喷施噻苯隆(TDZ)对杧果果实产量、品质和采后贮藏特性的影响

【目的】弄清采前使用噻苯隆(Thidiazuron,TDZ)对‘贵妃’杧果产量、品质和采后贮藏特性等指标的影响,指导TDZ在‘贵妃’杧果生产上合理使用,避免其滥用造成果实果皮滞绿、品质严重下降等不利影响。【方法】用不同质量浓度(5、10和20 mg·L~(-1))的TDZ在盛花期后15、25和35 d各喷1次,共喷3次。【结果】采前喷施适宜质量浓度的TDZ增加了杧果的产量,促进果实膨大,增大果形指数,5和10 mg·L~(-1)TDZ处理单株产量分别增加了29.89%和33.56%,但20 mg·L~(-1)TDZ处理增产不明显;5、10和20 mg·L~(-1)TDZ处理无胚果单果质量分别增加56.78%、73.86%和110.56%;在生理成熟期,TDZ处理的果实颜色偏绿色;在完熟期,果实叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量较高,花色苷含量较低。TDZ处理延缓了采后果实的转色及果实硬度和原果胶含量的下降,抑制了可溶性果胶含量和可溶性固形物(TSS)含量的上升,果实的后熟软化推迟。TDZ处理的果实品质下降,果实的TSS含量降低,可滴定酸(TA)含量升高。另外TDZ处理可降低杧果采后病害(炭疽病和蒂腐病)的发病率,延长杧果采后贮藏时间。在完熟期果皮中未检测到TDZ残留。【结论】‘贵妃’杧果采前喷施TDZ的适宜质量浓度为5~10 mg·L~(-1),于盛花期后15、25和35 d各喷1次,共喷3次,果实适时采收,可以显著增加产量和单果质量,对果实品质影响较小,并能延长贮藏时间。     

幼果期喷施噻苯隆和赤霉素对杧果果实产量和品质的影响

以海南"贵妃"杧为材料,探究了幼果期喷施噻苯隆(TDZ)和赤霉素(GA_3)对产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明,幼果期喷施TDZ可显著增加产量和单果质量,但果实品质略有下降;其中TDZ 20 mg/L+GA_3 10 mg/L处理会降低"贵妃"杧可溶性固形物含量和香气成分,但对果实颜色、总酸和维生素C含量影响不大,处理果实耐贮性增加,能够正常转色,香甜多汁,口感与对照(清水)差别不大。     

不同除袋期对台农1号杧果果实品质的影响

研究不同除袋期对台农1号杧果果实外观、果皮色素、果皮色泽和内在品质的影响。结果表明,随着除袋期的推迟,果面光洁度提高;完熟时不同处理果实果皮色素、叶绿素和花青苷含量无显著差异,早除袋处理的类胡萝卜素含量高于未除袋处理,晚除袋和未除袋处理的类黄酮含量显著高于早除袋处理。完熟时果皮色泽、亮度和色彩浓度以早除袋处理略高于晚除袋处理,不同处理的色度角差异不显著。不同处理果实的内在品质均较佳,可溶性固形物含量均超过18%,以采前10天除袋的果实品质最佳。     

杧果果实生长发育规律的研究

紫花着果后５０～６０天是果实生长的高峰期。随后生长速度减慢，果肉颜色从白转为淡黄，果核逐渐硬化。生长发育过程中有机物的变化主要是淀粉。着果后约６０天淀粉积累明显加快，９０天含量达最高（为５．６５％），以后明显下降。成熟期可溶性糖含量随淀粉下降而增高。有机酸含量亦在着果后６０天最高（为２．６２％），以后下降。结果表明，着果后６０天及９０天分别是果果实生长发育过程的生理转折期。     

不同套袋材料对红杧6号杧果果实品质的影响

研究了不同套袋材料对红杧6号杧果果实外观、果皮色素、果皮色泽及果实内在品质的影响。结果表明,采用白色单层袋套果后,青熟和完熟时,白色单层纸袋处理的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素质量分数较低,花青苷和类黄酮质量分数均较高,果皮亮度、色彩浓度和色度角均较高或最高,使果皮在青熟时呈紫红色,完熟时呈桃红色。白色单层袋套果后,果实的内在品质如维生素C、可溶性固形物、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖质量分数最高,内在品质最佳。外黄内黑复合纸袋果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷、类黄酮质量分数均较低,果皮亮度、色彩浓度均最高,色度角最低,使果皮在青熟时呈浅黄色,完熟时呈橙黄色,但果实内在品质比白色单层袋差。因此,建议红杧6号杧果用白色单层纸袋进行套袋。     

杧果生长期喷施水杨酸处理对果实采后品质和病害的影响

据《园艺学报》2008年第3期报道西南大学食品科学学院和中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院的研究人员,研究杧果生长期SA处理对果实采后品质和病害的影响,为杧果贮藏保鲜提供新的思路。     

杧果生长期喷施水杨酸处理对果实采后品质和病害的影响

据《园艺学报》2008年第3期报道 西南大学食品科学学院和中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院的研究人员,研究了杧果生长期SA（水杨酸）处理对果实采后品质和病害的影响,为杧果贮藏保鲜提供新的思路。     

