桃慢溶质性状的遗传倾向及初步定位

【目的】多数桃品种果实在成熟后迅速软化,导致来不及采收、采后易腐烂,是制约桃产业发展的关键问题。慢溶质桃具有较长的硬熟期,可以减轻因果实软化造成的损耗,是未来桃耐贮运育种的重要方向之一。【方法】以慢溶质品种春雪、春瑞为试材,通过构建群体、肉质评价,对慢溶质性状进行遗传分析和集群分离分析（bulk segregant analysis,BSA）定位。【结果】通过对比慢溶质品种和非慢溶质品种成熟过程中软化的特点,发现慢溶质留树时间较长,乙烯延迟释放。在慢溶质分离群体中,留树时间呈明显的双峰分布,遗传倾向分析表明慢溶质受到单基因或主效数量性状基因座（quantitative trait locus,QTL）控制,春雪慢溶质位点为杂合,春瑞为纯合。以春雪桃自交群体为试验材料,基于BSA分析,将慢溶质定位到桃第4号染色体4个区段,总长度7.87 Mb。【结论】桃慢溶质性状遗传受显性单基因或主效基因控制,其控制基因位于第4号染色体。     

喷施磷酸二氢钾对桃叶片和果实性状的影响

以不同成熟期的桃品种豫甜、豫香、秋甜、秋蜜红为试材,研究了喷施磷酸二氢钾对其叶片叶绿素含量、干鲜质量比及果实的可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量等品质特性的影响。结果表明,喷施磷酸二氢钾能提高叶片中叶绿素含量、干鲜质量比和果实可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量;对果实的可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量影响不明显;叶片喷施不同浓度和次数的磷酸二氢钾均可推迟桃果实成熟期;喷施清水和对照处理间叶片性状和果实品质差异不明显;喷施磷酸二氢钾浓度和次数以500mg/L3次效果最显著,以300mg/L3次最经济有效。     

采后玉露桃果实冷害发生与ROP基因的表达调控

以软溶质玉露桃果实为材料,于8℃、5℃、0℃和LTC(8℃锻炼3d再转到0℃贮藏)下贮藏30d后转至货架(20℃)2d,对各个处理果实的腐烂和冷害程度、果实品质变化规律以及ROP基因的表达模式进行了比较,以探讨ROP基因与低温胁迫的关系。结果表明,经5℃和0℃贮藏30d的玉露桃果实在货架期间褐变加重,经5℃处理的果实褐变最重,经0℃处理果实表现后熟障碍;经8℃贮藏30d以及后续2d货架期的果实不出现冷害症状,但果实腐烂严重;LTC处理果实经冷藏后在货架期后熟正常,且果实冷害和腐烂均被明显抑制。各处理桃果实在采后低温贮藏过程中总可溶性糖和总有机酸质量分数均趋下降,其中5℃处理果实总可溶性糖质量分数下降幅度最大。结合应用EST检索和RT-PCR克隆扩增,分离出桃ROP基因(PpROP)。实时定量PCR结果显示,PpROP在5℃下表达迅速增强,第5天达到高峰,其丰度明显高于其他处理,LTC处理使PpROP表达维持较低水平。     

桃FLA家族基因的生物信息学及表达分析

从桃基因组数据库筛选出了12个假定的成束状阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白(FLA)基因序列。对其蛋白结构进行分析,结果显示PpFLA7不具有特定的阿拉伯糖或半乳糖糖基化位点,不属于典型的FLA家族。PpFLA6的氨基酸组成和保守域的分布与其他成员相比差别较大。聚类分析结果表明PpFLAs家族可以分为CladeⅠ、CladeⅡ和CladeⅢ3类。利用荧光定量PCR(qPCR)对不同组织和成熟阶段果实中的FLA进行表达分析,发现各个成员在不同时期的组织中差异化表达,其中PpFLA4在果实成熟阶段显著上调表达,暗示其可能在桃果实的成熟阶段扮演重要角色。     

