肉牛常见饲料干物质和蛋白质瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率研究

[方法]选用装有瘤胃瘘管和小肠瘘管的肉牛作为试验动物,尼龙袋法测定肉牛常见饲料干物质(DM)和粗蛋白(CP)的瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率。[结果]结果表明,DM瘤胃有效降解率由高到低为玉米粉、麦麸、苜蓿干草、豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米青贮、醋糟、白酒糟;CP瘤胃有效降解率由高到低为苜蓿干草、麦麸、豆粕、醋糟、玉米粉、玉米青贮、菜籽粕、白酒糟;DM小肠消化率由高到低为豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米粉、白酒糟、醋糟、麦麸、苜蓿干草、玉米青贮;CP小肠消化率由高到低为豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米粉、苜蓿干草、麦麸、白酒糟、玉米青贮、醋糟。[结论]试验表明,不同饲料瘤胃降解特性不同,为小肠提供过瘤胃可消化蛋白的能力不同,且饲料的DM小肠消化率小于CP小肠消化率。     

不同蛋白源饲料氨基酸组成分析及绵羊瘤胃降解规律的研究

此研究表明豆粕、鱼粉总氨基酸与粗蛋白的比例较高,分别为92．13％和83．26％;而玉米蛋白粉相对较低,为63．34％。必需氨基酸含量鱼粉最高,为48.7％;豆粕次之,为41.4％;玉米蛋白粉最低,为37.21％。此外,不同饲料蛋白质的瘤胃消失规律不尽相同。豆粕蛋白质瘤胃消失率在2h就已经很高,以后直线上升,48h时基本完全降解;鱼粉和玉米蛋白粉的蛋白质消失率在48h前一直很低,降解缓慢。在2h、6h和12h时间点组间比较,豆粕与鱼粉具有非常相似的瘤胃降解率,而玉米蛋白粉则在此期间内具有更低的瘤胃降解率。从72h时间点的瘤胃降解率可以看出,豆粕降解最高（98.12％）、玉米蛋白粉次之（96．67％）、鱼粉最低（82．36％）。     

Amino acid and energy digestibility of protein sources for growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA and DE, and to estimate ME and NE of rice protein concentrate, salmon protein hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, and spray-dried plasma protein. In Exp. 1, 6 barrows (initially 29.5 +/- 2.5 kg of BW) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and fed each of 5 cornstarch-based diets in a balanced crossover design over 35 d. During a given week, there were either 1 or 2 replications of each treatment, resulting in 6 total replications over 5 wk. The 4 test diets (fed from d 0 to 28) were formulated to contain 12.5% CP by using analyzed nutrient compositions of rice protein concentrate, salmon protein hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate, or spray-dried plasma protein. The fifth (N-free) diet was fed from d 28 to 35 to estimate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA, which were used to calculate SID. Ileal digesta were collected and analyzed, and AID and SID values were calculated. Apparent ileal digestible Lys, Met, and Thr values were 80.0 +/- 3.3, 65.6 +/- 3.1, and 68.4 +/- 4.5% for rice protein concentrate; 85.6 +/- 4.8, 85.5 +/- 4.3, and 69.8 +/- 8.5% for salmon protein hydrolysate; 93.3 +/- 1.4, 89.9 +/- 5.8, and 83.6 +/- 5.3% for whey protein concentrate; and 92.8 +/- 0.9, 85.7 +/- 2.1, 86.5 +/- 2.3% for spray-dried plasma protein, respectively. In Exp. 2, 6 barrows (initially 37.6 +/- 1.7 kg of BW) were fed each of 5 corn-based diets in a balanced crossover design over 35 d. During a given week, there were either 1 or 2 replications of each treatment, resulting in 6 total replications over 5 wk. The 4 diets containing the test ingredients were formulated to contain approximately 20% CP by using their analyzed nutrient compositions. The fifth (corn control) diet containing 8.2% CP was also used to calculate energy values by difference. Feces were collected to determine DE. The ME and NE contents were estimated using published regression equations. The DE, ME, and NE (as-fed) values were 4,724 +/- 461, 4,226 +/- 437, and 3,235 +/- 380 kcal/kg for rice protein concentrate; 4,173 +/- 1,052, 3,523 +/- 1,002, and 2,623 +/- 872 kcal/kg for salmon protein hydrolysate; 4,949 +/- 1,002, 4,352 +/- 955, and 3,344 +/- 831 kcal/kg for whey protein concentrate; and 4,546 +/- 673, 3,979 +/- 652, and 3,020 +/- 567 kcal/kg for spray-dried plasma protein, respectively. The excellent AA digestibility and relatively high DE, ME, and NE values indicate that these protein sources warrant further investigation as ingredients for growing pig diets.     

