1-MCP对苹果果皮酚类物质及其抗氧化活性的影响

1-MCP(1-甲基环丙烯)作为乙烯作用抑制剂,已经在果品保鲜中广泛应用。大量研究表明,多酚类化合物是果实中重要的抗氧化剂成分,是反映果实品质的重要指标之一。1-MCP使用后是否影响苹果果实中多酚类物质的含量及抗氧化活性尚未见报道。试材‘红星’苹果于商业采摘期(2005-09-04)采自泰安市郊区果园。分别使用0·2和0·5μL·L-1的1-MCP处理果实,无1-MCP处理的为对照。每周取样1次,随机取15个果实,测定果皮中类黄酮(碱性硝酸铝法)、多酚(Folin-Ciocalteu法)的含量及对DPPH·(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical)、ABTS· 〔2,2-…     

库尔勒香梨果实发育过程中酚类物质及抗氧化活性研究

【目的】探讨库尔勒香梨发育过程中不同果实部位的酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的动态变化趋势。【方法】对库尔勒香梨果实生长发育过程中不同组织部位的总酚、总黄酮、酚类物质含量及其对ABTS+自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力和铁还原能力（FRAP）进行测定,并分析酚类物质与抗氧化能力之间的相关性。【结果】在库尔勒香梨果实生长发育过程中果皮、果肉和心外果肉中总黄酮、总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、FRAP和ABTS+自由基清除能力均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;在果皮中熊果苷含量最高,在果肉和心外果肉中只检测出熊果苷、绿原酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、异鼠李糖-3-O-芸香糖苷和异鼠李素-3-O-葡萄糖苷;在香梨果心中总黄酮、总酚含量和FRAP呈现逐渐下降的趋势,DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且绿原酸含量最高;库尔勒香梨果实中酚类物质的抗氧化活性极高,其中与FRAP呈显著正相关（p <0.01）。【结论】库尔勒香梨果实含有丰富的酚类物质,随着果实的发育呈现逐渐降低的趋势。果皮和果心具有更高含量的酚类物质和更强的抗氧化能力。     

脉冲强光处理对杨梅汁中酚类物质、色泽及抗氧化活性的影响

【目的】为探索脉冲强光技术在杨梅汁加工中的应用,【方法】采用分光光度法和色差法研究了不同脉冲强光处理和热处理对杨梅汁中酚类物质含量,色泽以及其抗氧化活性的影响。【结果】结果表明,脉冲强光可显著降解杨梅汁中的花色苷(P<0.05),且杨梅汁中的花色苷的含量随着脉冲能量的增加而降低。而杨梅汁中总酚的含量却是随着脉冲能量的增加显著上升(P<0.05)。脉冲强光处理对杨梅汁抗氧化活性的影响随反应体系不同而异。杨梅汁清除.DPPH活性随着脉冲强光处理能量的增加而增大,并与花色苷的含量呈一定的负相关(R2=0.848 6),而脉冲强光处理却使杨梅汁清除超氧阴离子和羟基自由基的活性有所下降。【结论】与传统的热杀菌相比,脉冲强光处理可更好的保持其活性成分和品质,脉冲强光技术在果汁中具有较好的应用前景。     

光质对萝卜芽苗菜总酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

采用发光二极管（LED）精确调制光质和光量,以黑暗为对照,研究光质对‘杨花萝卜’和‘青头萝卜’芽苗菜生长、总酚类物质含量、抗氧化能力及苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性的影响。结果表明,芽苗菜的生长、总酚类物质含量、抗氧化能力和PAL 活性因光质和处理时间不同而异。总体来看,下胚轴长和地上部鲜质量在培养3 ~ 7 d 增加迅速,其后增加缓慢,且总酚类物质含量也是在培养初期高于培养后期。与黑暗处理相比,紫外光（UV-B）处理显著增加了芽苗菜中酚类物质的含量。相应地,芽苗菜的抗氧化能力和PAL 活性都在UV-B 处理下最高。另外,蓝光处理也显著增加了‘杨花萝卜’芽苗菜中酚类物质的含量及PAL 活性。因此认为UV-B 和蓝光,能增加芽苗菜中的总酚类物质含量,提高萝卜芽苗菜的营养品质。     

