减氮条件下施用蚓粪对水稻生长及产量的影响

以南粳9108为研究对象,研究了不同减氮条件下施用蚓粪对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,减氮10%、施用蚓粪400 kg/667 m²的处理水稻产量最高,与常规施肥相比增产3.3 kg/667 m²。在减氮10%的条件下,施用400 kg/667 m²蚓粪后促进了水稻地上部的生长,增强了叶片的光合作用,进而有利于提高灌浆速率,从而提高水稻的实粒数和千粒重,最终达到减肥增产的目的。     

氮肥施用量对香型水稻品种的影响

对6个香型水稻品种进行4个不同施肥量处理,得出在种植香型水稻品种时,施氮量超过12 kg/667 m2导致倒伏严重、整精米率降低、垩白米率增加、直链淀粉含量增加、蛋白质含量增加、综合评价值降低;施氮量在8 kg/667 m2时,倒伏较轻,稻米品质较好;施氮量在10 kg/667 m2时,部分品种倒伏严重、稻米品质开始下降。因此,在种植香型水稻品种时,氮肥施用量最好不超过10 kg/667 m2,要想达到较好的品质,氮肥施用量最好在8 kg/667 m2。     

不同氮肥施用量对水稻产量及品质的影响

以三江2号为供试材料,研究不同氮肥施用量对水稻植株生长、抗病性、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:植株的叶片、茎鞘和穗的干物重大致上随着施氮量的增加而不断增多,当达到14 kg/667 m2时,干物质积累量略有下降。瘪粒数随施氮量的增加而增多,结实率和实测产量以中氮水平为高。糙米率、精米率和整精米率都不是以最低氮和最高氮水平为最高,而是中氮水平处理最高,水稻外观品质垩白率和垩白度都是低氮水平较低。     

不同硫肥水平对水稻产量和品质的影响

以空育131为试验材料,对比研究不同硫肥水平对水稻生长、产量及品质的影响,结果表明:水稻增施硫肥可增加产量,平均增幅6.8%～11.4%,其中施硫肥3 kg/667 m2水稻产量最高。同时施硫肥3 kg/667 m2也可促进水稻株高、平方米有效穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重的提高。而增施硫肥4.5 kg/667 m2时,产量没有继续增加;在1.5～3 kg/667 m2时可提高水稻的糙米率、精米率、整精米率,而在1.5 kg/667 m2时研磨品质较好;各硫肥处理也降低稻米碎米率和垩白米率,提高了水稻的外观品质。水稻适度增施硫肥可加快水稻返青、分蘖、抽穗和成熟,比对照提前1～2 d;增加株高,提高分蘖率;同时也可增加水稻叶面积指数、叶绿素含量,促进干物质的积累。     

不同施氮模式对水稻产量的影响

水稻的不同生长发育时期对肥料的需求量不同,并且肥料在土壤中会逐渐降解,肥料在土壤中存在的时间越长降解越多。所以合理搭配肥料用量和安排施用时间是水稻施肥的重点,以最小的肥料投入获得最高产量,提高经济效益。本试验在同等纯氮施用量的处理中以处理3的施肥方式为最佳:基肥尿素3 kg/667 m2,一次蘖肥施用硫酸铵4 kg/667 m2、尿素2 kg/667 m2,二次蘖肥2 kg/667 m2,穗肥3 kg/667 m2。此种施肥方式水稻长势情况、各项产量构成因素表现非常均衡,所取得的产量也最高。     

结实期土壤水分和氮素营养对水稻产量与品质的交互影响

杂交籼稻汕优63和粳稻武育粳3号种植于土培池,于始穗期进行0N（0 g/m2）、NN（中氮,4.5 g/m2 ）和HN（高氮,9.0 g/m2）3种施氮量处理,于抽穗后7 d至成熟期设置了WW（保持浅水层）、MD（轻度落干,土壤水势保持-25 kPa）和SD（重度落干,土壤水势保持-50 kPa）3种土壤水分处理,研究了结实期土壤水分和氮素营养对水稻产量与品质的交互影响。在各施氮水平下,产量、糙米率、精米率和整精米率均以MD处理最高,垩白粒率和垩白度均以MD处理最低。在0N下,SD处理降低了产量、碾磨品质、外观品质和食味品质;在MN或HN下,SD处理的产量、碾磨品质、外观品质和食味品质与WW的差异不显著或显著优于WW。说明土壤水分和氮素营养对水稻产量和品质的影响存在着明显的互作效应,结实期土壤水势为-25 kPa、粒肥的施氮量为45 kg/hm2,稻米的品质较优、产量最高。     

