: A Review

Under in vitro culture conditions, oxidative modifications of cell components via increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent a major culture induced stress. Anti‐oxidant systems such as glutathione (GSH) can attenuate the deleterious effects of oxidative stress by scavenging ROS. It has been suggested that GSH content in oocytes may serve as a reservoir protecting the zygote and the early embryos from oxidative damage before genomic activation and de novo GSH synthesis occur. Addition of low molecular weight compounds to culture media, such as cysteamine, can increase GSH levels by increasing cysteine uptake. Quite naturally, effects of supplementation of in vitro maturation (IVM) media with low molecular weight thiols have been studied in various species. This article reviews the use of cysteamine supplementation for IVM, its effects on maturation rates and further embryo development.     

Oxidative stress during acute FIV infection in cats

Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV infection in humans. For example, CD4(+) T cells are particularly affected in HIV patients and oxidative stress may also contribute to impairment of neutrophil function in HIV/AIDS patients. Since cats infected with FIV develop many of the same immunological abnormalites as HIV-infected humans, we investigated effects of acute FIV infection on oxidative stress in cats. Cats were infected with a pathogenic strain of FIV and viral load, changes in neutrophil number, total blood glutathione, malondiadehye, antioxidant enzyme concentrations, and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in leukocytes were measured sequentially during the first 16 weeks of infection. We found that superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase concentrations in whole blood increased significantly during acute FIV infection. In addition, neutrophil numbers increased significantly during this time period, though their intracellular GSH concentrations did not change. In contrast, the numbers of CD4(+) T cells decreased significantly and their intracellular GSH concentration increased significantly, while intracellular GSH concentrations were unchanged in CD8(+) T cells. However, by 16 weeks of infection, many of the abnormalities in oxidative balance had stabilized or returned to pre-inoculation values. These results suggest that acute infection with FIV causes oxidative stress in cats and that CD4(+) T cells appear to be preferentially affected. Further studies are required to determine whether early treatment with anti-oxidants may help ameliorate the decline in CD4(+) T cell number and function associated with acute FIV infection in cats.     

乙烯对匍匐翦股颖ISR抗病反应中AsA-GSH循环及胼胝质沉积的影响

以匍匐翦股颖品种“Penn-A4”为试验材料,侵染立枯丝核菌后,经丁二醇(BDO)诱导产生系统抗性(ISR),喷施不同浓度的乙烯合成抑制剂氯化钴(CoCl₂)和促进剂1-氨基环丙烷羧酸(ACC)后,检测抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环中抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及相关酶活性的变化,并观察匍匐翦股颖ISR反应中胼胝质沉积的变化。结果表明,乙烯抑制剂处理下,匍匐翦股颖幼苗中AsA含量较低,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降,大量GSH被催化还原为氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG),GSSG大量积累,同时谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性较低,GSSG经GR少量还原为GSH。乙烯促进剂处理下,AsA含量较高,APX活性升高,GSSG在高活性GR作用下催化还原为GSH,使得GSH大量积累。因此在匍匐翦股颖ISR抗病反应中,高浓度乙烯促进AsA和GSH的大量积累,它们不仅参与了活性氧的代谢平衡,同时也作为信号分子在ISR抗病反应中起着重要作用。匍匐翦股颖感染褐斑病后,胼胝质主要沉积在厚壁细胞、韧皮部、木质部和表皮组织,其中厚壁细胞胼胝质沉积最多,表皮组织沉积最少。此外,胼胝质沉积面积在不同乙烯信号分子处理间存在差异,但随着处理时间的延长差异不显著。一定浓度的乙烯对ISR反应中胼胝质的沉积具有一定的影响,随着处理时间的延长显著增加,在100 μmol·L^-1ACC处理5 d后,胼胝质沉积总面积仅为9.916 mm²,处理10 d后升至最高,为38.396 mm²,但在病害侵染后期,胼胝质数量减少,在100 μmol·L^-1ACC处理15 d后,胼胝质沉积总面积降至20.052 mm²,反映了乙烯信号分子对胼胝质沉积的影响是一种短期效应,短期内可提高匍匐翦股颖植株抗病性,具有信号分子的短时效特点。研究结果为探清匍匐翦股颖ISR抗病响应中ET信号分子如何调控抗病生理特性提供了理论基础。     

Quantification of plasma reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and plasma total glutathione in healthy cats

Glutathione is an important intracellular tripeptide with multiple functions. Abnormal glutathione metabolism is thought to play an important role in various diseases of cats. However, no data regarding concentration of plasma glutathione are available for domestic cats. This study discusses the development of a rapid, simple high pressure liquid chromatography method for measurement of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSH) and total glutathione (GSHt) in plasma, for the purpose of establishing baseline data for future studies. The mean concentrations of GSH, GSSH and GSHt were 4.51+/-1 microM; 19.44+/-3.79 microM (expressed as GSH equivalent) and 23.59+/-3.89 microM, respectively. This is the first report of plasma glutathione concentrations in this species.     

