Spatial Labor Markets and the Rural Labor Force

Functional economic areas have long been recognized as the appropriate unit of analysis for examining the spatial organization of regional economic activity. While easily defined conceptually, few fine-tuned empirical delineations based on either trading or commuting patterns have been produced. In this paper, labor market areas (LMAs) based on commuting patterns of Saskatchewan residents are constructed for two points in time, 1981 and 1991. Detailed Statistics Canada data on place of work and place of residence for the experienced labor force were used 38 distinct LMAs were identified for 1991, and 37 for 1981. The 15 largest LMAs, which included just under one-half of all rural municipalities (RMs) in southern Saskatchewan, grew in absolute terms and gained in relative importance during the decade. Another 23 (22) smaller LMAs in 1991 (1981), provided jobs for modest but declining numbers of both commuters and noncommuters. The remaining 30 percent of all RMs had such low or diffused levels of commuting that they were not included in any LMA in either year. A pattern apparent for all LMAs was an intensification of commuting within the labor market area. Although there was a reduction in the number of commuters from centers of employment to surrounding areas between 1981 and 1991, there was an even larger increase in commuters to centers of employment. While commuting to a job in an urban center is still a distinct possibility for the rural labor force living within the 15 largest LMAs, it is increasingly less likely for those residing elsewhere in rural Saskatchewan. In these remote areas, alternatives to urban-based employment are required.     

Unemployment Duration in Non‐Metropolitan Labor Markets

Non‐metropolitan areas of the U.S have experienced significant structural economic changes in recent decades. These changes have raised concerns that some non‐metropolitan workers may face significant costs to employment displacements associated with economic adjustments. This paper explores the roles that linkages to metropolitan labor markets, area labor market conditions, and individual attributes play in determining the rates of exit from unemployment to employment among non‐metropolitan area residents. Adjacency to a metropolitan area is found to significantly increase transition rates from unemployment to employment among displaced non‐metropolitan workers, but local economic conditions are found to have relatively weak or insignificant effects on transition rates. Also, lack of post‐high school education and minority status both significantly reduce rates of exit from unemployment in non‐metropolitan areas following employmentdisplacement.     

市售茶叶中重金属含量特征及其分析

为了解市售主要茶叶中重金属的含量情况,采集市售主要茶叶种类,采用高压密闭消解系统、电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)和原子荧光光谱法测定茶叶中的铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)的含量,并根据《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2012)、《茶叶中铬、镉、汞、砷及氟化物限量》(NY 659—2003)以及《绿色食品-代用茶中华人民共和国农业行业标准》(NY/T 2140—2012)分析了市售茶叶中Pb、Cd、Hg、As的含量特征。结果显示,茶叶中Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量范围分别为0.1~1.67、0.0006~0.085、0.00021~0.022、0.00~0.78 mg/kg,所有茶叶样品Pb、Cd、Hg均符合相关标准。但1.9%茶叶样品中As含量超过国内《绿色食品-代用茶》中As的标准(As≤0.5 mg/kg),超标样品为散装黑茶。茶叶中Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量具有一定的相关性,Pb与As、Hg、Cd元素之间,Cd与As元素之间存在极显著相关。对市场中茶叶进行选择时,建议选择定型包装茶叶,产于广西的定型包装的茉莉花茶较安全;而市场中黑茶和散装茶质量差异较大,在选择相关茶叶商品时应根据其原产地、包装类型及单价分辨其质量的高低。     

新农村建设试点地区农村劳动力转移研究

农村劳动力转移对促进社会主义新农村建设、解决“三农”问题意义重大。论文以重庆市九龙坡区的新农村建设试点地区为例,在2006年6—8月的2个月时间内对该区中梁山西部9个镇150余农户进行了新农村建设有关情况尤其是农村劳动力转移情况的跟踪调研,在此基础上分析了该地区农村劳动力转移的基本特点及其经济学、心理学和社会学方面的驱动机理,并揭示了目前新农村建设试点地区农村劳动力转移中普遍存在的自发性强、稳定性弱、保障度低的问题,提出了在新农村建设契机下加强政策管理和教育资金投入、完善保障制度等以推进农村劳动力转移和新农村建设的建议。     

