干旱胁迫与正常供水钾肥影响甘薯光合特性及块根产量的差异

【目的】干旱胁迫影响甘薯叶片光合特性及块根产量,研究通过施肥缓解干旱胁迫机理可为甘薯抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种“泰中6号”为材料,以硫酸钾(K2SO4)为供试肥料,水分处理设为土壤最大持水量的60%~70%(正常供水W1)和30%~40%(干旱处理W0); 钾肥设K0、 K1、 K2、 K3四个水平,K2O用量分别为0、 12.0、 24.0和36.0 g/m2。分析不同钾肥用量对不同生长时期甘薯叶片相对含水量、 叶绿素荧光参数、 光合特性及收获期块根产量的影响。【结果】在干旱胁迫和正常灌水条件下,施钾处理均显著增加了甘薯叶面积和叶片叶绿素含量,提高净光合速率(Pn),增加光合产物的生产和积累,提高块根产量和收获指数。两种水分条件下,块根产量均以K2处理最高, 干旱胁迫下K2与K3处理差异显著,正常灌水处理不显著。两种水分条件下,甘薯叶片光合参数对钾肥的响应存在显著差异,干旱胁迫下施钾使叶片水分利用效率(WUE)增大,气孔导度(Gs)降低,气孔阻力增大,蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,水分蒸腾量减少; 而正常灌水条件下上述指标对钾肥的响应趋势相反。两种水分条件下施钾均可以增大叶片相对含水量(RWC),提高实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),但是干旱胁迫下施钾增幅较大。【结论】干旱胁迫下适量施钾可以提高甘薯的抗旱性,增加甘薯产量,过量施钾使甘薯产量显著降低,而正常水分供应时,稍多钾肥对产量影响不显著。干旱胁迫与正常灌水条件下施钾对叶片光合参数的调控效应存在显著差异。施用钾肥可增大叶面积,提高叶绿素含量和光合性能,调节叶片气孔关闭,增大叶片气孔阻力,减少水分蒸腾损失,增加叶片相对含水量,提高水分利用效率和净光合速率; 施钾还能提高叶片PSⅡ原初光能转换效率和实际光化学效率,减少过剩激发能对光合机构的破坏,提高甘薯叶片的光合能力。干旱条件下钾肥的调节功能优于正常水肥供应。     

土施钾肥对骏枣叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响

以新疆阿拉尔垦区直播密植栽培模式下的4年生骏枣为试验材料,研究了密植枣园硫酸钾不同施用量和施肥时期对骏枣叶片光合特性及果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明,土施钾肥显著提高叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn),以果实膨大期或坐果期结合膨大期土壤追施硫酸钾450 kg/hm~2处理的效果最为显著,而坐果期施钾肥显著降低骏枣叶片气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)。骏枣叶片水分利用效率(WUE)随着施钾量的增加而提高,且施肥时期越早效果越显著;蒸腾速率随施钾量的增加而降低,胞间二氧化碳(Ci)含量未受钾肥调控影响。增施钾肥显著提高了骏枣果实单果重、可溶性糖、淀粉及Vc含量,降低有机酸含量,从而提高糖酸比,并提高单果重和鲜果产量,以果实膨大期土施钾肥450 kg/hm~2效果最为显著,其次为果实硬核期施肥。     

UV-B增强下施钾对大麦抽穗期生理特性日变化的影响

通过大田试验,研究在UV-B增强条件下,不同施钾量对大麦抽穗期叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度和水分利用率等生理指标日变化的影响。UV-B辐射设2水平,即对照(CK,自然光,辐射强度1.5 KJ/(m2·h))和增强120%(1.8 KJ/(m2·h));施钾量设2水平,即低钾(K1,K2O 73 kg/hm2)和高钾(K2,K2O 150 kg/hm2)。结果表明,UV-B增强降低大麦的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率。增施钾肥可提高叶片中叶绿素的含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾效率,但对大麦胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率的影响不明显。增施钾肥可减缓UV-B增强对大麦净光合速率的抑制作用,但不能减缓UV-B增强对大麦气孔导度和蒸腾速率的抑制作用。     

