不同铁肥输液滴干矫治苹果缺铁黄化病效应

以输液滴干的方式对苹果树输入不同的铁肥溶液,通过测定叶片SPAD值、活性铁含量及荧光参数等指标,寻求矫治果树缺铁黄化病的适宜方案。结果显示:输铁肥处理显著提高了叶片的SPAD、活性铁和叶绿素荧光参数,果树缺铁黄化现象均得到了明显矫治,尤以输Fe-N处理最为显著;输FeSO_4处理虽也能矫正果树缺铁失绿症,但在复绿的同时伴有轻微肥害现象的发生。     

铁肥虹吸输液方法对矫正苹果缺铁失绿症的影响

【目的】为了探索苹果叶片缺铁失绿矫正新方法,【方法】通过田间试验和盆栽试验,分别研究了铁肥虹吸输液对矫正苹果缺铁失绿症的影响,铁肥虹吸输液和强力高压注射对叶片和根中铁含量的影响及铁在树体内的运输与分布。【结果】结果表明,铁肥虹吸输液能够在较短时间内使黄化的叶片复绿,显著增加叶片中叶绿素含量。虹吸输液增加叶片中铁含量显著多于强力高压注射,强力高压注射增加根中铁含量显著高于虹吸输液,虹吸输液铁肥靠叶片蒸腾拉力进入树体,强力高压注射的铁肥靠压力进入树体。【结论】铁肥虹吸输液是矫正苹果缺铁失绿症一种新的高效、简单易行方法。     

叶面喷施不同铁肥对苹果叶片缺铁黄化的防治效果

为探究不同复配铁肥对苹果幼苗缺铁黄化的防治效果，选用2年生“红星”苹果苗木，设置7个处理：0.3%FeSO₄(T1)、0.3%FeSO₄+0.3%柠檬酸铁(T2)、0.3%FeSO₄+0.3%尿素(T3)、0.3%FeSO₄+0.3%SNP(T4)、0.3%FeSO₄+0.5%乙氧基改性聚三硅氧烷(T5)、0.3%FeSO₄+0.1%碧护可湿性粉剂(T6),以清水处理为对照(CK),分析各处理苹果叶片的叶绿素含量、荧光参数、叶片活性铁及全铁含量等。结果表明，与对照相比，叶面喷施铁肥可显著提高“红星”叶片的叶绿素含量，增加叶片生长量，同时具有提高叶片最大光化学量子效率Fv/Fm、实际光化学量子效率ΦPSⅡ值、叶片活性铁及全铁含量等效果。综合分析各项指标，T6处理(0.3%FeSO₄+0.1%碧护可湿性粉剂)效果较好。     

铁肥虹吸输液滴干对苹果叶片叶绿素含量及FCR活性的影响

为进一步探索苹果缺铁失绿症的矫治途径,该试验以黄化苹果树为试材,以自制FeN为铁肥,采用虹吸输液滴干的方式对缺铁黄化苹果树进行输铁处理,以虹吸输清水及常规管理为对照,对比分析了叶片缺绿等级、叶绿素含量变化,测定了正常绿叶和缺铁黄叶的FCR活力表征以及不同处理FCR活性。结果表明:虹吸输铁处理10d后,失绿程度由处理前2.00级恢复到0.49级;叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量分别比常规管理叶片增加47.98%和107.70%,并达到差异极显著水平,这说明对缺铁黄化苹果树进行虹吸输液滴干处理,可在短时间内达到明显的复绿效果。FCR活力表征试验表明,黄叶周围的红色晕圈明显强于正常叶片;对照叶片FCR活性显著高于虹吸输铁处理,说明苹果叶片在缺铁情况下可提高FCR活性,从而揭示Fe2+进入叶肉细胞的系统反应,阐明虹吸输液的Fe2+进入叶肉细胞的机理,为更好的利用虹吸输液滴干技术矫正果树缺铁失绿症提供理论依据,表明了虹吸输液滴干矫治苹果缺铁失绿症的可行性。     

