养殖密度对豹纹鳃棘鲈生长和血液生化指标的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了饥饿对豹纹鳃棘鲈(Plectropomus leopardus)仔鱼形态发育、生长和成活的影响,并测定了饥饿仔鱼的初次摄食率和不可逆点(PNR)。结果显示,水温23~24 ℃下豹纹鳃棘鲈仔鱼2.5 DPH(孵化后天数)开口摄食,3.0 DPH卵黄囊和油球消失,混合营养期仅0.5 d,容易遭受饥饿胁迫。饥饿仔鱼最高初次摄食率为65%,出现在3.5 DPH; PNR发生在4.5~5.0 DPH,仔鱼具有初次摄食能力的时间仅2.0~2.5 d。对照组和饥饿组仔鱼在3.5 DPH前全长无明显差异(P>0.05),之后饥饿组仔鱼出现生理性萎缩,全长开始与对照组差异显著(P < 0.05)。饥饿组仔鱼在内源性营养消耗完毕后出现了一系列因饥饿所导致的形态发育特征,并于6.5 DPH全部死亡,因此豹纹鳃棘鲈仔鱼最佳投喂时间为2.5~3.5 DPH。

     

Increasing survival and growth in larval leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) using intensively cultured Parvocalanus crassirostris nauplii

Leopard coral grouper, Plectropomus leopardus are a heavily exploited, high-value fish commonly found in the Asian live reef food fish trade. In past decades, many attempts at the mass culture of various grouper species have been undertaken; however, their small mouth gape at first feed has resulted in very low survival when using traditional live feeds such as rotifers. The use of wild caught or extensively cultured copepods has yielded potentially promising increases in survival and growth, but overall survival to the juvenile stage remains low, making mass culture currently impractical. The current study sought to build on past developments in grouper culture and recent advancements in copepod culture technology by observing how growth and survival were influenced by the addition of intensively cultured copepods to the early diet of P. leopardus larvae. Six tanks of larvae, three replicates per treatment, were fed either eggs and nauplii of the calanoid copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris, at a starting density of 5 mL⁻¹, and the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis, at a starting density of 10 mL⁻¹, or were fed only B. rotundiformis, at a density of 15 mL⁻¹, starting on the evening of 2 days post-hatch (dph) and continuing until 9 dph. After this initial period, all larvae were fed the same diet of rotifers, Artemia, and dry feed until the cessation of the trial at 21 dph. Larvae fed P. crassirostris in addition to rotifers had a significantly higher survival, 9.9 versus 0.5%, than those fed only rotifers. Growth was also significantly enhanced in larvae offered copepods. Larvae only fed rotifers were, on average, 1.5 mm shorter at 21 dph than those that had been fed copepods. More rapid development and the earlier onset of flexion were also noted in the larvae that were offered copepods. The use of intensively cultured copepods, in this study, increased survival tenfold over previous studies, with P. leopardus larvae fed wild-caught copepods. The application of intensively cultured copepods to the early diet of P. leopardus, along with future research to evaluate late-stage mortality issues, may facilitate commercial production of this species.     

Effects of dietary live yeast Debaryomyces hansenii on the immune and antioxidant system in juvenile leopard grouper Mycteroperca rosacea exposed to stress

This study investigated the effects of the dietary intake of live yeast Debaryomyces hansenii (CBS 8339) on the immune response of juvenile leopard groupers Mycteroperca rosacea and on their resistance to infection by dinoflagellates Amyloodinium ocellatum.During 4 weeks, juvenile groupers were fed either a diet supplemented with D. hansenii at 10⁶ cfu g^− 1 or a control diet. Both groups were then transferred to a system infected with A. ocellatum and maintained in this stressful environment, for one week. Rearing conditions were favorable to the proliferation of the dinoflagellate and, at 7 days post-infection, the cumulative mortality rate of the control group was 89.5%, suggesting that the yeast-enriched diet conferred protection against the parasite. Only fish with yeast-supplemented diet recovered from the A. ocellatum challenge.The immunological response of both groups of fish was evaluated. Samples were collected at weeks 4 (stressed fish) and 7 (recovering fish) to determine the levels of hemoglobin, plasmatic protein, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT). IgM increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in the recovering fish, which had all been fed the yeast diet. A significantly increase was also observed in superoxide dismutase activity in juvenile fish fed the yeast diet; however catalase activity was not affected by the dietary yeast supplement. Overall, fish that received the yeast supplement in their diet have an enhanced immune response as compared with their control counterparts. The present results show that a diet supplemented with D. hansenii stimulates the immune system of juvenile M. rosacea thus enhancing their resistance against A. ocellatum.     