山楂酚类物质及其生物活性研究进展

 山楂（Crataegus spp.）富含酚类物质,主要包括：原花青素、碳苷黄酮、黄酮醇及其糖苷、花青苷、酚酸等,其中果实中以原花青素为主,而碳苷黄酮和黄酮醇及其糖苷多分布于叶中。山楂酚类物质生物活性主要包括抗氧化、预防心血管疾病、降脂、消炎、抗肿瘤等。本文围绕山楂酚类物质的组分、含量、动态变化、分布、检测和生物活性等对相关研究成果进行综述。     

玫瑰香葡萄无核化处理对不同器官中酚类物质和抗氧化能力的影响

 以‘玫瑰香’葡萄为试材,在开花前后使用葡萄专用无核剂（主要成分GA₃）浸蘸果穗,进行无核化处理,通过比色法和体外自由基清除法对不同生长期果实、叶片、嫩茎、卷须等器官中的酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力进行测定。结果表明：无核化处理后,浆果内的酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力显著下降;叶片、嫩茎内酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力有所提高;卷须内酚类物质含量与对照差异不大,抗氧化能力略高于对照;与叶片、嫩茎、卷须等器官抗氧化能力的变化规律相反,无核化处理果实的抗氧化能力低于对照。     

套袋对新世纪番石榴果皮色素及酚类物质的影响

研究了番石榴(PsidiumguajavaL.)新世纪品种果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮和花青苷等色素及总酚的变化动态以及套袋的影响。结果发现,花青苷在果实色泽发育中的作用很小;叶绿素、类胡萝卜素的降解与果实成熟同时发生,二者的综合表现决定果实的色泽;套袋明显抑制了果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮的合成,提高了果皮总酚含量。建议果实在采收及贮运过程中不要除袋,以进一步提高其商品性。     

采后不同品种葡萄中酚类物质的研究

本文采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）分别测定了无核白、木纳格、马奶子和新葡1号四种葡萄的果皮、果肉及果核中低分子酚类化合物的组成及含量。结果表明：四个品种的葡萄各部位中低分子量酚类化合物主要有没食子酸（GaA、原儿茶酸（PrA）、香豆酸（CoA）、儿茶素（CaT）、咖啡酸（CaA）、丁香酸（SyA）、色醇（Trl）、表儿查素（Epn）、阿魏酸（FeA）、反肉桂酸（CiA）、梅黄酮（Myn）和栎皮酮（Qun）。其中葡萄果核中酚类化合物含量最高（976．34～4589．7mg／L）。果皮中次之（159．53～241．33mg／L）果肉中含量最低（2．08～8．92mg／L）。在有色品种木纳格和新葡1号葡萄中检测出了阿魏酸。但在无核白和马奶子葡萄中未检测出阿魏酸。     

鲜食葡萄品种多酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性分析

以6个主要鲜食葡萄品种为试材,利用比色和荧光分光光度法测定葡萄的果皮、果肉、种子和果梗中花青素、总酚和总黄酮含量,分析了清除氧自由基(ORAC)、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)和铁离子还原(FRAP)能力与多酚类物质之间的相关性。结果表明:葡萄品种多酚类物质主要以黄酮类化合物为主,其中花青素在果皮以及总酚和总黄酮在种子和果梗中含量较高,但多酚类物质在果肉中最低。葡萄品种‘夏黑’果皮中花青素、总酚和总黄酮含量均高于其它葡萄品种。以‘巨玫’果皮和果肉花青素、总酚和总黄酮含量最高,但‘青提’果皮和果肉中花青素、总酚和总黄酮含量均低于其它葡萄品种。通过分析各葡萄品种抗氧化活性与多酚类物质之间的关系发现,果皮中FRAP和ORAC清除率以及种子和果梗中DPPH·清除率与花青素、总酚及总黄酮之间均呈显著性正相关,且多酚类物质含量较高说明其抗氧化活性较强。     