桃主要性状的分子标记与功能基因定位研究进展

综述了桃果实、花、树体及抗根结线虫等主要性状的功能基因定位和分子标记开发的最新研究成果,阐述了决定果皮茸毛有无、果肉颜色(黄/白)、果肉质地与核黏离性、短枝型矮化和柱型等质量性状的功能基因定位,分析了1个与成熟期主效位点相关的重要候选基因,同时对决定果实糖、酸含量变化的QTL以及根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)、蚜虫(Myzus persicae Sulzer.)抗性相关位点的研究进展进行总结,为桃性状定位和整个发育期调控糖、酸含量的基因及其作用模式研究提供参考。在此基础上,对功能基因和分子标记在辅助选择育种和种质资源鉴定中的应用及发展方向进行展望。     

桃果实PpSIZ1基因对低温和外源褪黑素处理的响应

为了探索SUMO E3连接酶（SIZ1）基因与桃（Prunus persica L. Batsch）果实采后低温贮藏期间冷害发生的关系,对桃基因组中的SIZ1基因进行生物信息学分析,同时采用qRT-PCR分析该基因在‘湖景蜜露’桃果实低温贮藏以及外源褪黑素减轻冷害进程中的表达特征。结果表明,PpSIZ1开放阅读框全长2 637 bp,编码878个氨基酸组成的蛋白质多肽。进化树分析发现,PpSIZ1与梅PmSIZ1的同源性最高,含有与拟南芥AtSIZ1相似的SAP、PHD、PINIT、SP-RING和SXS保守结构域,属于SUMO E3连接酶家族。qRT-PCR分析表明,低温（0 ℃）胁迫能诱导桃果实PpSIZ1表达水平的提高;100和200 μmol · L^-1褪黑素处理能显著减轻桃果实低温贮藏期间冷害的发生,其中100 μmol · L^-1褪黑素处理抑制冷害的效果最好,这种效果可能与PpSIZ1介导的SUMO化有关。     

不同果袋及脱袋时间对“新川中岛”桃果实性状的影响

以"新川中岛"桃为试材,研究了不同材质果袋、不同脱袋时间对桃单果重、果实着色、可溶性固形物、去皮硬度等性状的影响。结果表明:套纸袋优于塑膜袋,套纸袋果实可溶性固形物含量、硬度与无袋果差异不明显,可溶性固形物含量甚至略高于无袋果,脱袋时间以采前5~7d为宜;套纸袋后带袋采收的桃果较无袋栽培果可溶性固形物含量变化不大,不影响果实的甜度、口感等。     

Urbanization is associated with unique community simplification among birds in a neotropical landscape

Landscape Ecology - Conversion of land cover by urban expansion is typically thought to reduce functional diversity by homogenizing species composition, at least in well-studied temperate...     

CmRT1, a Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon in Castanea mollissima,is associated with a short-catkin mutation

Summary

Retrotransposons are major components of the genomes of most eukaryotic organisms and have resulted in the introduction of desirable traits in many crops, including fruit trees. Here, we describe a Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon associated with a short-catkin mutant in Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), resulting in catkins that are < 20% the length of normal staminate catkins. A partial sequence of the retrotransposon, named CmRT1, detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, and its complete sequence were determined from the genome of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) using improved Tail-PCR. CmRT1 was 10,067 bp in length and shared high homology in its predicted amino acid sequence and motifs with other Ty3/gypsy-like retrotransposons. The 5’ long terminal repeat (LTR) of CmRT1 contained a TATA box and several cis-elements that were predicted to be important for processes involving abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, and auxins and in stress-mediated responses. Further characterisation of the transposition event that led to the short-catkin phenotype was performed using two pairs of primers that aligned with the flanking region of the LTRs. The expected PCR bands were observed only in genomic DNA from plants that showed the mutation. Finally, cloning and real-time qPCR analysis of an NADP-dependent alkenal double-bond reductase (CmADBR) target gene that was adjacent to CmRT1, revealed that CmADBR expression was significantly down-regulated in the short-catkin mutant. Taken together, these results suggest that the CmRT1 retrotransposon is responsible for the short-catkin phenotype.     