Survival, growth, metabolism and behaviour of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) early stages under different light conditions

African catfish, Clarias gariepinus were exposed to total darkness (group D) or continuous light (L) during endogenous feeding. During external feeding some of the fish continued to be reared in darkness (DD) and some in light (LL), whereas two groups were exposed to reversed light conditions (groups DL and LD). Survival to the end of yolk absorption was 22% greater in fish exposed to darkness; during subsequent rearing survival decreased in the sequence DD>LD>DL>LL. The onset of external feeding was delayed by a few hours in the L-group as compared with the D-group. Fish reared in dark were larger than those reared in light; the size difference increased with age. In dark, the ratio of total metabolism to body growth (the R_tot/P ratio, both in terms of energy) was depressed, hence in the dark, energy used for locomotor activity may have been low, leading to increased investment in growth. We hypothesised that in juveniles light exerts an indirect effect by increasing locomotor activity which in turn promotes multiple encounters between individuals and enhances cannibalistic behaviour. During the fifth and sixth weeks post-fertilization the biomass of fish reared in the dark was about 175% of that in fish reared in light. Light restriction may be recommended as a simple, low-cost technique for intensification of production of C. gariepinus stocking material.     

Effects of light spectrum and intensity on growth,survival and physiology of leech (Whitmania pigra) larvae under the rearing conditions

Used as a traditional Chinese medicine, the high mortality rate and slow growth of Whitmania pigra larvae are the most serious bottlenecks for the scale development of artificial breeding. Firstly, five light colour treatments (white, blue, green, red and yellow) were tested to determine effects of light spectrum on the growth of larval W. pigra at the same intensity of 70.00 μmol m^?2 s^?1. The experiment lasted for 45 days. Under our experimental conditions, the weight gain (WG) and the specific growth rate (SGR) under blue light condition were significantly higher compared with the other treatments (P ≤ 0.05). It is reasonable to conclude that blue light can promote the leech growth. In addition, reared at five blue light intensity treatments (20.00 ± 3.84, 40.78 ± 4.18, 53.67 ± 5.98, 70.00 ± 7.26 and 87.33 ± 5.77 μmol m^?2 s^?1), the WG and SGR increased with increasing intensity. Meanwhile, they were significantly higher in the 70.00 and 87.33 μmol m^?2 s^?1 treatments (P ≤ 0.05). In the higher intensity light treatments, the digestive enzymes were higher and antioxidant enzymes were lower. These results suggest that the optimal light spectrum for the culture of W. pigra during the early life stage was blue and the optimal light intensity was higher light intensity (70.00–87.33 μmol m^?2 s^?1).     

Brachionus vs Artemia duel: Optimizing first feeding of Upogebia pusilla (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) larvae

Larval rearing of many marine organisms is dependent on the availability of live food. The aim of this study was to optimize larval first feeding for the mud shrimp Upogebia pusilla, by comparing the effectiveness of the two most commonly used live feeds: Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia sp. nauplii. Survival, larval duration, molt synchronism and megalop size were compared using five feeding treatments: Artemia from zoea I to IV (B0), Brachionus during zoea I and Artemia from zoea II to IV (B1), Brachionus during zoea I and II and Artemia during zoea III and IV (B2), Brachionus from zoea I to III and Artemia during zoea IV (B3) and Brachionus from zoea I to IV (B4). The proportion of larvae that reached the megalop stage was 0.00% in treatment B0, 3.33% in treatment B1, 33.33% in treatment B2, 66.67% in treatment B3 and 76.67% in treatment B4. Larvae fed on rotifers until zoea III or zoea IV stages had a higher survival but no differences were found either in time to reach megalop or in megalop size. This study demonstrates that rotifers are essential for the survival and development of U. pusilla early larval stages but that rotifers can be successfully replaced by Artemia nauplii in the zoea IV stage.     