品种和栽培方式对草莓抗氧化物质含量的影响

草莓果实中含有多种具有抗氧化作用和保健功效的活性成分,是人们摄取Vc、花青苷和酚类物质等天然抗氧化物质的重要来源之一。因此,了解草莓果实中抗氧化物质含量及寻求适宜的栽培方式,对提高草莓果实中抗氧化剂含量及提高草莓的抗氧化能力显得很有必要。     

Biotransformations of phenolic compounds in Olea europaea L.

Phenolic compounds are a diverse range of secondary metabolites derived from the shikimate pathway and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Olea europaea L. contains a number of unusual phenolics including various oleosides. The amounts and types of phenolics vary markedly between leaf, fruit, stone, and seed. The metabolic relationships between the various parts and phenolic content are poorly understood. Interest in this area is related to the importance of the phenolic profile to the aesthetics and quality of olive products, and to the use of olive leaves in phytomedicines.     

苹果树皮中12种酚类化合物的HPLC测定方法

【目的】为了建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定苹果树皮中没食子酸、儿茶酚、儿茶素、绿原酸、咖啡酸、表儿茶素、香豆酸、阿魏酸、芦丁、根皮苷、槲皮素、根皮素12种酚类化合物的方法,【方法】选用Eclipse XDB C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm i.d,5μm),以甲醇和1%乙酸溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,利用VWD检测器,在各种酚类物质的最优吸收波长下进行检测,【结果】得到12种酚类化合物的线性回归方程,相关系数均在0.999以上,检出限(3RSN)分别为0.02、0.02、0.03、0.01、0.02、0.03、0.01、0.01、0.03、0.03、0.05和0.01 mg.L-1。色谱测定方法和包含样品处理方法的加标回收率分别在56.54%～98.83%和90.95%～100.90%。【结论】整个提取和分析测定流程简便、快速、准确,适合苹果树皮中酚类化合物的分析测定。     

Effect of different storage temperatures on phenolic compounds in banana and mango fruits

The general trend of changes in total phenolic compounds of pulp banana fruits harvested at the mature-green stage was a decrease during storage. The higher the storage temperature, the more rapid was the loss in total phenols. The peels lost their total phenols very rapidly and this loss was proportional to the duration of storage at 0°C. There was an inverse relationship between total phenols content and the degree of blackening during storage at injurious chilling temperatures. Concerning the change of phenolic compounds in mango fruits, the skin of ‘Pairi’ mango contained very considerably more total phenolic compounds than the flesh and this content tended to decrease with duration of storage.     

Antioxidant and immunoregulatory effects of Centella asiatica extracts

AIM: To determine the antioxidant and the immunoregulatory effects of Centella asiatica extracts. METHODS: Centella asiatica was extracted with alcohol and different organic solvent. The content of polyphenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. The efficacy of the extracts to scavenge the hydroxy radical (OH·), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH·) and intra-cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured. Lymphocyte proliferation was assessed to observe the influence of Centella asiatica extracts. RESULTS: (1) Centella asiatica was found to have abundant polyphenol extrated from different phases and in a descending order as follows: ethyl acetate extracts>n-butanol extracts>water extracts>ligarine extracts. (2) Extracts of Centella asiatica exhibited the scavenging efficacy of OH· and DPPH· free radicals, in which the acetic ether extracts showed the significant effect. (3) The acetic ether extracts had significant ability to inhibit the generation of ROS in stimulated lymphocytes. (4) The acetic ether extracts suppressed the lymphocyte proliferation. (5) The active ingredient was identified as flavone. CONCLUSION: Flavones in the Centella asiatica posseses antioxidant activity and effectively inhibits lymphocyte proliferation, showing ability of immunosuppre ssion.     