不同灌溉、施钾方式对番茄光合特性和产量、品质的影响

研究了不同灌溉方式下施钾方式对番茄光合特性、产量及品质的影响,旨在为设施栽培条件下水、肥科学管理提供理论依据。结果表明,同一灌溉方式下,钾随水施处理的番茄叶片净光合速率以及水分利用效率显著高于钾肥常规施入的;同一施钾方式下,滴灌能显著提高番茄叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度以及番茄产量。灌溉方式和施钾方式单独对番茄叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率以及番茄产量有显著影响。灌溉方式和施钾方式的交互作用对气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度影响显著。施钾方式能明显改善番茄品质,但灌溉方式及灌溉方式和施钾方式的交互作用对品质影响不显著。因此,在氮磷充足的情况下,滴灌条件下钾肥随水施入能显著提高番茄产量以及光合性能,并能改善番茄品质。     

钾素水平对二年生三七全生育期光合特性及产量的影响

选取二年生三七[Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen]作试验材料,通过田间试验研究了不同钾水平(K_2O 0、337.5、450、675、1 012.5 kg/hm~2)对三七不同生长时期叶绿素Chl(a+b)含量、光合特性及收获期块茎产量的影响。结果表明,施钾处理均显著增加了三七叶片Chl(a+b)含量,提高了净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr),降低了胞间CO_2浓度(Ci),增加了光合产物的生产和积累,提高了三七块茎产量。不同钾用量条件下,三七块茎产量以K3处理(675 kg/hm~2)最高,较K0处理增产17.17%。不同钾用量条件下,三七叶片光合参数对钾肥的响应存在显著差异,在同一生长时期,随着钾素水平的提高,三七叶片Chl(a+b)含量、Pn、Gs、Tr均表现为先升高后降低趋势,Ci先降低后升高。全生育期三七叶片Chl(a+b)含量,Pn、Gs和Tr均与三七块茎产量呈显著正相关,Ci与三七块茎产量呈显著负相关。本试验条件下,施钾量为K_2O 675 kg/hm~2的K3处理时三七块茎的经济产量最高。     

不同钾肥水平对‘骏枣’叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响

钾是重要的品质元素,为了筛选枣果实品质最适宜的钾肥浓度,以5年生‘骏枣’为研究材料,在开花期和果实膨大期沟施不同量的钾肥,研究其对叶片光合参数、荧光参数及果实品质的影响。结果表明,钾肥对‘骏枣’生长、果实品质的影响存在明显的浓度效应。在0～153 g/株的施钾范围内,叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、电子传递速率(ETR)、淀粉含量、Vc含量、葡萄糖含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、糖酸比、纵横径及单果重均随施钾量的增加而升高,且在沟施K2O 153 g/株达峰值;当施K2O量为153～306 g/株时,上述参数均呈下降趋势。胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和非化学猝灭系数(qN)随施钾量的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,施K2O 153 g/株时为最低值;光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)在施K2O 229.5 g/株时最高。主成分分析结果表明,5种施钾水平中以沟施K2O 153 g/株对改善‘骏枣’果实品质和提高‘骏枣’叶片的光合效果最佳。综上,钾肥通过明显增加‘骏枣’叶片叶绿素含量,改善光合器官功能而提高果实品质,且沟施K2O 153 g/株效果最好。     

控释钾肥对大蒜-棉花套作体系产量和土壤钾素供应的影响

于2013-2015年在山东农业大学试验站进行连续3年5季的池栽试验,以硫酸钾基施(CK1)和氯化钾基施(CK2)为对照,探究氯化钾50%基施+50%盛花期追施(KCl D)、氯化钾配施硫磺基施(KCl S)、控释氯化钾基施(CRK)和控释氯化钾配施硫磺基施(CRKS)对棉花各生育期叶片光合特性和土壤速效钾含量变化以及蒜棉套作体系产量的影响,为棉花合理施用钾肥提供理论依据。结果表明,控释氯化钾在土壤中养分释放能够满足棉花各生育期钾素需求。CRKS较普通钾肥基施处理提高了铃期和始絮期土壤速效钾含量,提高了铃期后叶片SPAD值和净光合速率,增加了成铃数和单铃重,皮棉显著增产16.9%~30.9%。CRKS较KCl D和CRK皮棉分别增产12.2%~16.1%和8.7%~10.4%。大蒜蒜薹和鳞茎产量均以CRKS最高,较其余处理分别增产2.8%~27.9%和4.8%~23.5%。CRKS较CK2显著提高了纤维长度、整齐度指数和伸长率。经过3年施肥后,CRKS较普通钾肥基施显著提高了土壤水溶性钾和非特殊吸附钾含量。因此,控释氯化钾配施硫磺在棉花上一次基施代替硫酸钾和氯化钾提高了棉花生长后期土壤钾素供应和有效性,改善了叶片光学特性,提高了棉花产量和品质。     