Rearing performance of Clarias batrachus larvae: Effect of age at stocking on growth and survival during fingerling production

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the rearing performance of different larval stages for optimum growth and survival during fingerling production of Clarias batrachus with an aim to reduce the rearing time of the catfish larvae in a hatchery system. The larvae were reared for 5, 10 and 15 days before stocking them in the nursery tanks. No significant (P < 0.05) difference could be found in length increment at the end of first week of rearing. But the total length was reduced during rest three weeks in five days old larvae compared to that of other two higher age groups. In 5 days old larvae the reduced weight (P < 0.05) was observed during the entire rearing period. However, the specific growth rate (SGR) did not vary among the groups. The survival rate as well as total biomass was decreased while stocking five days old larvae for rearing, compared to that of other two age groups.     

Broad snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) growth under different rearing densities

The effect of density on growth in body mass (BM) and total length (TL) of Caiman latirostris hatchlings raised in small pens (area 0.36 m²), for 3 months, was investigated. Twelve animals from each of three clutches were randomly distributed (1, 2 or 3 individuals) to two replicates at low rearing density (LRD: 0.12 m²/individual), medium rearing density (MRD: 0.06 m²/individual) and high rearing density (HRD: 0.04 m²/individual. Growth at LRD [BM: 150.75 ± 43.83 g (SE); TL: 11.58 ± 0.93 cm] and MRD (BM: 141.96 ± 22.55 g; TL: 8.38 ± 1.26 cm) was significantly more than at HRD (BM: 57.19 ± 14.38 g; TL: 4.61 ± 0.89 cm; p < 0.001). Density is important to achieving optimal growth and maintaining the well-being of C. latirostris in commercial ranching programs.     

云龙石斑鱼与云纹石斑鱼、珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的生长性状及对比分析

为了对云纹石斑鱼与鞍带石斑鱼的杂交种云龙石斑鱼生长特性进行分析,本研究对工厂化养殖条件下云龙石斑鱼与云纹石斑鱼、珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的生长特性进行了对比。通过云龙石斑鱼家系与云纹石斑鱼家系建立和培育,对不同家系的受精率、正常发育率和畸形率进行统计;分别对45~245日龄的云龙石斑鱼与云纹石斑鱼的生长性状进行了测量;分别对云龙石斑鱼与珍珠龙胆石斑鱼在生长时间跨度为2~13月龄的生长性状进行测量,并于13月龄时统计成活率(苗种为2016年繁育);利用单因素方差分析法和多重比较分析对测定的生长性状进行比较分析,同时利用Excel软件拟合云龙石斑鱼、云纹石斑鱼的生长曲线。结果显示,杂交种云龙石斑鱼受精率平均为55.5%±26.7%,正常发育率平均为33.9%±23.6%,畸形率平均为8.3%±0.9%。至245日龄时云龙石斑鱼体长、体质量的平均值分别为(22.5±1.7) cm、(316.7±57.3) g,云纹石斑鱼的体长与体质量的平均值分别为(16.8±1.3) cm、(123.2±30.2) g,云龙石斑鱼比云纹石斑鱼生长快,云龙石斑鱼的体长为云纹石斑鱼的1.3倍,体质量为云纹石斑鱼的2.6倍。云龙石斑鱼在45~245日龄阶段的生长曲线为W=0.039 2L^{2.891 2}(R²=0.986 9),云纹石斑鱼生长曲线为W=0.025 5L^{3.021 6} (R²=0.990 8),在本阶段云龙石斑鱼为异速生长型,云纹石斑鱼为等速生长型。经过12个月的对比养殖,云龙石斑鱼成活率为97.2%,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的成活率为93.2%~94.5%,云龙石斑鱼全长与体质量平均值分别为(35.3±4.1) cm、(700.0±247.2) g,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼全长与体质量平均值分别为(28.6±3.5) cm、(550.0±224.8) g,云龙石斑鱼体质量是珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的1.3倍,全长为1.2倍。研究表明,云纹石斑鱼(♀)×鞍带石斑鱼(♂)是一个比较理想的杂交组合,杂交后代云龙石斑鱼具有生长快、畸形率低、成活率高的杂交优势,为杂种优势的研究提供了基础材料,同时也为新品种云龙石斑鱼的推广提供了科学依据。     