几种因素对富士苹果钙组分的影响

研究了富士苹果(Malusdomesticacv.Fuji)几种栽培管理技术与果实钙组分的关系,结果发现,小型果的总钙浓度、HCl-Ca和NaCl-Ca显著高于中型和大型果;位于树冠下部的果实钙浓度最高;长果枝上的果实钙浓度高于短果枝。套袋使果实总钙浓度、HCl-Ca、HOAC-Ca和NaCl-Ca3种钙组分降低。不同土壤类型栽培的富士苹果总钙浓度与水溶性钙含量呈正相关(r=0.9878),其中,棕壤土果实的HOAC-Ca、HCl-Ca极显著低于其他土类。每株施10kg有机肥+0.5kgCa(NO3)2的果树采收时果实的NaCl-Ca和HCl-Ca含量分别比对照增加了65.9%、99.3%,而HOAC-Ca和Res-Ca含量分别增加了84.6%、123.4%。贮藏前果实钙组分从高到低依次是H2O-Ca>NaCl-Ca>Res-Ca>HOAC-Ca>HCl-Ca;经过3个月贮藏后钙组分发生了明显变化,NaCl-Ca、Res-Ca大幅度提高,其他组分降低。     

Evaluation of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of blueberries and modelization by artificial neural networks

ABSTRACT

The study aimed at evaluating the influence of different production conditions, conservation, and extraction procedures on the total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of blueberries by DPPH and ABTS methods. The production factors considered were origin, altitude of the farm location, and age of the bushes. The conservation conditions considered were freezing as opposed to the fresh product. The extraction procedures included two different solvents and two orders of extraction. The data analysis was carried out by training artificial neural networks to model the data and extract information from the model.

The results obtained revealed that the type of extract and the order of extraction influenced the concentrations of phenolic compounds as well as the antioxidant activity of the different samples studied. Also the origin of the farms from where the blueberries were harvested significantly influence those properties, showing that the blueberries from Oliveira do Hospital had less phenolic compounds and lower antioxidant activity. Also older bushes at higher altitudes seem to produce berries richer in these properties. Regarding conservation, no influence was observed for phenols but a slight influence could be detected for antioxidant activity.     

Antioxidant capacity,antioxidant compounds and antioxidant enzyme activities in five date cultivars during development and ripening

Antioxidant capacity, antioxidant compounds and antioxidant enzyme activities in dates of five cultivars during development and ripening were studied in the 2009 and 2010 seasons. Fruit growth followed a smooth sigmoid curve with maximum weight at the bisir stage. Both the antioxidant capacity measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the antioxidant compound (phenols, tannins and vitamin C) concentrations decreased from young stages through to the maturation and the ripening stages. The antioxidant capacity was highly positively correlated with the concentration of antioxidant compounds in most cultivars. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase, catalase and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) increased from the hababouk through to the kimri and/or the bisir stage, upon cultivar, and thereafter, declined at the ripening stages. The possible relation of these biochemical changes with fruit maturation and ripening was discussed.     

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation in Cichorium spp.: hairy root production,inulin and total phenolic compounds analysis

Chicory (Cichorium spp.) is a valuable vegetable crop worldwide for its edible leaves and for the production of coffee substitutes from roots. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation of two species of chicory (C. intybus and C. endivia) was investigated using Agrobacterium strain K599 harbouring p35SGFPGUS+ plasmid and two types of explants: leave and leaf stalks. This Agrobacterium strain proved to be competent in the transformation with transformation rate about (23.1%) in leaf explants of C. intybus. However, the transformation rate with C. endivia was much lower (3.6%). Moreover, the hairy roots appeared from different infection sites of the leaf explants. Several hairy roots of the two species were acquired, out of them 11 clones (C. intybus) and two clones (C. endivia) were selected due to their fast-growing character. Growth of hairy roots was determined on the basis of total root biomass accumulation. It was found that the liquid MS-basal medium seems to be the most suitable for biomass production. PCR analysis revealed foreign DNA integration in the selected transgenic hairy root clones. Notable, the transgenic hairy roots exhibited substantially higher growth rates and accumulated higher amount of inulin than non transgenic roots (WT). Also, the total phenolic compounds were determined.     