枸溶性钾肥的水稻肥效

通过盆栽试验研究了5种钾肥[粉碎性钾矿粉(K1)、全部枸溶性钾肥(K2)、含25%水溶性钾的枸溶性钾肥(K3)、含50%水溶性钾的枸溶性钾肥(K4)和硫酸钾(K5),施钾量均为K2O 150 mg/kg]及其施用量(0.5K2、K2、1.5K2和2K2,施钾量分别为K2O 75、150、225和300 mg/kg)和配施(0.5K2+0.5K5)对水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量的影响。研究结果表明,与不施钾相比,施钾肥处理(除K1外)均显著提高水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量。在相同施钾量下,随着肥料水溶性钾比例的增加,水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量表现为先上升后下降的趋势,其中水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量以K4(分别为240.90 g/盆、2.60 g/盆、75.4 mg/kg)和K3(分别为234.86 g/盆、2.24 g/盆、73.9 mg/kg)处理最高。与水溶性钾肥(K5)处理相比,K4和K3处理均显著提高了水稻产量、钾素吸收量和土壤速效钾含量,分别提高了9.35%和6.61%、40.43%和21.26%、22.01%和19.58%(P0.05)。水稻产量、钾素吸收量及土壤速效钾含量随同一种枸溶性钾肥(K2)施用量的增加而增加,以2K2最高。综合结果表明,在相同施钾量下,含25%~50%水溶性钾的枸溶性钾肥(K4和K3)对水稻的增产效果最佳,而全部枸溶性钾肥在2倍施钾量下可获得相同增产效果。     

施用钾肥对温室黄瓜光合特性及产量的影响

通过温室田间试验,研究施K2O 0、240、480、720、960 kg/hm2等5个钾肥处理对津春3号黄瓜光合特性、产量、效益和品质的影响。结果表明,施K2O 720 kg/hm2时,黄瓜的净光合速率最高;施K2O 240 kg/hm2,黄瓜的叶面积和叶数最大。随着钾肥施用量增加,黄瓜的光合作用呈现先增高后降低的过程,钾肥量与黄瓜叶片净光合速率(Pn)的关系式为y=-4.160+4.5307x-0.6693x2,r=0.9470**。施钾肥能够提高叶绿素含量,钾肥量与叶绿素含量增量SPAD值关系式为y=-6.66+7.406x 8-0.97x2,r=0.9836**。施用钾肥对黄瓜的前期结瓜作用明显,前期施用钾肥,结瓜数量和产量增加显著。施用钾肥黄瓜增产14.7%～53.5%;施K2O 720 kg/hm2时,黄瓜产量和经济效益最高。施用钾肥使黄瓜提前结果,并延长了黄瓜的结果期。施用钾肥改善黄瓜品质,在K2O 240～720kg/hm2范围内,随着K2O量增加,黄瓜果实中可溶性糖含量、Vc含量逐渐增加,硝酸盐含量降低。     