Invited review: Amino acid bioavailability and digestibility in pig feed ingredients: terminology and application

In this review, the terminology that is used to describe the bioavailability and ileal digestibility of AA in pig feed ingredients is defined. Aspects of the methodology to establish bioavailability and ileal digestibility values also are discussed, and recommendations about the use of these values are provided. Two main factors can contribute to differences between bioavailability and ileal digestibility of AA. First, some AA, such as Lys, may be absorbed in chemical complexes that preclude their use for metabolism. Second, fermentation in the upper gut may result in a net loss or gain of AA to the animal. In addition, dietary effects on the efficiency of using bioavailable AA intake for tissue growth or milk production should be considered and may be attributed to endogenous AA losses in the hindgut and the metabolic costs associated with endogenous gut protein synthesis and losses. Ileal digestibility values may be expressed as apparent ileal digestibility (AID), standardized ileal digestibility (SID), or true ileal digestibility (TID). These terms are used to specify how ileal endogenous AA losses are reflected in digestibility values. Ileal endogenous AA losses may be separated into basal losses, which are not influenced by feed ingredient composition, and specific losses, which are induced by feed ingredient characteristics such as levels and types of fiber and antinutritional factors. Values for AID are established when total ileal outflow of AA (i.e., the sum of endogenous losses and nondigested dietary AA) is related to dietary AA intake. A concern with the use of AID values is that these are not additive in mixtures of feed ingredients. This concern may be overcome by correcting AID values for defined basal endogenous losses of AA, which yields SID values. Furthermore, if the AID values are corrected for basal and specific endogenous losses, then values for TID are calculated. However, reliable procedures to routinely measure specific endogenous losses are not yet available. It is recommended that basal ileal endogenous losses of AA should be measured in digestibility experiments using a defined protein-free diet and that these losses are reported with observed AID and SID values. It is suggested that SID values should be used for feed formulation, at least until more information on TID values becomes available.     

不同处理方法对动物性蛋白质饲料氨基酸消化率的影响

1氨基酸的限制顺序在讨论影响蛋白质品质的因素之前,我们首先要讨论哪一种氨基酸在动物性饲料中最易缺乏。肉骨粉和家禽副产物的氨基酸限制或缺乏的顺序在表     

In vitro evaluation of protein degradability in the rumen and digestibility of undegraded protein

A three-phase laboratory procedure suitable for predicting protein degradability in the rumen and digestibility of undegraded protein is reported. In the first phase the feed was incubated with starch and buffered rumen fluid. In the incubation mixture the viability of protease-active bacteria was checked by anaerobic culturing, whereas changes in protease activity were monitored by azocasein degradation. In the second and third phase rumen undegradable protein (UDP) was digested with pepsin and pancreatin, respectively. The measurements showed that 63.2, 5.2 and 4.7% of the crude protein of green lucerne was decomposed by rumen fluid, pepsin and pancreatin, respectively. Degradability of the crude protein of extracted sunflower meal was 68.3, 17.7 and 5.5% in the three phases, respectively. Repeated determination yielded crude protein degradabilities of 66.7, 27.1 and 5.1% for the three phases, respectively.     

Amino acid profiles of rumen undegradable protein: a comparison between forages including cereal straws and alfalfa and their respective total mixed rations

Optimizing the amino acid (AA) profile of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) can positively affect the amount of milk protein. This study was conducted to improve knowledge regarding the AA profile of rumen undegradable protein from corn stover, rice straw and alfalfa hay as well as the total mixed ratio diets (TMR) based on one of them as forage source [forage‐to‐concentrate ratio of 45:55 (30% of corn stover (CS), 30% of rice straw (RS), 23% of alfalfa hay (AH) and dry matter basis)]. The other ingredients in the three TMR diets were similar. The RUP of all the forages and diets was estimated by incubation for 16 hr in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated lactating cows. All residues were corrected for microbial colonization, which was necessary in determining the AA composition of RUP from feed samples using in situ method. Compared with their original AA composition, the AA pattern of forages and forage‐based diets changed drastically after rumen exposure. In addition, the extent of ruminal degradation of analysed AA was not constant among the forages. The greatest individual AA degradability of alfalfa hay and corn stover was Pro, but was His of rice straw. A remarkable difference was observed between microbial attachment corrected and uncorrected AA profiles of RUP, except for alfalfa hay and His in the three forages and TMR diets. The ruminal AA degradability of cereal straws was altered compared with alfalfa hay but not for the TMR diets. In summary, the AA composition of forages and TMR‐based diets changed significantly after ruminal exposure, indicating that the original AA profiles of the feed cannot represent its AA composition of RUP. The AA profile of RUP and ruminal AA degradability for corn stover and rice straw contributed to missing information in the field.     