Antioxidant and serum lipid lowering effects of luffa cylindrical on experimental hyperlipidemia mice

AIM: To observe the antioxidation and the serum lipid lowing effects of polyphenols in luffa cylindrical on experimental hyperlipidemia mice. METHODS: Acetone was used to extract polyphenols from luffa cylindrical. The content of polyphenols was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. The inhibitory efficacy of the extracts from luffa cylindrical to the production of OH· free radical was measured. Kunming mice were used to establish the hyperlipidemia model by feeding high fat diet. The freeze-dried fresh luffa cylindricals was added to the treated animals, xuezikang was also used as a positive control. After feeding high-fat food for 14 days, serum were collected to measure the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and superoxidedismutase (SOD). The liver tissue was also collected for determining malonaldehyde (MDA) content. RESULTS: (1) Content of polyphenols in fresh luffa cylindrical was （0.3±0.1）g /kg. (2) The polyphenol extracts from fresh luffa cylindrical had a strong efficacy to inhibit the production of OH· free radicals. (3) The trend of body weight gain in groups LC1 (low dosage luffa cylindrical) and LC2 (high dosage luffa cylindrical) became slow down obviously, compared with that in group HPL (high-lipid model). (4) The levels of TC (4.19±0.37)mmol/L and LDL-C (2.77±0.79)mmol/L in group LC1, TC (3.56±0.55)mmol/L and LDL-C (2.34±0.41)mmol/L in group LC2, TC (4.59±0.96)mmol/L and LDL-C (3.25±0.67)mmol/L in group PC (positive control) were all lower than those in group HPL(P<0.01), which the decrease in the levels of TC and LDL-C in group LC2 was the most obvious. (5) SOD levels in the serum of mice in groups LC1 and LC2 were (337.00±29.73)U/mL and (349.00±9.99)U/mL respectively, which were higher than those in groups HPL and blank control, therein the SOD level in group LC2 increased obviously(P<0.01) compared with group HPL. The MDA levels in liver tissue in group LC2 was lower than those in control. CONCLUSION: Polyphenols in the luffa cylindrical are comparatively strong antioxidant. They effectively decrease the liver index and serum lipid in experimental mice.     

硝酸银和赤霉素对西瓜雌性系诱雄效果的影响

为了探索硝酸银和赤霉素对西瓜雌性系诱雄效果及生长发育的影响,以雌雄异花同株材料‘XHB’和‘TS409’及其血缘相同的两个雌性系突变体‘XHBGM’和‘TGS409’为试材,于春、秋两季,在西瓜苗期喷施不同质量浓度的硝酸银(100、300、500 mg·L~(-1))和赤霉素(500、1 000、1 500 mg·L~(-1)),调查了处理后植株高度、茎粗度等生长指标及各单株前30个节位内雄花、雌花、两性花的数量。结果表明,赤霉素可促使雌雄异花同株材料产生更多的雄花,但在雌性系材料上无明显的诱雄效果,植株表现徒长现象,植株高度、节间长度明显增加,茎粗度、叶片叶绿素含量显著降低。硝酸银在雌性系和雌雄异花同株材料上均可诱导产生两性花,秋季效果更为明显,且质量浓度越高,诱雄效果越好,但高质量浓度的硝酸银对植株生长产生抑制作用,甚至导致植物死亡;300 mg·L~(-1)是诱导西瓜雌性系有效产生两性花的最佳质量浓度,对植株伤害较小,秋季诱雄效果更佳,生产上可采用此方法来繁殖西瓜雌性系。