钾肥用量对麦棉两熟制作物产量和钾肥利用率的影响

【目的】本试验旨在明确施钾量对麦棉两熟制作物产量和钾肥利用率的影响,确定周年两季作物最高产量与经济最佳钾肥施用量,为黄淮海平原麦棉两熟制地区合理施用钾肥提供依据。【方法】试验于2008 2009年分别在黄淮海平原黄淮亚区的商丘市和黄海亚区的内黄县进行,采用麦棉两季田间定位试验,两季施钾总量设置5个水平(K2O 0、105、210、315、420 kg/hm2),其中小麦和棉花的单季施钾量各占总量的50%(即K2O 0、52.5、105、157.5、210 kg/hm2),各处理氮肥和磷肥施用量一致。分析不同施钾量的麦、棉产量及构成因素、两季产值与效益及钾肥利用率的差异;建立麦、棉钾肥效应方程,计算麦、棉两季最高产量及经济最佳施钾量。【结果】1)与对照(K2O 0 kg/hm2)相比,商丘市和内黄县试验点4个施钾处理的小麦子粒产量显著提高,分别增产6.6%9.8%和7.2%8.9%,以施钾105 kg/hm2的产量最高,但4个施钾处理间产量差异不显著;施钾可显著提高小麦穗粒数和千粒重;施钾对小麦有效穗数无显著影响;商丘和内黄试点小麦经济最佳施钾量分别为75.7 kg/hm2和63.9 kg/hm2,最高产量施钾量分别为143.2 kg/hm2和111.6 kg/hm2。2)与对照(K2O 0 kg/hm2)相比,商丘和内黄试验点4个施钾处理的棉花分别增产42.3%52.5%和10.9%15.6%,以施K2O 105 kg/hm2的产量最高,4个施钾处理间产量差异不显著;施钾可显著提高棉花单株成铃数和铃重,对衣分无显著影响。商丘和内黄试点棉花经济最佳施钾量分别为106.9 kg/hm2和111.3 kg/hm2,最高产量施钾量分别为113.2 kg/hm2和138.0 kg/hm2。3)施钾可显著提高麦棉两季总产值和效益,均以两季施钾210 kg/hm2的总产值和效益最高,但4个施钾处理间差异不显著。在一定施钾量范围内,小麦和棉花的氮、磷、钾养分积累量随施钾量的提高而增加,但施钾量超过这一范围后氮、磷、钾养分的积累量趋于稳定。商丘试点小麦钾肥利用率随施钾量的增加而降低;内黄试点小麦钾肥利用率以施钾量105 kg/hm2最高,超过此量随施钾量的增加而降低。小麦、棉花的钾肥偏生产力、农学利用率均随施钾量的增加而降低。麦棉两季钾肥利用率随施钾量的增加而降低。【结论】本试验条件下,在一定施钾量范围内(麦棉两季0 210 kg/hm2),小麦和棉花产量均随施钾量的增加而提高,但超过这一范围产量出现下降或趋于稳定;两熟制小麦和棉花施钾增产的主要原因是提高了小麦穗粒数和千粒重及棉花单株成铃数和铃重;增施钾肥有利于提高小麦和棉花产量,但却降低了钾肥利用率。     

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) response to diammonium phosphate and potassium sulphate under saline–sodic conditions

Salinity and sodicity are prime threats to land resources resulting in huge economic and associated social consequences in several countries. Nutrient deficiencies reduce crop productivity in salt‐affected regions. Soil fertility has not been sustainably managed in salt‐affected arid regions. Few researchers investigated the crop responses to phosphorus and potassium interactions especially in saline–sodic soils. A research study was carried out to explore the effect of diammonium phosphorus (DAP) and potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄) on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) grown in a saline–sodic field located in Kohat district of Pakistan. The crop was irrigated with ground water with EC_iw value of 2.17–3.0 dS/m. Three levels each of K₂O (0, 75 and 150 kg/ha) as K₂SO₄ and P₂O₅ (0, 60 and 120 kg/ha) as DAP were applied. The application of P significantly affected fresh beet and shoot yield while K fertilizers had significant effect on fresh beet yield and ratio of beet:shoot, while non‐significant effects on the fresh shoot were observed. The application of K₁ and K₂ promoted sugar beet shoot yield by 49.2 and 49.2% at P₁ and 64.4 and 59.7% at P₂, respectively over controls. In comparison with controls, fresh beet yield was increased (%) by 15 and 51, 45 and 84, and 50 and 58 for corresponding K₁ and K₂ at P₀, P₁ and P₂, respectively. Addition of P₁ and P₂ increased beet yield by 37 and 47% over control. The shoot [P] (mmol/kg) were achieved as 55.2, 73.6 and 84.3 at P₀, P₁ and P₂, respectively. The shoot [Mg] and [SO₄] tended to decrease with increasing P levels, while [SO₄] was markedly reduced at P₂. The effect of P on leaf [Na] was non‐significant, but increasing levels of K decreased [Na] substantially at P₀ and P₁, but there was no difference in the effect of K level on [Na] at P₂. Consequently, K application reduced leaf Na:K ratios. Fresh shoot yield was weakly associated with leaf [P] (R² = 0.53). The leaf Na:K ratio showed a negative relationship (R² = 0.90) with leaf [K]. A strongly positive relationship (R² = 0.75) was observed between leaf [K] and fresh beet yield. The addition of K₂SO₄ also enhanced [SO₄] and SO₄:P ratios in leaf tissues. The ratio of Na:K in the shoot decreased with increasing K application. These results demonstrated that interactions of K and P could mitigate the adverse effects of salinity and sodicity in soils. This would contribute to the efficient management of soil fertility system in arid‐climate agriculture.     

