秦巴山区板栗雪片象发生与防治研究

本文观察记述了板栗雪片象在陕西秦巴山区的生活史、生活习性和发生规律。结果表明：板栗雪片象在陕西秦巴山区1年发生1代,以幼虫状态危害果实并在果实中越冬;该虫的发生与树种、树龄、气候、管理水平和人为活动有一定的关系。防治试验结果表明,用烟剂在成虫羽化盛期熏蒸防治能够有效地控制雪片象的危害基数。     

孝感板栗象的发生规律及防治研究

孝感地区板栗主要害虫剪枝栎实象、栗实象、板栗雪片象对板栗生产构成严重威胁，影响板栗的产量与质量。3种象虫的成虫出土期各不相同，分布为害程度也有差异。根据各地虫情，在板栗象成虫出土期前10d，在树盘、园地进行了土壤药剂处理，同年在堆果场、仓库进行了土壤、地面药剂处理、用全生境土壤、地面药剂处理法来防治板栗象虫，能有效控制其为害。     

中国晋盾蚧雌戍虫空闻分布型及抽样技术研究

本文对中国晋盾蚧雌成虫空间分布型及抽样技术进行了研究,研究表明,该虫在旱柳防护林的树冠内和林间均为负二项分布;虫口密度在树冠上的分布,具有东侧>西侧>北侧>南侧和上层>中层>下层之特点;在防护林带或块状林地内,用折线式取样均有较高精度;以着虫末级枝为取样单位,在树冠西侧三层各抽一枝所得虫口密度均值对整株虫口密度均值有很强的代表性。     

杨干象成虫补充营养及在杨树幼林内的扩散

在培养皿和养虫笼内放吸附糖酒醋、蜜酒醋及水３种营养液的棉球，观察杨干象成虫取食每种营养液的情况，其结果表明杨干象最喜欢以糖酒醋作补充营养。杨干象在杨树幼林内自虫源地一方的林缘向林内逐渐扩散，幼林边行的虫口密度最高，为整个林分虫口密度的４５．２％，自林缘至６６ｍ间的虫口密度为整个林分虫口密度的９１．０％。     

杨干象成虫补充营养及在杨树幼林内的扩散

在培养皿和养虫笼内放吸附糖酒醋、蜜酒醋及水３种营养液的棉球，观察杨干象成虫取食每种营养液的情况，其结果表明杨干象最喜欢以糖酒醋作补充营养。杨干象在杨树幼林内自虫源地一方的林缘向林内逐渐扩散，幼林边行的虫口密度最高，为整个林分虫口密度的４５．２％，自林缘至６６ｍ间的虫口密度为整个林分虫口密度的９１．０％。     

汉刺蛾的生物生态学特性研究

通过野外调查和室内观察摸清了汉刺蛾Hampsonella dentata(Hampson)在邢台地区的生物学特性,年生活史和幼虫的田间空间分布概况。汉刺蛾在邢台地区1 a发生1代,主要寄主为板栗、核桃和柞树,幼虫是危害的唯一虫态。汉刺蛾幼虫始现7月末至8月上旬,危害盛期在8月下旬至9月下旬,在完全饥饿状态下能持续存活8 d,8月中旬为防治幼虫的最佳时期。成虫夜晚活动白天静伏,飞翔能力较弱。成虫夜间羽化,交尾出现在凌晨,持续13~16 h。产卵多在夜间,产卵期2~4 d,以3 d居多,成虫寿命为5~9 d。雄虫比雌虫寿命短1 d左右。卵多散产在叶背,发育历期6~8 d。老熟幼虫下树结茧化蛹越冬。汉刺蛾雌雄性比为1∶12左右;虫口密度阴坡高于阳坡,坡底高于坡上。     

板栗雪片象生物学特性观察及防治试验初报

雪片象(Niphades castanea)危害壳斗科栗属树种,在板栗林中发生普遍而严重。为了寻找有效的防治措施,1985～1987年我们对栗雪片象生物学特性进行了观察和防治试验。一、分布与危害该虫分布于陕西、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、湖南等省。在我省主要分布于秦岭以南的镇安、柞水、山阳、宁强等县。主要危害板栗(Castanea mollissima)、茅栗(C.segllinii)、锥粟(C.henryi)、受害最重的有板栗和野板栗。此虫以幼虫在栗苞刺囊基部取食苞肉,随虫龄增大,隧道逐渐增宽加深,然后蛀入栗实基部。由于栗实基部输导组织受伤,水     

泡桐金花虫空间分布型及抽样技术的研究

泡桐金花虫成虫、幼虫、蛹的空间分布型属于负二项分市,最适抽样方法为例“V”字型抽样,最小抽样比为成虫与幼虫为50:1,蛹为60:1。可用树冠下层虫口数回归估计整株虫数。     