Water stress induces in pear leaves the rise of betaine level that is associated with drought tolerance in pear

Summary

Mild water stress signi®cantly induced the accumulation of betaine in the leaves of young pear plants (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. `Suly'). The betaine induced by water stress in mature leaves was maintained for about two weeks of re-watering after water stress, and gradually declined two weeks after the relief of water stress, dropping to the normal level one month later. Exogenously foliar-applied betaine slightly improved the shoot growth and the ability of the leaves to resist dehydration, alleviated wilting of leaves under water stress, and promoted recovery of leaves from wilting after re-watering. These ®ndings indicate that the accumulated betaine induced by water stress was associated with drought tolerance in pear.     

Association of polymorphism of Fc receptor γ chain gene at position-29 in promoter with the susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in southern Chinese

AIM:To detect the association between the polymorphism of Fc receptor γ chain gene at position-29 in promoter and systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).METHODS:The genotypes at position -29 in promoter of Fc receptor γ chain gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in 180 patients with SLE and 140 ethnically matched controls in southern China.RESULTS:The frequencies of TT genotype(33.3%) and T allele (54.4%) at position -29 in patients with SLE were significantly higher than those in controls (17.2% and 42.9%, respectively), whereas, the frequencies of GG genotype (24.4%) and G allele (45.6%) in patients with SLE were remarkably lower than those in controls (31.4% and 57.1%, respectively) (P＜0.05). The TT genotype and T allele at position -29 were not associated with lupus nephritis in SLE patients (P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Our results indicate that the T allele at position -29 in promoter of Fc receptor gene probably contributes to the susceptibility to SLE, but does not play a role in the occurrence of lupus nephritis.     

Pink mould of pecan kernels in the southeastern USA is associated with scab,above-normal temperatures,and humidity during nut maturation

Summary

Pink mould is a disease caused by the common saprophytic fungus Trichothecium roseum (Pers.:Fr.). Pink mould rarely infects kernels of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangeh.) C. Koch] in the southeastern USA, but the disease was a major problem in 2002. T. roseum enters the pecan fruit via scab lesions on the shuck caused by the fungus Fusicladoporium effusum, (G. Winters) Partridge & Morgan-Jones. This study examined the association between pink mould and weather during nut maturation. Average daily temperatures and two or more consecutive days of rainfall were identified as critical factors in 2002, and were compared with weather data between 1963 – 2001 when there was no recorded evidence of pink mould. Both the average daily temperatures and the number of consecutive rainy days during nut maturation were above the 40-year average in 2002. Consecutive rainy days during the nut drying period in 2002 were more than double the 40-year mean, implicating humidity as a critical factor in mould development at this time. Normal variations in temperature were minor factors in disease development following the initial infection. Thus, the onset of mould was associated with the development of scab lesions in late July, a combination of warm temperatures in September and October, and above-average humidity in September and during nut drying from mid-October until mid-November. This combination of factors occurred in only one year out of the past 41 years, explaining the rarity of the disease. The incidence of mould was sigmoidal, with the log-phase overlapping the period of rapid sugar accumulation in the kernel, and potential substrates for the mould to grow.     

Study on the association of the polymorphism at the position -418A/G and -384C/T in the Apo(a) promoter

AIM: To investigate two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the apolipoprotein(a) promoter at positions -418 and -384 and to compare distributing difference of genotype frequencies of single nucleotide among different races and to explore the influencies of them on serum lipid level and their association with coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: Using PCR-RFLP (BsgI,BfaI) method, we determined genotypes of these two SNPs in 156 unrelated healthy controls of HanZu Chinese and 56 unrelated CHD patients of HanZu Chinese and 56 unrelated African Blacks, then cloned polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products into T-vector and sequenced it by M13 currency primer, correspondingly. RESULTS: (1) There was no polymorphism at position -418A/A and -384C/C in control group. Only one CHD patient's genotype determined was -418G/G, other were -418A/A and -384C/C in CHD patients. (2) Only two African Blacks' genotype determined was -418G/G, other were -418A/A and -384C/C in African Blacks. (3) However, the Apo(a) promoter sequence was in coincident with the sequence publicized in GenBank and the base at positions -418 was adenine (A) and -384 was cytosine (C). CONCLUSION: The mutation frequencies at position -418 and -384 were low in the Chinese Han Population of Hubei and perhaps no single nucleotide polymorphisms was at two positions. No association with serum lipid levels and CHD was observed. There were great variabilities to the SNPs in the Apo(a) promoter among different races.