3种新型添加剂对大菱鲆蛋白质消化的影响

采用3种新型添加剂对大菱鲆生长和蛋白质消化作用进行试验,结果表明,与对照组相比,添加剂组合组、β-葡聚糖组、低聚木糖组和胆汁酸组的蛋白质消化率分别提高3.6%、2.9%、3.7%(P<0.05)和1.5%(P>0.05);蛋白质消化量分别提高10.4%、9.9%、8.5%和3.0%(P>0.05);增重率分别提高15.4%、13.9%、12.4%(P<0.05)和7.4%(P>0.05);饲料系数分别降低6.9%、6.2%、5.4%(P<0.05)和3.8%(P>0.05)。说明在生长大菱鲆配合饲料中,3种添加剂组合添加后优势互补,达到最优的促消化和促生长效果;β-葡聚糖或低聚木糖单独添加,表现出优良的促消化和促生长作用;单独添加胆汁酸也有良好的效果。     

影响鸡饲料氨基酸利用率测定的因素

综述了Sibbald真代谢能 (truemetabolizableenergy ,TME)方法在测定鸡对氨基酸利用率中存在的各种影响因素。主要分析了内源性氨基酸、盲肠、试验动物和环境因素的影响 ,并就采取的一些对策进行了讨论。     

猪饲料氨基酸消化率测定方法的研究进展

氨基酸的消化率作为评定猪饲料蛋白质营养价值的重要参数,已日益引起学者们的重视。文章就目前氨基酸的测定方法进行了综述,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了评述。     

The apparent prececal and fecal crude protein digestibility and amino acid absorption of coarse animal feed in fattening pigs

Digestibility experiments were made with nearly full-grown female fattening pigs supplied with large-scale T-cannulae implanted in the distal ileum to collect the digesta in order to test 11, mainly dried and pelleted, kinds of forage plants (9 samples of lucerne cut at different times as well as green rye and whole plants of maize) as supplements to a basic diet. All samples were analysed to their content of HCl-insoluble ash as marker and their content of amino acids (AA). The calculation of the apparent precaecal and faecal crude protein (CP) digestibility and of the absorption values of the essential AA lysine, methionine, cystine, isoleucine, threonine and tryptophan as well as of glutamic acid was carried out according to the difference method. CP digestibility of the experimental diets was precaecally reduced by 5 to 20 and faecally by 3 to 13 units by supplements of at least 25% of the dry matter; for some of the AA the reduction was even bigger and dispersion between the values of the individual animals was essentially increased in comparison with the basic ration. Faecally, the precaecal differences of CP digestibility and AA absorption caused by the various alfalfa samples, are largely blurred. The CP and AA digestibility of the forage plants partly showed very big individual differences between the animals. Precaecally, a CP digestibility of more than 48% could not be ascertained. Similarly to the lysine content, precaecal lysine absorption from the kinds of roughage showed big differences. Whereas the absorption values for methionine of between 60 and 87% were relatively high, those for cystine were mostly very low, often in the negative range. This underlines that normal digestion processes are strongly influenced by high supplements of forage plants so that the constancy of the digestibility of the basic ration must be doubted under these conditions. The bacterial processes in the large intestine greatly level out the differences found precaecally between the various kinds of feedstuffs. The faecal digestibility and absorption values were considerably above those measured precaecally; methionine digestibility only was mostly considerably diminished in comparison with precaecal values due to synthesis in the large intestine. A significant positive correlation could be calculated between the lysine content of the 9 alfalfa samples (4.0 to 6.6 g/16 g N) and the apparent precaecal values of lysine absorption (2.2 to 67.6%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

几种蛋白质原料体外消化率测定方法的比较

试验分别采用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步法、肉食性鱼类(如鲈鱼)消化道粗酶提取液消化法和草食性鱼类(如草鱼)消化道粗酶提取液消化法测定了酪蛋白、鱼粉、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉等7种蛋白质原料的体外消化率。3种测定方法中,鱼粉的消化率差异不显著(P>0.05);豆粕、菜籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉用两步法和草鱼消化酶法测定的消化率无显著差异(P>0.05);棉籽粕消化率用两步法测定值高于用消化酶法的测定值,差异极显著(P<0.01);豆粕、菜籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉的消化率用两步法比用鲈鱼消化酶测定的值高,差异极显著(P<0.01);草鱼消化酶法和鲈鱼消化酶法对酪蛋白的消化率无显著差异(P>0.05),而对于豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉草鱼消化酶法测定值高于鲈鱼消化酶法的测定值,差异极显著(P<0.01)。结果表明,胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步体外消化法在测定鱼粉蛋白质消化率时可以替代鱼类消化液粗酶消化法,对于其它蛋白质原料使用该方法应慎重。     