氮钾肥配合施用对桑叶产量品质及蚕茧质量的影响

通过连续4年田间施肥试验和一季养蚕试验,研究了氮肥和钾肥配合施用对桑叶产量、品质及相应桑叶喂饲家蚕对蚕生长及蚕茧品质的影响。结果表明,桑园施用氮钾肥显著提高桑叶产量,在氮钾肥各养分配比中,以高氮高钾处理(N450K300)的产量最高,比N0K0处理年均增产35.2%,与其他各处理产量差异显著。桑叶品质分析结果表明,桑叶中必需氨基酸、氨基酸总量、粗蛋白、油脂含量随氮肥用量增加而提高,但单施氮肥会对蛋氨酸和油脂含量产生负面影响;施钾导致糖分含量下降,其他品质参数值随钾肥施用而提高,氮钾肥配合施用具有提高桑叶品质的作用。养蚕结果表明,桑园增施氮钾肥生产出的桑叶,有助于降低蚕茧的死笼率、具有提高全茧量和茧层率及提高蚕茧产量的作用。蚕茧上茧率、茧丝长、解舒率和茧丝净度随着钾肥用量的增加而提高,在施钾基础上增加氮肥用量有提高蚕茧品质的作用,但不施钾只施氮肥对上茧率有负面影响,说明氮钾肥配合施用能促进蚕茧质量的提高。     

Influence of Potassium Rates and Sources on Seed Cotton Yield and Yield Components of Some Elite Cotton Cultivars

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan on Miani soil series, silt loam soil (Calcaric, Cambisols and fine silty, mixed Hyperthermic Fluventic Haplocambids) to assess the response of four cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars to potassium (K) fertilization. The treatments consisted of four cotton cultivars (CIM-448, CIM-1100, NIAB-Karishma, S-12), four potassium rates (0, 62.5, 125, 250 kg K ha^?1), and two sources of potassium fertilizer [muriate of potash (KCl) and sulphate of potash (K₂SO₄)]. The cotton cultivars differed significantly in response to various potassium fertilizer levels and its sources with respect to seed cotton yield and its components. The highest yield was obtained with the application of 250-kg K ha^?1, however, it was economical to add 125 kg K ha^?1. Seed cotton yield of cv. CIM-448 was considerably greater than that of the other cultivars in K-unfertilized treatments, which was related to cultivar differences in K uptake efficiency in utilizing native potassium nutrient. Potassium added as muriate of potash caused a significant depression in seed cotton yield than that of sulphate of potash. The increase in yield seemed to have resulted largely from the higher K concentration of leaf tissues at bloom stage and available soil-K because of potassium application. A significant relationship between the yield and number of bolls per plant (r = 0.92**) and boll weight (r = 0.85**) indicated that these two growth attributes were responsible for enhancing the quantum of final harvest of seed cotton.     