杧果生长期喷施水杨酸处理对果实采后品质和病害的影响

 在杧果（Mangifera indica L. 'Zihua'）生长期分别用1和0.1 mmol·L-1水杨酸（清水为对照）进行3次喷施处理,果实采收后于13℃,85%~95% RH的环境下进行贮藏,并定期取样进行观察测定。结果表明,0.1mmol·L-1水杨酸处理能延缓杧果果实衰老,显著抑制果实病斑扩展,有效降低果实的接种发病率;而1mmol·L-1水杨酸的作用却相反。     

采前高浓度赤霉素处理对“贵妃”杧果实色泽发育的抑制效应

以10年生"贵妃"杧植株为材料,设置赤霉素(GA_3)0、0.5、1.0、2.0和3.0 g/L等处理,分别于盛花期、幼果期和果实膨大期进行喷洒,比较不同处理对采后杧果果实色泽变化的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度GA_3处理对果皮色度a~*值均具有明显影响,浓度越高,抑制a~*值增大的效果越显著;GA_3处理可以显著抑制果皮叶绿素的降解,降低类胡萝卜素及花青素的合成;高浓度GA_3对叶绿素酶、查尔酮异构酶活性增加、5-氨基乙酰脱氢酶活性的降低具有明显的抑制效果。说明采前GA_3处理可以抑制采后"贵妃"杧果皮色泽转变,浓度越高对果皮转色的抑制效果越显著。     

自修复多层液膜和壳聚糖采前处理对杧果果实品质及保鲜的效应

以"桂热82号"杧为材料,采前30 d对杧果果实分别进行1%壳聚糖浸涂、自修复多层液膜浸涂及对照(清水)处理,探讨这两种保鲜方式对杧果采后果实品质的影响。结果表明,自修复多层液膜处理可以抑制杧果腐烂率、失重率、可溶性固形物含量的上升,延缓杧果硬度,可滴定酸、可溶性糖及维生素C含量的下降,更好地维持杧果果实品质,此外,自修复多层液膜处理还抑制了果实丙二醛含量、多酚氧化酶活性的上升,降低了膜脂系统的伤害,提高了杧果过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,提高了果实抗氧化能力。与1%壳聚糖浸涂处理相比,自修复多层液膜处理对杧果的果实品质和采后保鲜效应更好。     

Improved fruit retention,yield and fruit quality in mango with exogenous application of polyamines

Aqueous solutions (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 mM) of PAs (putrescine, spermine, spermidine) containing a surfactant ‘Tween 20’ were sprayed onto panicles of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Kensington Pride) at final fruit set (FFS) stage (when all flowers abscised but remain attached to the panicle) during 1999–2001 to investigate their effects on fruit retention, yield, size, and fruit quality. The optimum time of PA application for improving final fruit retention and fruit yield was determined by spraying different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 mM) of spermine (SPM) containing a surfactant ‘Tween 20’ at four phenological stages including flower bud differentiation (FBD), 5–8 cm long grown panicles (GP), full bloom (FB) and at initial fruit set (IFS) stage (when 2/3rd of the flowers were abscised but attached to the panicle) during 2000. Exogenous application of PAs at FFS stage did not significantly increase fruit retention. However, compared to control (0.79 and 2.3% fruit retention), PAs treatments resulted in comparatively higher mean fruit retention (1.53 and 2.92%) during 1999–2000 and 2000–2001, respectively. Among three PAs tested, SPM was more effective in increasing mean final fruit retention. Fruit size was not significantly affected by any PA treatment. Among the four application times, SPM (0.01 mM) spray at FB stage resulted in significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater fruit retention (4.99%) compared with control (2.1%). However, fruit yield was comparatively higher with SPM (0.01 mM) application at IFS stage or 5–8 cm GP stage compared to the control. Overall FB application was found as the optimum time of application. Application of PAs at FFS stage retarded fruit skin colour development compared to the control. Sugars and total soluble solids (TSS) were generally reduced in PA-treated fruit. Fruit acidity was increased (16.7%) with SPM, whereas it was 11% with PUT treatment as compared to the control. Total carotenoids in pulp were generally improved (49%) with PA treatments, compared to the control. Ascorbic acid concentrations were significantly reduced with spermidine (SPD) (24%) and PUT (20%) treatments, whereas higher concentrations of SPM (1 mM) tended to increase it (12.7%) compared to the control. In conclusion, application of SPM (0.01 mM) at FB stage resulted in the highest fruit retention, whereas SPM (0.01) spray at GP or IFS stage resulted in higher fruit yield. PUT application at FFS stage significantly improved fruit quality by increasing total carotenoid, while reducing acid content of ripe fruit.     

叶面喷施沼液肥对温室香瓜茄叶片光合特性、果实产量和品质的影响

以香瓜茄为材料,在日光温室条件下,于果实发育期叶面喷施沼液肥,研究沼液肥施用浓度及其与土壤追肥配合对香瓜茄叶片光合特性和果实产量与品质的影响.结果表明,稀释100倍沼液肥处理的叶片总氮和叶绿素质量分数分别为35.7 g·kg-1和1.129 mg·g-1,显著高于稀释400倍沼液肥的处理和对照,沼液肥配合土壤追肥时叶片...     