Amino acid production in the isolated and perfused rumen wall of sheep

The metabolism of amino acids and urea in an isolated perfused wall of sheep rumen was studied by the method of organ perfusion, using 3 kinds of perfusate. In experiments with semisynthetic perfusate containing urea (SPurea) the levels of lysine, valine, glutamic acid and alanine increased at a simultaneous decrease of levels of leucine, arginine, aspartic acid, threonine and methionine. In perfusions with the semisynthetic medium without urea (SP) the levels of lysine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine increased, the level of threonine dropped. In perfusions with whole autologous blood (KP) the levels of valine, glutamic acid and alanine increased, the level of arginine decreased. The level of urea decreased sharply at using SPurea and KP, however, the equal cumulation of ammonia (200-400 mumol x 1(-1)) was found in all three types of perfusate after 2-hr perfusion. Moreover, in experiments with SP a low level of urea was found already after 5-min. of perfusion. The results of the experiments suggest that the rumen wall is capable of producing amino acids also without the contents of rumen, and that independently on the presence or absence of urea as a nitrogen source.     

饲料蛋白在陕北白绒山羊小肠的消化率

选用7只年龄相同、体质量相近的陕北白绒山羊母羊, 外科手术为其中3只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管, 4只安装十二指肠“T”型瘘管, 采用移动尼龙袋法和体外三步法研究了陕北白绒山羊常用的4种精饲料(棉粕、菜籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、酵母)和4种粗饲料在小肠中的降解特性。移动尼龙袋法测得棉粕、菜籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、酵母、桑叶、芦苇、紫穗槐、柠条的小肠粗蛋白的表观消化率依次是77.24%、60.08%、96.36%、18.49%、42.05%、49.62%、30.36%、52.21%。研究结果表明, 玉米蛋白粉有提供高水平过瘤胃蛋白的潜能, 体外三步法和移动尼龙袋法所测小肠粗蛋白降解率呈线性正相关, y=0.802 3x-0.128 5(R2=0.911 5)。     

Amino acid profile during exercise and training in Standardbreds

The objective of this study is to assess the influence of acute exercise, training and intensified training on the plasma amino acid profile.In a 32-week longitudinal study using 10 Standardbred horses, training was divided into four phases, including a phase of intensified training for five horses. At the end of each phase, a standardized exercise test, SET, was performed. Plasma amino acid concentrations before and after each SET were measured.Training significantly reduced mean plasma aspartic acid concentration, whereas exercise significantly increased the plasma concentrations of alanine, taurine, methionine, leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine and reduced the plasma concentrations of glycine, ornithine, glutamine, citrulline and serine. Normally and intensified trained horses differed not significantly. It is concluded that amino acids should not be regarded as limiting training performance in Standardbreds except for aspartic acid which is the most likely candidate for supplementation.     

不同亚油酸来源的日粮以绵羊瘤胃发酵和营养物质表观消化率的影响

研究探讨日粮添加花生油、玉米油和大豆油对绵羊瘤胃发酵和营养物质表观消化率的影响.选取4只雄性、健康且安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年东北半细毛羊×陶赛特杂交绵羊,体重(40±1)kg,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,预饲期10 d,正试期6 d,4个处理组分别为不添加油脂组(CK组)、添加4%花生油(PO组)、2.84%玉米油(CO组)和2.86%大豆油(SO组)的加油组,日粮精粗比均为40:60,经测得3个加油组亚油酸水平一致.结果表明:添加植物油后,对绵羊瘤胃液pH值、NH3-N浓度、VFA没有影响(P>0.05),花生油处理组原虫数量比对照组降低了42.18%(P<0.05),玉米油和大豆油处理组原虫数量分别比对照纽降低28.07%、29.81%(P>0.05);对DM、CP和NDF的瘤胃动态降解率没有影响(P>0.05);对日粮DM、CP、NDF和ADF的全消化道表观消化率没有影响,显著提高了EE的全消化道表观消化率(P<0.05).日粮添加植物油对瘤胃发酵没有负面影响,并显著提高了EE的全消化道表观消化率.