叶面铁肥对浙江海涂地缺铁‘瓯柑’叶片及果实的影响

【目的】针对浙江海涂地种植柑橘易出现缺铁的症状,筛选出适合海涂地条件下矫正‘瓯柑’缺铁失绿症的铁肥。【方法】采用叶面喷施法,对8 a(年)生‘瓯柑’树分别施用相同浓度的Fe SO4和3种自配铁肥EDTA-Fe、Vc-Fe、有机液-Fe,研究不同叶面铁肥对‘瓯柑’叶片和果实铁含量、叶片叶绿素含量及果实品质的影响。【结果】浙江海涂地种植条件下,叶面喷施铁肥可显著增加‘瓯柑’叶片和果实中有效铁含量,提高幅度分别为53.9%~91.6%和28.7%~83.2%,其中以Vc-Fe肥效果最明显,叶片和果实分别比对照提高91.6%和83.2%,达到113.91 mg·kg~(-1)和11.38 mg·kg~(-1),叶片含量位列柑橘叶片诊断标准的适量水平。喷施铁肥可增加‘瓯柑’叶片叶绿素含量,叶绿素a、b及总量增加幅度分别为4.1%~24.7%、6.8%~32.2%、4.7%~26.5%,其中Vc-Fe肥处理分别比对照提高24.7%、32.2%、26.5%。叶面喷施铁肥还可提高‘瓯柑’果实品质,果实可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量比对照分别增加4.6%~11.6%和6.2%~13.4%,其中以有机液-Fe肥处理效果最佳,可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量分别比对照提高1.10和0.93个百分点。【结论】本研究中Vc-Fe肥提高‘瓯柑’叶片和果实铁含量幅度最大,这与维生素C抑制铁离子氧化、延长二价铁的有效时间有关,有机液-Fe肥处理对于提高‘瓯柑’果实可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量及叶片复绿具有明显作用,其原因除了有机液-Fe肥中的铁元素外,还可能与含有大量的有机质可促进叶片生长和吸收有关。此研究结果可为研发适合浙江海涂地条件的柑橘专用铁肥提供参考。     

一种叶面铁肥在柑桔上应用的效果初步评价

以石灰性紫色土上缺铁黄化的塔罗科血橙成年树为试验树,设置树冠喷施新型叶面铁肥(200、300、450倍液,每年3~4次)、土施EDDHA-Fe(叶绿灵,每年每株一次性施入60g)和不施铁肥(对照)等5个处理,研究叶片(春梢)叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶绿素荧光参数、叶片矿质元素含量及活性铁含量的变化。结果表明,新型叶面铁肥200倍液处理的叶片SPAD值及叶绿素荧光参数RC/CSo、Sm、PIabs和PItotal值均得到显著提高,与土施叶绿灵效果相近;叶片铁元素含量和活性铁含量也显著提高,且明显优于土施叶绿灵的效果。     

不同铁肥在‘春蜜’桃上的应用效果

以6年生‘春蜜’桃树为试材,研究喷施硫酸亚铁、螯合铁和康富铁3种铁肥在桃树上的应用效果。结果表明:喷施3种铁肥均能提高桃单果重、叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)和果实品质,其中,喷施康富铁处理的百叶鲜重、SPAD值、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均较对照显著提高,分别提高了15.21%、10.05%、25.85%和12.90%;与对照相比,喷施康富铁处理的桃果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物含量分别提高了0.81、0.65个百分点,同时,喷施硫酸亚铁和康富铁2个处理的果实类黄酮相对含量较对照显著提高,分别提高了72.73%和54.55%。综上所述,3种铁肥以叶面喷施康富铁效果最佳。     

石灰质土壤上不同葡萄品种叶片的铁含量与其黄化的关系

以石灰性土壤上8年生的3个欧亚种鲜食葡萄品种(红脸无核Blush Seedless、玫瑰香MuscatHamburg、里扎马特Rizamat) 以及3个欧美杂种(京亚J ingya、藤稔Fujiminori、紫珍香Zizhenxiang) 为试材, 通过对叶片叶绿素、活性铁和全铁含量相互关系的分析发现, 不同品种新叶到成熟叶的叶绿素、活性铁和全铁含量逐渐增加; 黄化叶片叶绿素比绿叶显著降低, 重度黄化欧美杂种1、2位叶活性铁含量显著低于未黄化欧亚种; 不同品种1、2位叶全铁含量比较, 黄化叶与绿叶差别不大, 有时黄化叶比绿叶全铁含量高; 欧亚种红脸无核和玫瑰香4位叶全铁含量显著高于黄化品种4位叶。叶片叶绿素含量与其黄化程度呈负相关, 与活性铁和全铁含量呈正相关。     