采前钙钾处理对甜樱桃果实品质和贮藏效果的影响

在预备试验基础上,于采收前15 d,通过3个浓度Ca(NO3)2与KH2PO4配合对甜樱桃喷布,结果表明,处理的果实品质好于对照,Ca2 K 能够抑制果实中POD、PPO活性,降低MDA含量,并且随浓度增加抑制作用增强,Ca2 K 处理果实腐烂率比对照降低1.34%～13.54%,褐变率降低10%～25.3%.     

Improvement of quality and storability of apple cv. Aroma by adjustment of some pre-harvest conditions

To improve the quality of the important Swedish apple cultivar Aroma and increase its resistance to bruising and storage decay, three studies were conducted at Kivik research station during the period 1998–2003. The effects of tree age, pruning time and nitrogen fertilization were investigated. Fruits from young trees (younger than 6 years) had a lower resistance to bruising and Pezicula malicorticis decay, while fruits from trees older than 20 years seemed to show a quality and storability decline. Choosing a suitable summer pruning time was an effective factor for fruit storage potential. Thinning cut during August (5–6 weeks before harvesting) improved fruit colour and decreased decay without negatively influencing tree yield. Applying fertigation according to fruit development phase and soil nitrogen content had a very important influence on fruit quality and storability. Appropriate nutrition supply produced more deeply coloured fruit that maintained their quality after storage for 4 months. The bruising sensitivity of cv. Aroma apples was correlated with their N and K/Ca content. More coloured fruits showed less sensitivity to bruising.     

叶面喷肥对套袋苹果品质的影响

套袋是生产高档无公害苹果的重要途径,能显著提高苹果的外观品质,改善果面光洁度.但套袋也影响了果实的内在品质,降低了果实糖酸含量和Vc含量.试验表明,叶面喷施有机肥可明显改善果实的品质,使果面光洁鲜艳,无锈斑,果点小,糖酸含量明显增加,风味变浓.在施用的3种有机肥中,腐殖酸的综合效果最好.     

3种中间砧对‘春见’柑橘树体生长、产量和果实品质的影响

试验以‘红橘’为基砧,‘清见’‘罗伯特’和‘华盛顿’脐橙为中间砧,‘春见’为接穗,研究了3种不同中间砧对‘春见’柑橘树体生长、产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:3种中间砧嫁接树树势中庸,均呈自然开心形;以‘罗伯特’为中间砧的干周最大(65.50 cm),显著大于其他2个中间砧;以‘清见’为中间砧的株产最高(50.39 kg),显著高于其他2个中间砧;以‘清见’为中间砧的枝梢生长最旺,显著高于‘华盛顿’中间砧;以‘清见’为中间砧的单果重最大(303.96 g),以‘华盛顿’为中间砧的果实纵横径、果形指数、可食率均高于其他2个中间砧;以‘罗伯特’为中间砧的果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量均最高,以‘华盛顿’为中间砧的果实维生素C含量最高;以‘清见’为中间砧的果实固酸比显著高于‘罗伯特’和‘华盛顿’中间砧,分别高7.20和1.20;以‘清见’为中间砧的果实综合评分最高(83.10分),显著高于‘罗伯特’和‘华盛顿’中间砧,分别高6.20分和4.60分。综合分析表明,以‘清见’为中间砧的砧穗组合整体优于其他2个砧穗组合。     

复合肥与纳米几丁质混合喷施对圆黄梨品质的影响

以0.2%的氮磷钾复合肥与0.003%的纳米几丁质水悬浮液按不同体积比例混配,于圆黄梨幼果期喷施2次,中间间隔10天,研究其对梨果品质的影响。结果表明,二者以0.75∶1混配喷施,比喷施其他混配比例、单喷复合肥、单喷纳米几丁质的果实综合品质指标均佳。比单喷0.2%复合肥的单果重提高12%;果实中蔗糖含量提高42.2%;蔗糖合成酶活性提高1.1倍;蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性提高1.08倍,均差异显著。说明纳米几丁质与肥料配施具有协同增效的作用,起到改善果实品质的效果,且比常规施肥节肥。     

喷施钙肥对梨果实品质和石细胞代谢的影响

石细胞是影响梨果实品质的关键因素之一,钙与石细胞次生壁形成过程关系密切。以南果梨为试材,于花后不同时期喷施钙肥,研究了不同浓度的氯化钙及糖醇螯合钙对其果实品质及石细胞代谢的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同钙肥处理对南果梨果实品质均有所改善,同时显著提高果实钙含量,并对石细胞形成有不同程度的抑制作用。其中,盛花期后20d喷施5.0g/L氯化钙可显著增加南果梨单果重、横纵径和总钙含量,并减少石细胞积累,效果最佳。进一步研究发现,氯化钙处理降低了木质素合成相关基因PuC3H、Pu CAD、PuPOD、PuLAC的表达水平。因此,钙处理可通过抑制木质素途径下游基因的表达来减少石细胞的积累,是提高南果梨果实品质的有效措施。