Influence of dietary protein level on growth performance,digestibility and activity of immunity‐related enzymes of leopard coral grouper,Plectropomus leopardus (Lacépède, 1802)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to assess the interaction between dietary protein levels and fish growth, digestibility and activity of immunity‐related enzymes of Plectropomus leopardus. Five diets with different protein levels (400 g/kg, 450 g/kg, 500 g/kg, 550 g/kg and 600 g/kg protein) were designed. P. leopardus fed with 500 g/kg, 550 g/kg and 600 g/kg dietary protein, showed higher weight gain rates than fish fed 400 g/kg and 450 g/kg dietary protein. Ingestion rate in fish fed with 500 g/kg dietary protein was significantly higher than those with other diets. P. leopardus fed with 500 g/kg, 550 g/kg and 600 g/kg dietary protein, showed that feed coefficients were significantly lower than those fed with 400 g/kg and 450 g/kg dietary protein. Net protein utilization was significantly lower in fish fed with 400 g/kg diet than those with other diets. Fish fed with 400 g/kg and 450 g/kg dietary protein had an apparent feed digestibility coefficient for dry matter that was significantly lower than that with other diets. Protease activity was highest in fish fed on 500 g/kg dietary protein. Fish fed with 500 g/kg dietary protein, had the highest superoxide dismutase activity. Fish fed with 600 g/kg dietary protein, had the highest alkaline phosphatase activity. Thus, a diet containing 500 g/kg protein is recommended for P. leopardus aquaculture.     

Effects of salinity, aeration and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, growth and survival of early-stage grouper Epinephelus coioides larvae

ABSTRACT: A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of salinity, aeration and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, and growth and survival of early-stage Epinephelus coioides larvae. Newly hatched larvae were transferred to 40-L aquaria at a density of 1500 individuals/aquarium. Larvae were exposed to different levels of aeration (0 mL/min per L, 0.62 mL/min per L, 1.25 mL/min per L, 2.50 mL/min per L, or 3.75 mL/min per L); salinity (8 ppt, 16 ppt, 24 ppt, 32 ppt, or 40 ppt); and light intensity (0 lx, 120 lx, 230 lx, 500 lx, or 700 lx) for 4–6 days. Twenty larvae were sampled daily at 11:00 hours to measure for total length (TL), oil globule volume, and feeding incidence. Survival rates were determined by counting the total number of larvae remaining in each aquarium at the end of the experiment. Significantly higher survival rates ( P   <  0.05) were observed at aeration levels of 0.62 mL/min per L and 1.25 mL/min per L, at salinity levels of 16 ppt and 24 ppt, and at light intensities of 500 lx and 700 lx. The influence of aeration level, salinity and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, and growth and survival of early-stage grouper larvae are discussed.     