光合细菌与尿素联合施用对土壤理化性质和酶活性及水稻产量和加工品质的影响

以新粳伊7号为试验材料,设置6个处理（T1,尿素施用量0+光合细菌54 kg/667 m²;T2,尿素施用量25 kg/667 m²+光合细菌54 kg/667 m²;T3,尿素施用量30 kg/667 m²+光合细菌54 kg/667 m²;T4,尿素施用量35 kg/667 m²+光合细菌54 kg/667 m²;T5,尿素施用量40 kg/667 m²+光合细菌54 kg/667 m²;CK,不添加尿素、光合细菌）,研究了光合细菌单独施用及与尿素联合施用对水稻农艺性状、产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1处理土壤有机质含量显著升高,而总磷含量显著下降;T1处理土壤尿酶和硝酸还原酶活性显著下降,而亚硝酸还原酶活性显著升高;T1处理水稻产量较CK显著增产5.19%。随尿素用量增加,土壤各因子含量下降,其中,T3、 T4处理的硝态氮、有机质含量显著高于T1、T2和T5处理;随尿素用量增加,土壤脲酶活性呈现出极显著线性增长趋势,亚硝酸还原酶和硝酸还原酶活性先降低后上升,但处理间差异均不显著;随尿素用量增加,水稻穗长、株高、产量和整精米率呈线性增加趋势,而精米率先上升后降低。Pearson相关分析显示,尿素和硝态氮与脲酶活性呈极显著或显著正相关,氨态氮与硝酸还原酶活性呈显著正相关。多因子相关分析显示,尿素为土壤酶活性的主要影响因素。土壤酶活性对水稻农艺性状、产量和稻米品质起主要影响作用。综上,单一使用光合细菌或者与尿素联合施用能够显著激活土壤氮转化酶活性,从而改善水稻农艺性状,促进产量增加和加工品质提升。     

浅析具有产业化开发前景的禾田稻2号

禾田稻2号(代号松辽628)是公主岭市松辽农业科学研究所育成的高产质优、抗逆性强、适应性广的粳稻新品种.2 a内蒙古自治区区域试验平均产量599.05 kg/667 m2,比对照品种吉玉粳平均增产6.1％,生产试验平均产量626.1 kg/667 m2,比对照品种吉玉粳增产17.1％.品质佳,整精米率74.2％、垩白度...     

纳米碳对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

在东北单季稻种植区,对不同施氮水平下添加纳米碳粉对水稻产量、肥料利用率及经济效益的影响进行了试验。结果表明,施用纳米碳粉可提高水稻产量,以施氮量为10 kg/667 m2时产量最高,比等氮量常规施肥增产10.21%,差异达极显著水平,每667 m2可增收114.38元。同时,在适宜施氮量条件下,加施纳米碳粉能够提高水稻氮肥利用率,本试验中以施氮量为7 kg/667 m2的处理氮肥表观利用率最高,达44.77%。     

不同肥料运筹对不同茬口水直播稻群体及产量的影响

随着农业劳动力的老龄化越来越严重,农活用工也越来越紧张,已经影响了机插水稻的育秧和栽插环节,因此直播稻近年来又逐步兴起.江苏省农垦农业发展股份有限公司新洋分公司近几年引进西瓜种植后,水稻种植的茬口分为西瓜-小麦茬和水稻-小麦茬.为了解不同肥料运筹对当地不同茬口直播稻苗情动态、群体质量及产量构成因素的影响,设计了水稻-小麦茬施氮量21.0、24.0、27.0 kg/667 m2 3个水平,西瓜-小麦茬施氮量19.0、22.0、25.0 kg/667 m2 3个水平,每个施氮量水平中有穗肥1遍(倒2.5叶施用)和2遍(分别在倒3.5叶、倒1.5叶施用)2个处理.结果表明:水稻-小麦茬直播稻施用纯氮24.0 kg/667 m2、2遍穗肥处理的RN2S2产量最高,为583.43 kg/667 m2;西瓜-小麦茬直播稻施用纯氮19.0 kg/667 m2、2遍穗肥处理的WN1S2产量最高,为642.81 kg/667 m2.因此,水稻-小麦茬直播稻一生用氮量在24.0 kg/667 m2左右,西瓜-小麦茬直播稻一生用氮量在19.0kg/667 m2左右,且在倒3.5叶、倒1.5叶施用2遍穗肥时取得的产量最高.     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.