The effects of foliar applied potassium in the mineral form and complexed with amino acids on pistachio nut yield and quality

A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar-applied K in the form of mineral compound (K₂SO₄) and complexed with lysine (KL) and lysine plus methionine (KLMet) with or without ascorbic acid (A) on nut yield and quality of bearing pistachio (Pistachio vera L. cv. Owhadi). Results showed that foliar application of K, regardless of applied source, significantly increased leaf and nut K concentration in comparison with control. In both experimental years, the trees supplemented with K provided higher total yield, fresh and dry mass of shelled and unshelled 100-nut, and 100-kernel dry mass and lower percentage of non-split shells in comparison with those un-supplemented with K. In both years, foliar application of K significantly decreased the percentages of blank nuts. The effectiveness of K-amino chelates in improving nut yield and quality was, in general, higher than that of K₂SO₄. The highest yield and the best nut quality was obtained with foliar application of KLMet-1. The critical leaf and nut K concentration for optimum pistachio nut yield and quality was 2.27 and 1.87%, respectively. Foliar application of K particularly in the form of KLMet-1 during nut filling is recommended to obtain optimum yield and quality of pistachio.     

钾肥用量和品种对桑叶生产及蚕茧质量的影响

通过为期 4年的田间施肥试验和 1季养蚕试验 ,研究了钾肥用量和钾肥品种对桑叶产量、品质、养分吸收和蚕茧质量的影响。结果表明 ,施K2 O 1 5 0、30 0、375kghm-2 a-1 处理分别比不施K肥年均增产桑叶 2 3.9%、31 .7%、36 .0 %;等量钾肥时 ,KCl对桑叶增产效果基本等同于K2 SO4;施钾增产效果有逐年增加趋势 ,同时钾肥施用表现后效。施钾明显提高桑叶中N、K和S(K2 SO4为钾源时 )含量 ,而降低Ca、Mg和Zn含量 ,对P含量影响不大。结果显示 ,钾肥施用大幅度促进了桑树对各种养分的吸收 ,从而提高了肥料利用率。施钾明显促进桑叶品质的改善 ,随着钾肥用量增加 ,桑叶中必需氨基酸、氨基酸总量、蛋白质、糖分和油脂含量均呈增加趋势。KCl施用也能提高桑叶品质 ,但效果比K2 SO4差。蚕茧质量测试结果表明 ,桑树施钾后对喂养的蚕茧品质产生正面影响 ,蚕重、全茧量、上茧率、茧丝长、解舒率、茧丝净度等指标均因施钾而提高 ,高量钾比低量钾效果好 ,在等量钾用量时K2 SO4对蚕茧质量的促进作用明显好于KCl。     

钾、氮配施对生姜产量和品质及钾素利用的影响

采用田间试验研究钾氮配施对生姜产量和品质及钾素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,不同K、N配施对生姜生长及品质有明显的影响,适宜的K、N用量及配合施用能明显促进生姜生长发育,增加根茎产量,改善营养品质,提高钾肥利用率。施钾量在450 kg/hm2以下,生姜根茎产量及产量构成因素随钾肥用量的增加而增加。两种氮肥水平下,株高、分枝数、茎粗及茎叶干重和单株姜根茎重均是中等钾肥用量K450处理最高,所有处理中N450K450获得了最高产量。品质分析结果显示,适宜的钾氮配施能有效提高生姜根茎维生素C和糖分含量,降低硝酸盐含量,改善营养品质。与不施钾的对照相比,施钾处理生姜根茎维生素C含量显著提高,以中等钾肥用量K450下最高;增加氮肥施用量对根茎Vc含量没有显著影响。施钾提高了生姜根茎可溶性糖和蔗糖含量,但不同钾氮配施处理提高幅度不同。K0和低钾条件下,增施氮肥会明显提高生姜根茎硝酸盐含量,施钾则能降低其含量;不同钾氮用量降低程度不同,适宜钾氮配施处理N375K375和N450K450硝酸盐含量最低。施用钾肥的处理,生姜茎叶、根茎和全株含K量明显提高,K素养分吸收量显著增多;同一钾肥用量下,增加氮肥用量,茎叶、根茎和全株含K量也明显提高,各部位K素积累量相应增加。钾素农学效率,低氮水平下随钾肥用量的增加而下降,高氮N450条件下,K450处理达最大值。钾肥利用率,两种氮肥水平下均是K450处理最高,高氮高钾的N450K525处理钾肥利用率也较高。     