光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体生长及消化酶活性的影响

本研究以紫海胆(Anthocidaris crassispina)为研究对象,通过水槽实验方法,模拟分析了自然光周期条件下光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体生长、存活以及体内消化酶活性的影响,旨在为紫海胆苗种的规模化繁育提供必要的生物学参数。研究发现,在实验设计的光照强度梯度(0、500、1000、2000、3000 lx)内,光照强度对紫海胆浮游幼体的体长、躯干部骨针长度和口后腕骨针长度的影响趋势一致,影响程度由高到低为500 lx>0 lx>1000 lx>2000 lx>3000 lx。在500 lx条件下,紫海胆浮游幼体的体长、躯干部骨针长度和口后腕骨针长度都达到最高,且显著优于其他实验组(P<0.05),此时脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性最强;在2000 lx条件下,紫海胆的胃蛋白酶活性最强;在3000 lx条件下,紫海胆浮游幼体发育到11 d已全部死亡。研究表明,在500 lx光照强度下,紫海胆浮游幼体可保持最佳的生长速度、消化酶活性以及存活率,500 lx为紫海胆浮游幼体生长发育的最佳光照强度。     

Lactobacillus spp. bacteria as probiotics in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larvae: Effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities

In this study, the influence of commercial probiotic, Lactobacillus spp., supplementation was investigated on growth parameters and digestive enzyme activities in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, during larval development. All experiments were triplicated and designed in three different administrations of probiotic from 3 days after hatching (DAH) concurrently with starting of exogenous feeding. In the first group, probiotic was added to live food (rotifer and Artemia). In the second group, probiotic was supplemented directly to both live food and water. In the third group, probiotic was added directly to water. Also, no probiotic treatment was maintained in control group. Total bacterial counts among probiotic probiotic-supplemented groups were significantly different from total bacterial counts in controls in water and digestive tract of larvae (p < 0.05). The mean of total bacterial counts in control was approximately 4 × 10⁴-fold increased from the experimental groups in the sea water (p < 0.05). Besides, mean digestive enzyme activities of all probiotics treatment groups were significantly different (p < 0.05) with that of the control. Except probiotic water supplementation group, in all treatments, the specific activities of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in larvae to which probiotic had been supplemented by live food and live food with water. Also, S. aurata larvae that had probiotic administered by live food with water demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) increases in both survival (13–105% higher) and specific growth rate (2–9% higher) as compared to controls. As a result, supplementation of probiotic to directly tank water could not significantly increase growth parameters and digestive enzyme activities and therefore, administration of probiotics by this method would not be effective in terms of husbandry parameters and nutritional condition.     

不同储存条件的鱼油对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能和抗氧化指标的影响

为研究不同储存时间、温度、抗氧化剂添加量处理的鱼油对斜带石斑鱼生长性能和抗氧化指标的影响,实验鱼油采用如下条件进行氧化处理:储存温度:4℃、环境温度(ambienttemperature,AT):(31.5±3.5)℃;抗氧化剂添加量:30 mg/kg(EQ)、300 mg/kg(HEQ);储存时间:45、90和135 d。根据鱼油储存方式的不同共分为14个处理组,分别为T_(F+EQ)(正对照组,新鲜鱼油+EQ)、T_F(负对照组,新鲜鱼油未加EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)、T_(4℃+90d+EQ)、T_(4℃+90d+HEQ)、T_(4℃+135d+EQ)、T_(4℃+135d+HEQ)、T_(AT+45d+EQ)、T_(AT+45d+HEQ)、T_(AT+90d+EQ)、T_(AT+90d+HEQ)、T_(AT+135d+EQ)、T_(AT+135d+HEQ),配制等氮等脂饲料。选择健康幼鱼[初重(18±0.02)g]进行实验,养殖8周。结果显示,T_(4℃+45d+EQ)组增重率与T_(F+EQ)组相比无显著差异,但是显著高于T_(AT+135d+EQ)组。T_(4℃+45d+EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)、T_(AT+45d+EQ)和T_(AT+45d+HEQ)组饲料系数较低,与T_(F+EQ)、T_F组比差异不显著,但显著低于T_(AT+135d+EQ)、T_(AT+135d+HEQ)组。T_(F+EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)组细胞结构明显,细胞内脂肪粒大小正常,T_(AT+135d+EQ)和T_(AT+135d+HEQ)组鱼油氧化程度较高,肝细胞中脂肪淤积现象明显。T_(4℃+135d+EQ)、T_(AT+135d+EQ)和T_(AT+135d+HEQ)组的CAT活力显著高于T_(F+EQ)、T_F组,SOD和GSHPx均在T_(AT+135d+EQ)组达到最高且显著高于T_(F+EQ)、T_F组。T_(4℃+45d+EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)、T_(AT+45d+EQ)和T_(AT+45d+HEQ)组肝脏中MDA含量与T_(F+EQ)、T_F组对比无明显差异,但是显著低于其余各组。研究表明,T_(4℃+45d+EQ)、T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)、T_(AT+45d+EQ)和T_(AT+45d+HEQ)组斜带石斑鱼鱼油生长性能和抗氧化指标相对良好,T_(4℃+45d+EQ)和T_(4℃+45d+HEQ)组更优于T_(AT+45d+EQ)和T_(AT+45d+HEQ)组,说明短期、添加抗氧化剂有利于鱼油的保存,4℃比环境温度保存效果更好。     