果树缺铁失绿症的叶片诊断研究

本文对四种果树的缺铁失绿症进行了叶片铁素诊断方法的探讨。试验比较了叶片全铁含量和采用0.1N、1N、2N三种浓度盐酸浸提的叶片活性铁与叶绿素含量之间的相关及回归关系。试验结果表明:叶片全铁含量与叶绿素含量之间相关性差,不宜用以进行果树叶片的铁素诊断。而以0.1N盐酸浸提的叶片活性铁与叶绿素含量之间具有极显著的相关及回归关系,能准确反映出果树叶片的铁素状况与田间果树缺铁失绿的关系,适用于果树铁素的叶片营养诊断。本文还对缺铁失绿果树的叶片铁素含量与叶片中铜和锌的含量之间的关系作了初步探讨。     

不同铁制剂对石灰性土壤条件下猕猴桃缺铁黄化的矫治效果

为明确陕西杨凌渭河滩地猕猴桃出现黄化现象的原因,通过对喷施铁制剂矫正效果的比较,筛选出理想的铁制剂用于果树缺铁黄化病防治。以陕西杨凌西桥村出现缺铁黄化的猕猴桃园为研究对象,采用土壤诊断和叶片诊断等方法确定黄化的原因,并以清水为对照,喷施不同铁制剂(硫酸亚铁、柠檬酸铁、复合氨基酸铁、乳酸亚铁和腐殖酸铁)进行矫治,检测其对猕猴桃叶片叶绿素和有效铁含量及果实品质的影响。结果表明,猕猴桃黄化原因不仅仅是由于土壤有效铁含量低,还与植株吸收能力不同有关。由于植株过多吸收P、K、Zn、Mn等元素,引起养分不平衡而导致对铁吸收产生拮抗作用也是产生缺铁黄化的原因之一。不同铁制剂对猕猴桃黄化的矫治效果有差异,其中以柠檬酸铁和复合氨基酸铁的处理效果最好,显著提高了猕猴桃叶片的叶绿素和有效铁含量以及果实中维生素C、可溶性固形物、全铁的含量,有效改善了果实品质。在供试的几种铁制剂中,柠檬酸铁和复合氨基酸铁是矫治果树缺铁黄化的最理想制剂。     

苹果树断根对铁的吸收与矫治缺铁黄化的效果

不同断根处理吸收液体铁肥试验证明 ,环沟套膜插根处理整体复绿效果优于根系输液 ,没有铁肥分配的局限性问题 ,但铁液需要量大 ,用工较多 ;根系输液复绿效果优于环沟断根浸施 ,但有少量叶未能复绿 ;环沟断根浸施铁肥的复绿效果显著好于不断根土壤浸施铁肥的复绿效果 ,而其全树普遍复绿。     

Prognosis and correction of iron chlorosis in peach trees and relationship between iron concentration and Brown Rot

This study investigates the possible correlations between bark, floral, and leaf iron (Fe) concentrations and SPAD measures to be used as early methods for prognosis of iron chlorosis in peach trees. The results showed that there were significant correlations between bark, floral and leaf Fe concentrations and SPAD measurements. This study shows for the first time the possibility of using bark analysis as an early predictive method of iron chlorosis in peach trees.Differences in mineral composition of leaves of peach trees, in relation to rootstocks were also found.This study also investigated the distribution of mineral elements in different parts of peach leaves. Tissue analysis of different leaf parts showed that the peripheral and petiole of leaves had the highest P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, B and Cu concentrations. In contrast, the highest K concentration was found in the internal parts of leaves. High Mn concentration was found in the laminar of leaves, but was lower in the petioles.In other experiments, the effect of different sources of Fe application on the leaf Fe concentrations and development of Brown Rot in the year of application and one and 2 years later was also examined. No application increased significantly the leaf Fe concentrations in the year of application and 1 year later. Leaf Fe concentrations were significant higher in trees treated with FeSO₄·7H₂O + S 2 years after application.The possible effect of flesh Fe concentration to susceptibility of peach (cv. Sun Crest) to Monilinia laxa was also evaluated. The results showed no correlation between flesh Fe concentration and susceptibility of peach to M. laxa. Besides, no statistical difference was found in the susceptibility of peach to M. laxa collected from the cultivar Sun Crest grafted on different rootstocks.     