芝麻素对小鼠早期胚胎体外发育的影响

本试验旨研究在体外培养（in vitro culture，IVC）中添加芝麻素（sesamin，SES）对小鼠早期胚胎体外发育的影响。采集6周龄雌性昆明小鼠受精卵，随机分为对照组和不同浓度（10、50、100 μmol/L）SES组。采用Fluorescein-dUTP和Hoechst 33342免疫荧光染色分别检测囊胚内细胞凋亡率和总细胞数；采用DCFH-DA检测早期胚胎内活性氧（reactive oxygen species，ROS）水平；采用CMF₂HC检测早期胚胎内谷胱甘肽（glutathione，GSH）水平；采用JC-1检测早期胚胎线粒体膜电位强度。结果显示，不同浓度SES组分裂率和囊胚率较对照组均有提高，但无显著差异（P>0.05）；50 μmol/L SES组细胞数较对照组显著提高（P<0.05），细胞凋亡率较对照组显著降低（P<0.05）；与对照组相比，50 μmol/L SES组ROS水平显著降低（P<0.05），GSH水平和线粒体膜电位水平显著提高（P<0.05）。结果表明，在IVC中添加SES可提高囊胚内细胞数、减少细胞凋亡率，降低细胞内ROS水平，提高细胞内GSH水平，改善早期胚胎线粒体功能，减少胚胎氧化应激的损伤，提高小鼠早期胚胎发育质量。     

SO2对家蚕血淋巴中谷胱甘肽含量及相关酶活性的影响

通过分析在SO2胁迫下家蚕5龄幼虫血淋巴中谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及相关酶活性的变化,探讨SO2对家蚕的毒理作用机制。当对家蚕5龄幼虫每天以40 mg/m3SO2熏气刺激6 h,蚕体血淋巴中的GSH含量显著降低,雄蚕GSH的平均含量为49.8μmol/L,雌蚕为41.0μmol/L,分别为对照的73.80%和55.76%,而谷胱甘肽硫-转移酶(GST)活性显著升高,雄蚕GST的平均活性为31.86 U/L,雌蚕为31.80 U/L,分别高于对照46.15%和27.30%。与此同时,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活性在蚕体中也有不同程度的升高,其中在雄蚕体内的变化极为显著;谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)和谷胱甘肽合成酶系的活性在蚕体内均无显著变化。以上结果表明:SO2刺激可对家蚕血淋巴中的GSH含量及其相关酶的活性产生影响,且雌、雄蚕对SO2的敏感性不同;GSH含量的减少及其相关酶活性的上升,说明SO2对蚕体的毒害作用与其降低蚕体抗氧化物质水平、削弱抗氧化防御系统有关。     

Heat shock-derived reactive oxygen species induce embryonic mortality in in vitro early stage bovine embryos

Heat shock is known to increase the mortality of early stage embryos, but the exact mechanism is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the possibility that the increased mortality is caused by heat shock-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). The level of ROS was controlled by using beta-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME), a scavenger of ROS. In vitro-produced 8-cell stage embryos were cultured at 38.5 C or heat-shocked by exposure to 41 C for 6 h with 0, 10 and 50 microM beta-ME. Intracellular ROS levels were measured by a fluorescent dye, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCHFDA), and intracellular reduced form of glutathione (GSH) contents were estimated by another fluorescent dye, 4-chloromethyl-6,8-difluoro-7-hydroxycoumarin. Total glutathione content was estimated by the glutathione recycling assay. On day 8 after insemination, heat shock decreased the percentage of embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage and increased intracellular ROS levels, but there was no significant effect on the GSH and total glutathione contents. In contrast, beta-ME significantly decreased ROS levels in heat-shocked embryos and increased the GSH and total glutathione concentrations. Ten microM beta-ME significantly improved the viability of heat-shocked embryos. beta-ME caused no detrimental effects when it was added at normal culture temperature (38.5 C). These results indicate that ROS is the primary cause of increased embryonic mortality in heat-shocked early stage embryos.     

Antioxidant systems and lymphocyte proliferation in the horse,sheep and dog

To better define the species-specific antioxidant systems and to ascertain the influence of the intracellular redox status on the immune system of different animal species, we determined lymphocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity, plasmatic glutathione levels (GSH) and the effect of H2O2 on the responsiveness of lymphocytes to proliferative stimuli. Among the three species considered, sheep presented the lowest plasmatic GSH and the highest lymphocyte GSHPx activity. On the contrary, dogs showed an inverted pattern (high GSH - low GSHPx). Horses displayed intermediate values for both parameters analysed. The effect of H2O2 on the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes was the same for all three species; the 200 microM dose in particular was strongly inhibiting. Each species, however, showed different rates of inhibition: sheep exhibited the highest sensitivity to the antiproliferative effect of H2O2. Our results confirmed that high H2O2 concentrations (200 microM) are noxious for the cellular functions of all animals; however this effect is mediated by a rigorously species-specific relationship between the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the molecular systems involved in cell proliferation.     

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Glutathione concentration and gamma‐glutamyltransferase activity in water buffalo colostrum

Evidence is presented that the buffalo mammary gland contains enzymes that catalyse the synthesis and utilization of glutathione. A significant, inverse correlation (r = 0.79) was detected between colostrum gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) and glutathione (GSH), suggesting that the enzyme uses GSH as a substrate for its activity. A similar trend was shown in mammary gland homogenates (r = 0.75). Our results show that GSH is secreted into buffalo colostrum and suggest that the enzyme GGT degrades it. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the involvement of GGT‐mediated GSH metabolism in the synthesis of colostrums, which elucidates the role of the enzyme that has always been reported very high in colostrum.