光强、温度和N/P比对坛紫菜叶状体单性生殖发生的影响

为探究培养条件对坛紫菜叶状体生长和单性生殖发生的影响,研究了不同光强、温度和N/P比下坛紫菜叶状体的生长及单性生殖发生的特点。结果显示,当光强为10～40μmol/(m2·s)时,藻体生长缓慢、成熟晚、单性生殖发生晚;光强增至60～80μmol/(m2·s)时,藻体生长加快,成熟和单性生殖发生同时提前。温度为17～20°C时,藻体生长慢、成熟晚、单性生殖发生推迟;23°C时藻体生长最快;而29°C组的藻体虽然生长受到抑制,但藻体成熟和单性生殖发生得到促进。N/P比为16∶1处理组的叶状体比其他处理组(1∶1、4∶1、32∶1和64∶1)均生长变快,N/P比为64∶1时叶状体生长最慢,但易成熟、易发生单性生殖。因此,在高光强、高温和高N/P比下,藻体成熟和单性生殖发生均提早,说明这些因素对坛紫菜叶状体单性生殖的发生有重要影响。     

光强对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响

模拟萱藻育苗条件,以萱藻丝状体为材料,沙滤天然海水作为培养液,研究了光照强度[7.2~126.0μmol/(m2·s)]对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响。结果显示:(1)本实验条件下,萱藻孢子萌发的适宜光强范围为27.0~72.0μmol/(m2·s)。其中,在45.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下,萱藻孢子萌发率较高,并在放散后的第16天萌发率达到(44.44%±11.00%);(2)在本实验条件下,萱藻幼苗早期生长的适宜光强范围为36.0~54.0μmol/(m2·s),其中45.0μmol/(m2·s)最适宜萱藻幼苗的生长,且附生藻类密度最低,孢子放散后第34天附生藻类密度为(38.4±0.6)×104个/cm2;(3)本研究共鉴定出附生藻类2门13属29种,主要优势种为碎片菱形藻、小伪菱形藻、艳绿颤藻、膨胀色球藻、耳形藻和新月菱形藻。其中碎片菱形藻在7.2~18.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下呈指数增长,而耳形藻与新月菱形藻在27.0~126.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下呈指数增长。研究表明,萱藻孢子萌发和幼苗早期发育的最佳光强为45.0μmol/(m2·s),且在萱藻育苗过程中应重点防治的附生藻类为耳形藻与新月菱形藻。     

鲢鳙混养对三角帆蚌生长和养殖水质影响的围隔实验

2008年4月23日—9月21日通过围隔实验,研究了不同鲢鳙混养比例对三角帆蚌生长及水化学指标的影响。实验中鲢鳙混养比例设置了6个水平,分别为0/0(对照组),100/0,70/30,50/50,30/70和0/100。实验开始和结束时测量三角帆蚌湿重,壳长和壳宽。每个月上下旬测量围隔水化学指标包括NO3N、NO2N、NH3N、TN、TP、PO4P和COD。实验结果表明,鲢鳙混养比例100/0的围隔蚌壳长相对生长率显著低于混养比例0/0,50/50和0/100的围隔(P<0.05),而不同混养比例下蚌的成活率、蚌壳宽及蚌重增长均无显著差异(P>0.05)。从水质来看,混养比例30/70围隔TP显著低于100/0(P<0.05),COD显著低于100/0及70/30(P<0.05),NH3N显著低于100/0(P<0.05)以及PO4P显著低于70/30(P<0.05)。因此,综合蚌生长及水质指标,混养比例30/70围隔对三角帆蚌养殖最有利。     