华栗绛蚧的生物学特性及防治

华栗绛蚧是板栗枝干上的主要刺吸性害虫之一。该虫1 a发生1代,以2龄若虫越冬,越冬后的2龄若虫和雌成虫固定寄生在板栗枝干上刺吸寄主汁液危害。成虫期在4月上旬至5月下旬,行两性生殖,存在孤雌生殖,雌成虫平均产卵量为3 975粒。若虫在5月上旬孵化,5月末达盛期。用10%高渗吡虫啉可湿性粉剂1 000倍液在越冬若虫膨大期进行喷杀效果好。黑缘红瓢虫、绛蚧跳小蜂和芽枝状芽孢霉菌是控制虫口密度的重要天敌。     

四种杀虫灯对栎纷舟蛾诱杀效果比较

针对承德市栎纷舟蛾大面积发生危害,该研究在栎纷舟蛾成虫羽化盛期使用4种诱虫灯,采用不同诱虫方法诱杀成虫。发现相较于其他方法,利用高压钠灯诱杀栎纷舟蛾成虫,在承德地区的应用效果更好,可以有效降低虫口密度,节约防治成本。     

晴天和阴天对刺槐光合生理特性的影响

以渭北地区刺槐为研究对象,采用LI-6400便携式光合作用系统,于2009年6月和8月分别在晴天和阴天条件下,测定刺槐光合作用的日进程及光合光响应曲线.结果表明:无论在6月还是8月,晴天刺槐的净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Ga)在10:00以前高于阴天,而在午间12:00和14:00低于阴天.刺槐的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、空气CO2浓度(Ca)、空气相对湿度(RH)、光能利用率(LUE)在晴天的绝大多数时间显著低于阴天,而蒸腾速率(Tr)、水汽压亏缺(VPD)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度(Ta)在晴天的全天都显著高于阴天.在晴天条件下,虽然刺槐的Ga,Ci,Ca,RH,LUE的日均值比阴天低,但Pn,Tr,VPD,PAR,Ta的日均值比阴天高,从而能够积累更多的日均光合固碳量.在阴天条件下,刺槐的最大光合速率(Pmax)高于晴天,且暗呼吸速率(Rd)和光补偿点(LCP)显著低于晴天,表现出很强的光合适应能力.     

Seasonal CO(2) assimilation and stomatal limitations in a Pinus taeda canopy

Net CO(2) assimilation (A(net)) of canopy leaves is the principal process governing carbon storage from the atmosphere in forests, but it has rarely been measured over multiple seasons and multiple years. I measured midday A(net) in the upper canopy of maturing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees in the piedmont region of the southeastern USA on 146 sunny days over 36 months. Concurrent data for leaf conductance and photosynthetic CO(2) response curves (A(net)-C(i) curves) were used to estimate the relative importance of stomatal limitations to CO(2) assimilation in the field. In fully expanded current-year and 1-year-old needles, midday light-saturated A(net) was constant over much of the growing season (5-6 &mgr;mol CO(2) m(-2) s(-1)), except during drought periods. During the winter season (November-March), midday A(net) of overwintering needles varied in proportion to leaf temperature. Net CO(2) assimilation at light saturation occurred when daytime air temperatures exceeded 5-6 degrees C, as happened on more than 90% of the sunny winter days. In both age classes of foliage, winter carbon assimilation accounted for approximately 15% of the daily carbon assimilation on sunny days throughout the year, and was relatively insensitive to year-to-year differences in temperature during this season. However, strong stomatal limitations to A(net) occurred as a result of water stress associated with freezing cycles in winter. During the growing season, drought-induced water stress produced the largest year-to-year differences in seasonal CO(2) assimilation on sunny days. Seasonal A(net) was more drought sensitive in current-year needles than in 1-year-old needles. Relative stomatal limitations to daily integrated A(net) were approximately 40% over the growing season, and summer drought rather than high temperatures had the largest impact on summer A(net) and integrated annual CO(2) uptake in the upper crown. Despite significant stomatal limitations, a long duration of near-peak A(net) in the upper crown, particularly in 1-year-old needles, conferred high seasonal and annual carbon gain.     