不同铁肥品种对苹果叶片叶绿素、铁含量及光合速率的影响

采用断根输液法对缺铁失绿症的苹果树分别施用不同浓度的柠檬酸铁、螯合铁和邻啡罗啉铁3种铁肥,试验结果表明,断根输液能在较短时间内提高叶片的叶绿素和铁的含量,提高叶片的光合速率,从而获得较好的复绿效果。邻啡罗啉铁是适合根系输液矫正苹果树缺铁失绿症的铁肥品种。     

Establishment of pancreatic β cell iron overload model and β cell injury induced by iron overload

AIM: To establish rat insulinoma INS-1 cell iron overload model, and to study the effect of iron overload on the viability, insulin secretion, mitochondrial defect and oxidative stress change in the INS-1 cells. METHODS:INS-1 cells were cultured with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 μmol/L). Labile iron pool (LIP) were calculated by detecting calcein-AM fluorescence in 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. The cell viability was measured by CCK8 assay. Iron overload model was established by screening for the best combination to ensure both high LIP level and cell viability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was further analyzed by flow cytometry after fluorescent probe staining. The function of insulin secretion was measured by ELISA. The mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 kit, and the mitochondrial changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Intracellular LIP levels were significantly increased in FAC groups in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05). The viability of INS-1 cells was suppressed with increasing FAC concentration or culture time (P<0.05). The highest LIP level and cell viability over 50% were observed with the condition of exposure to FAC for 48 h, indicating that INS-1 cell iron overload model was established. With the increase in the FAC concentrations, the insulin secretion was also increased and then decreased, and that in 160 and 320 mol/L groups showed statistical difference compared with control group (P<0.05). The ROS level was significantly increased by FAC exposure as compared with control group (P<0.05). Mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased with the increase in the iron concentration (P<0.05). After iron overload, the mitochondria of INS-1 cells were swollen, the internal cristae were expanded, and the normal structure was lost. With the increase in the FAC concentration, the mitochondrial structure was destroyed more obviously. CONCLUSION: Co-culture of INS-1 cells with FAC for 48 h successfully establish the iron overload model. Iron overload significantly damages mitochondrial structure and increases intracellular ROS level. The viability of pancreatic β cells is sensitive to iron, even lower doses of iron can damage β cells. The insulin secretion is reduced when the number of β cells is decreased to a certain extent.     

苹果喷施铁肥试验

近年来,大连市金州区部分果园常发生苹果黄叶病,造成树势衰弱,产量下降。据有关资料介绍,这是缺少铁元素的缘故。为了探讨铁肥（FeSO4）对苹果黄叶病的防治效果及其施用量,我们于2000年开始。连续7年对苹果黄叶病比较严重的果园布点试验,效果较好。目前,全区已推广应用500万株。现将试验结果总结如下。     

Antifungal effects of iron sulfate on grapevine fungal pathogens

The present study aimed to determine the most efficient experimental conditions of iron sulfate use leading to optimal inhibition in the development of fungal pathogens. Assays have been focused on fungal species inducing severe grapevine diseases. FeSO₄ directly inhibited the in vitro mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, Eutypa lata, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, Diplodia seriata, and Neofusicoccum parvum with variable efficiency in the range of 0.5–10 mM. The development was always completely inhibited at 20 mM. This inhibitory effect was greatly increased at acidic pH values. The anionic moiety of the molecule was of importance since bromide, chloride and sulfate were highly active, whereas acetate and oxalate showed a small effect. Electron microscope observations on E. lata and B. cinerea showed that a treatment with FeSO₄ induced dramatic changes in the hyphal organization leading to cell death. No toxicity was observed on grapevine leaves following repeated FeSO₄ sprays in the antifungal concentration range. Therefore, FeSO₄ may be proposed to effectively replace the long-term pollutant use of CuSO₄ as an antifungal agent, with the additional advantage of iron being an important plant micronutrient.     

应用螯合铁肥矫治果树缺铁症试验

1999年应用螯合铁肥EDDHA在河北 6个县市进行了果树缺铁症矫治试验 ,结果表明 ,其对矫治苹果、梨、桃、枣等果树黄叶病效果显著 ,一般施用后 5～ 7d即可见效 ,2～ 3周叶色基本恢复正常。施用当年果树可增产 5 4 0 %～38 2 9% ,同时单果重增加 ,品质改善 ,树势增强     

Peroxidase activity as an indicator of the iron status of conifers

An appraisal has been made of the diagnostic value of leaf peroxidase activity as an indicator of the iron status of conifers. The peroxidase activity in leaves from plants receiving additional iron in a liquid feed increased 11.5-fold compared with that in controls, but the total iron in the leaves increased only 2.6-fold. Furthermore, the enzyme activity increased 29.2-fold in response to additional iron supplied in the base fertilizer, whereas the total iron content increased only 7.5-fold. The peroxidase assay can be completed within 2 h of receiving the leaf samples and could offer a considerably more sensitive and rapid means of assessment of the iron requirements of the plants than the conventional analytical methods currently used.