延迟首次投喂对胭脂鱼仔鱼生长、摄食及消化酶活性的影响

在水温(19±0.5)℃条件下,为研究不同饥饿时间对胭脂鱼仔鱼生长、摄食及消化酶活性的影响,设定两个实验:实验一,设置完全饥饿组(S)和正常摄食组(C);实验二,设置延迟0(对照组)、1、3、5、7、9和11 d投喂组,分别记作D0、D1、D3、D5、D7、D9和D11。实验历时29 d。结果显示:(1)孵化后7 d胭脂鱼仔鱼初次摄食,14 d时卵黄物质耗尽,27 d进入不可逆点期(PNR),在抵近PNR时,胸角特征明显,死亡率显著增加;(2)恢复摄食后,D1和D3组仔鱼体质量与D0组无显著差异,表现出完全补偿生长效应;(3)在饥饿1～7 d过程中,胭脂鱼仔鱼的胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性显著下降(P<0.05),随着饥饿时间的延长,饥饿9～11 d仔鱼的胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著上升。恢复摄食后19日龄时,胰蛋白酶活性随饥饿时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,但淀粉酶活性与其相反,呈先降后升的趋势;29日龄时,随饥饿时间的延长脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均呈显著上升趋势。 结果表明,饥饿会导致胭脂鱼仔鱼的生长、摄食和消化酶活性产生明显的变化,其补偿生长随饥饿时间的不同而不同;在恢复摄食后,不同饥饿程度仔鱼在不同恢复时间消化酶恢复策略并不一致,饥饿时间越长越倾向于对碳水化合物的利用,但其内在机制有待进一步研究。     

Effect of stocking density on survival and growth performance of pikeperch, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sander lucioperca</Emphasis> (L.), larvae under controlled conditions

The effect of stocking density on the survival and growth of pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.), larvae was examined in two consecutive experiments. In experiment I, 4-day-old larvae [body wet weight (BW): 0.5 mg; total body length (TL): 5.6 mm] were reared in 200-l cylindro-conical tanks in a closed, recirculating system (20 ± 0.5°C) at three stocking densities (25, 50 and 100 larvae l⁻¹) and fed a mixed feed (Artemia nauplii and Lansy A2 artificial feed) for 14 consecutive days. At densities of 25 and 100 larvae l⁻¹, growth rate and survival ranged from 2.7 to 1.9 mg day⁻¹ and from 79.2 to 72.3%, and fish biomass gain ranged from 0.6 to 2.0 g l⁻¹, respectively. There were two periods of increased larval mortality: the first was at beginning of exogenous feeding and the second during swim bladder inflation. In experiment II, 18-day-old larvae (BW: 35 mg; TL: 15.6 mm) obtained from experiment I were reared under culture conditions similar to those of experiment I, but at lower stocking densities (6, 10 and 15 larvae l⁻¹). The fish were fed exclusively with artificial feed (trout starter) for 21 consecutive days. At densities of 6 and 15 larvae l⁻¹, the growth rate and fish biomass gain ranged from 28.8 to 23.1 mg day⁻¹ and from 2.0 to 3.3 g l⁻¹, respectively. The highest survival (56.5%) was achieved at a density of 6 larvae l⁻¹. Mortality at all densities was mainly caused by cannibalism II type behaviour (27–35% of total). In both experiments, growth and survival were negatively correlated and fish biomass gain positively correlated with stocking densities. The present study suggests that the initial stocking density of pikeperch larvae reared in a recirculating system can be 100 individuals l⁻¹ for the 4- to 18-day period post-hatch and 15 individuals l⁻¹ for the post-19-day period.