Photosynthetic utilization efficiency of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation by Scots pine and birch forest stands in the southern Taiga

Absorption and utilization of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were investigated in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and birch (Betula pendula Roth.) stands that were 41 years old at the end of the experimental period. Canopy depth of the Scots pine stand was about half that of the birch stand (6.5 versus 11.0 m), but absorption of PAR was similar in the two stands. The Scots pine forest canopy, with a leaf area index of 8.9, absorbed 90% of the incoming PAR (APAR), whereas the birch forest canopy, with a leaf area index of 5.9, absorbed 92% of APAR. During maximum foliage development, the upper Scots pine canopy absorbed more PAR than the upper birch canopy (75 versus 66%). The upper, middle and lower layers of the Scots pine canopy contained 37, 48 and 15% of the total needle surface area, respectively. The corresponding distribution of foliage surface area in the three layers of the birch canopy was 50, 30 and 20%, respectively. Measurements of photosynthetic rate were combined with estimates of leaf area index and stand phytomass to determine rates of primary production on a sunny day, a cloudy day, and on an annual basis. The energy equivalents of short- and long-term carbon gain were used with determinations of APAR to calculate photosynthetic utilization efficiency. Throughout the growing season, photosynthetic utilization efficiency of APAR in the upper canopy layer of the Scots pine forest was almost twice that in the lower canopy layer. In the birch forest, photosynthetic utilization efficiency was greater in the lower canopy layer than in the upper canopy layer. In all cases, utilization efficiency was higher in the birch stand than in the Scots pine stand (52 versus 29 J kJ(-1)). Taking account of respiration of the non-photosynthetic parts of each stand (night respiration of needles or leaves; respiration of branches, trunk and roots), estimated utilization efficiency of APAR for net primary production was 11 J kJ(-1) for Scots pine and 19 J kJ(-1) for birch. Solar conversion ratios, expressed as whole-plant net primary productivity per unit of APAR for the growing season, were 0.81 g MJ(-1) for Scots pine and 0.93 g MJ(-1) for birch.     

Seasonal and spatial variations in leaf nitrogen content and resorption in a Quercus serrata canopy

To elucidate the relationships between spatiotemporal changes in leaf nitrogen (N) content and canopy dynamics, changes in leaf N and distribution in the canopy of a 26-year-old deciduous oak (Quercus serrata Thunb. ex. Murray) stand were monitored throughout the developmental sequence from leaf expansion to senescence, by estimating the leaf mass and N concentrations of all the canopy layers. Seasonal changes were observed in leaf N concentration per unit leaf dry mass (N (m)), which peaked after bud burst, declined for two weeks shortly thereafter, and then remained constant for the rest of the growing season for each canopy layer. Leaf N concentration per unit leaf area (N (a)) was higher in the upper layer than in the lower layer throughout the growing season, and was closely correlated with relative irradiance (RI) in the summer when the air temperature was moderately high. The N concentrations of all leaf layers started to decrease in November, and reached their lowest values in late November, whereas LMA scarcely changed throughout the season. The lowest N concentrations did not differ significantly among the canopy layers. Seasonal changes in the relationship between N (a) and RI were detected, indicating that N (a) is optimized temporally as well as spatially. Nitrogen resorption efficiency was highest in the upper canopy layers where larger amounts of N were invested. Based on the estimates of leaf mass and leaf N concentrations of the canopy layers, total leaf N concentration of the whole canopy was estimated to be 84.1 kg ha(-1) in the summer, and 37.3 kg ha(-1) in late November. Therefore, 46.8 kg ha(-1) of leaf N in the canopy (about 56% of the total N) was resorbed just before leaf abscission.     

Abiotic factors limiting photosynthesis in Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii seedlings below and above the alpine timberline

Most research on the occurrence and stability of alpine timberlines has focused on correlations between adult tree growth and mean temperatures rather than on specific mechanisms. Timberline migration to higher altitude is dependent on new seedling establishment in the tree-line ecotone; however, reductions in photosynthetic carbon gain in establishing seedlings have previously been interpreted solely in terms of decreased seedling survival. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of abiotic factors (temperature, light and water) on photosynthetic carbon gain in young seedlings of the two dominant conifer tree species occurring naturally above (tree-line ecotone site, TS) and below (forest site, FS) a Rocky Mountain timberline in southeastern Wyoming, USA. Coincidentally, measurements were made during an unusually dry summer. Mean daily photosynthesis in seedlings of both Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (subalpine fir) and Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. (Engelmann spruce) was less at TS than at FS (19 and 29%, respectively). Minimum nighttime temperatures below 2 degrees C were more frequent at TS than at FS and were associated with reduced maximum photosynthesis the following day. Low midday water potentials were associated with a reduction in carbon gain at both sites early in the season, prior to snowmelt, as well as late in the season when soils began to dry. However, the lower photosynthetic rates at TS than at FS appeared to be unrelated to seedling water status because seedlings at both sites had similar xylem pressure potentials. Solar irradiance was highly variable at both sites as a result of uneven shading by neighboring trees, although this variation was substantially reduced on cloudy days (44% of all days observed). Compared with sunny days, cloudy days resulted in greater integrated daily carbon gain at both sites (41% increase at TS and 69% increase at FS), based on a simulated photosynthesis model. Photosynthetic responses to temperature, sunlight and water suggest that variable solar irradiance and nighttime temperatures were major abiotic factors limiting photosynthetic carbon acquisition in these young seedlings, especially for seedlings growing in the tree-line ecotone.     