Some Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Mung Bean Mycorrhizal Plants under Different Irrigation Regimes in Field Condition

In this study we determined some morpho-physiological characteristics of mung bean plants under various irrigation regimes (irrigation after 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm evaporation from pan class A) and mycorrhizal fungi inoculation (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices). The highest and lowest seed yield was obtained from plants irrigated after 50 and 200 mm evaporation from pan, respectively. Root dry weight, root volume, leaf phosphorus and relative water content were decreased in plants under water deficit stress. Whereas, under various level of severe water deficit the proline content, total soluble carbohydrates and leaf nitrogen were increased. Mycorrhizal colonization was observed to be higher in well-watered plants rather than in stressed plants. Furthermore, the mycorrhizal plants produced a higher seed yield (161 g/m²), leaf phosphorus, leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll index, proline, total soluble carbohydrates content, relative water content, root length, root volume, root dry weight and root/shoot weight ratio as compared with non-mycorrhizal plants.     

Influence of trenching,soil amendments,and mulching on the mineral content,growth, yield,and quality of “Italian” prunes

Abstract

Yields were evaluated three years after applied treatments to determine if responses that were not evident during earlier years eventually occurred. Potassium sulfate was applied to established, non‐irrigated, K deficient trees on fine textured soil by banding, placing in augered holes, adding to the backfilled trenches, and by injecting into the soil. Trenches were dug in the fall beside trees to break roots and ammended during backfilling with K₂SO₄, dolomite lime or combinations of the two. Additional trees received a heavy compost mulch in the early fall. Trenching treatments were generally detrimental. Trenching alone reduced yield and leaf Ca but increased fruit soluble solids content. Trenching plus K₂SO₄, trenching and lime, all soil amendments, and mushroom compost elevated leaf K from deficient or below normal to the normal range, but decreased leaf Mg. Most K application techniques eventually increased yield, but simple surface applications of K₂SO₄ in a narrow band were as effective as other more costly procedures. Mulching treatments appear to be as effective as K additions and produce quicker yield responses. Mushroom composts and alfalfa increased leaf N and yield in two years. Mushroom compost doubled yield even three years after a single application.     

不同肥料组合对莴笋产量和品质的影响

采用田间小区试验研究了不同肥料组合对莴笋产量、品质和叶片养分形态的影响。结果表明,在施入等量氮肥的基础上,磷、钾、中量及微量元素和有机肥料平衡施用使莴笋极显著增产(135·8%~177·0%),其增产序列依次为NP1K2MgZnB>NP2K2>NP1K2RM>NP1K2PP>NP1K2Mg>NP1K2>NP2K1。不同肥料组合可降低莴笋叶片硝酸盐含量,以NP1K2MgZnB处理降低量最大,降低最少者为NP2K2处理;茎中硝酸盐含量以NP1K2RM处理降低量最大,NP2K1处理降低最小。肥料组合各处理对莴笋营养品质Vc和氨基酸以提高作用为主,以NP1K2MgZnB处理对莴笋产量和品质的效应最好。莴笋叶片养分形态中,氮素以蛋白氮为主,磷素和钾素分别以非蛋白磷和非蛋白钾为主。不同肥料组合对莴笋叶片氮和磷素形态的效应不一致,对3种钾形态均有提高作用。各养分形态中,氮素仅非蛋白氮与茎硝酸盐呈显著负相关,与茎Vc呈显著正相关,与叶氨基酸呈极显著正相关;磷素以非蛋白磷与叶Vc、茎氨基酸呈显著负相关;钾素的非蛋白钾和全钾与叶硝酸盐呈显著负相关,与茎硝酸盐为极显著负相关,与叶Vc、茎Vc呈显著正相关,与茎氨基酸呈极著正相关,蛋白钾与茎硝酸盐呈极显著负相关,与叶Vc、茎Vc、茎氨基酸呈显著正相关,与叶氨基酸呈极著正相关。