Optimality and nitrogen allocation in a tree canopy

Physical and functional properties of foliage were measured at a variety of microsites in a broad-leaved Nothofagus fusca (Hook. f.) ?rst. canopy. The light climate of the foliage at these sites was monitored for 39 days in the late spring and early summer with in situ sensors. Foliage nitrogen content (N), mean leaf angle, and gas exchange characteristics were all correlated with the amount of light reaching the microsites during foliage development. Foliage N content on a leaf area basis ranged between ~1 and 2.5 g N m(-2) and was highest at the brightest sites. Light-saturated photosynthetic rates ranged between ~4 and 9 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), increasing from the darkest to brightest sites. A biochemical model of photosynthesis was fitted to foliage characteristics at the different microsites and used to integrate foliage assimilation among the sites over 39 days. The actual arrangement of foliage physiological characteristics in the observed microsites led to higher total canopy rates of net assimilation than > 99% of the combinations of observed foliage characteristics randomly assigned to the observed microsites. Additional simulations first related the maximum rates of electron transport (J(max)), ribulose bisphosphate turnover (V(c,max)), and dark respiration (R(d)) of Nothofagus fusca foliage to nitrogen content and then allowed foliage N (and consequently leaf gas exchange characteristics) to vary across the canopy. The observed N allocation pattern results in greater total canopy assimilation than uniform or > 99% of the simulations with random distributions of N among the microsites (constrained so that the total N allocated was equivalent to that observed in the microsites). However, the observed pattern of N allocation places less N in the brightest microsites and results in substantially less total assimilation than a simulated canopy in which N was allocated in an optimal manner where the N distribution is such that the partial derivative of leaf assimilation (A) with respect to leaf nitrogen content, partial differential A/ partial differential N, is constant among microsites. These results suggest that other factors such as wind or herbivory reduce the integrated assimilation of high-N foliage relatively more than lower-N foliage and that a partial differential A/ partial differential N optimality criteria based only on formulations of leaf gas exchange overestimate canopy assimilation.     

遮雨棚设施结构对枣园温湿度的影响

笔者以7年生-10年生壶瓶枣树为试材，研究了遮雨棚栽培与大田栽培条件下温湿度变化规律和差异。结果表明：遮雨棚在晴天高温时有降温的作用，而阴雨天温度较低时则有保温的作用；遮雨棚阻碍了水分蒸发，使得相同条件下棚内湿度高于棚外；雨后棚内与棚外温度变化趋势基本一致，棚外湿度变化剧烈，棚内较为缓和。     

夏季城市两种道路绿化类型空气颗粒物浓度的变化对比研究

文章选取了同一条道路上的两段不同绿化配置形式作为实验样地,实地监测了晴天和阴天两个典型天气条件下街道中空气颗粒物浓度的日变化特征,并比较了在典型天气条件下两种道路绿化配置形式对街道中空气颗粒物扩散的影响。       

Photosynthesis and biomass allocation of beech (Fagus crenata) and dwarf-bamboo (Sasa kurilensis) in response to contrasting light regimes in a Japan Sea-Type beech forest

Regeneration of beech (Fagus crenata) forests depends on the formation of canopy gaps. However, in Japan Sea-type beech forests, a dwarf bamboo (Sasa kurilensis) conspicuously occupies sunny gaps. Therefore,F. crenata seedlings must escape the severe interference ofS. kurilensis in the gaps and persist beneath a closed canopy of the beech forest. We hypothesized that the growth ofF. crenata seedlings in the understory would be favored by their being more plastic thanS. kurilensis in photosynthetic and morphological traits, which would support the matter production ofF. crenata seedlings in a wide range of light availabilities. To examine this hypothesis, the photosynthetic-light response of individual leaves and the biomass allocation in aboveground parts (i.e., the culm/foliage ratio) were surveyed at sites with contrasting light availabilities in a Japan Sea-type beech forest in central Japan. InF. crenata, photosynthetic light utilization efficiency at relatively low light was greater, and the dark respiration rate was smaller in the leaves of seedlings (10 cm in height) beneath the closed canopy than in the leaves of saplings at the sunny forest edge. The culm/foliage (C/F) ratio of theF. crenata seedlings at the shady site was small, suggesting effective matter-production beneath the beech canopy. On the other hand,S. kurilensis both in the gap and beneath the beech canopy showed low plasticity in photosynthesis and the culm/foliage ratio. Because the shoot density ofS. kurilensis was smaller beneath the beech canopy than in the gap, the light availability at the bottom of theS. kurilensis layer was greater beneath the beech canopy. These results suggest that the photosynthetic productivity of theF. crenata seedlings would be enough for the seedlings to survive in the understory with a low density ofS. kurilensis shoots beneath the closed beech canopy.