Real Wages and Unemployment in Local Labor Markets: Pennsylvania MSAs, 1975-86

This paper specifies an unemployment rate model with relatively long lags on the manufacturing real wage and the level of real GNP as the independent variables. Estimates of the model for 12 MSAs in Pennsylvania over the period from 1975:2 to 1986:4 generally indicate a fairly strong positive unemployment response to lagged real wages. This is consistent with theoretical models of the labor market that hypothesize strong real wage effects during periods of aggregate supply shocks. The unique characteristics of the time period under study and the disaggregation to local labor markets might account for the fact that, in contrast to many previous empirical studies, we are able to uncover evidence of a positive real wage-unemployment relationship in U.S. time series data.     

发展农村能源促进城乡统筹

统筹城乡经济社会发展成为多数国家普遍遵循的规律,也对发展农村能源提出了新的要求。本文简要分析了世界能源形势、解决我国能源短缺的思路以及农村能源开发利用困境,从现实可能、战略抉择和规划牵动等方面揭示了发展农村能源对于促进城乡统筹的重要意义,提出了加强领导、提高能力、增强资金扶持等三点建议。     

Differences in Labor versus Value Chain Industry Clusters: An Empirical Investigation

ABSTRACT Regional analysts often identify industry clusters according to a single dimension of industrial interdependence, typically by trading patterns as revealed in national or regionalized input–output data. This is despite the fact that the theory underpinning regional industry cluster applications draws heavily on Marshall's theory of external economies, including the important role of labor pooling economies and knowledge spillovers in addition to spatially co‐located suppliers. This article investigates whether industry clusters identified based on trading relationships (value chain clusters) are meaningfully different in industrial composition and geography than those derived from an analysis of occupational employment requirements (labor‐based clusters). The results suggest that value chain linkages are a weak proxy for shared labor requirements, and vice versa.     

加快农村劳动力转移的对策研究

加快农村劳动力转移是建设社会主义新农村的主要内容。通过实证研究湖北农村劳动力转移就业的现状、特点、问题、对策。结果表明,实施阳光工程加快了农村劳动力转移就业速度、效益增高、分布区域集中、特色培训模式形成、特色劳务品牌效应明显。针对农村劳动力素质低、受教育程度低、就业技能缺乏、信息不畅、职业技术教育薄弱、适宜岗位选择面太窄等突出问题,提出了加快发展职业技术教育、提高阳光工程质量、开辟就业途径,重点开发小城镇、中小企业、乡村旅游业、服务业、园艺业、特种养殖业、农产品加工业,促进农村城镇化、农村工业化、农业产业化,发展农村经济,提供适宜农村劳动力转移就业的更多岗位,是当前加快农村劳动力转移就业的根本对策。     

基于网络的农村劳动力信息分类规范研究

针对当前农村网络就业信息多但针对性不强、搜索准确率低的瓶颈问题,急需统一标准对相关信息进行规范。在分析现有农业农村信息资源分类的基础上,考虑农村劳动力信息的用途以及网络服务实践和管理的信息特征,提出农村劳动力信息分类规范的应用范围和构建原则,利用线性分类法设计信息分类体系和属性,初步建立了网络化的农村劳动力信息分类规范,并依托于广东农村信息直通车工程等信息化项目进行了应用。     

Spatial Diffusion of Management Practices in Urban and Rural Areas

Data on production and management practices across firms are scarce.Therefore studies of rural and urban industrial development have usually abstracted from this issue or have invoked product cycle theory to explain comparative urban and rural productive ingenuity. Several qualitative studies of rural production have contradicted the product cycle hypotheses, but attempts to generalize these results have not succeeded. An attempt is made here to test the product cycle explanation of industrial location using the registry of firms with ISO 9000 certification in nine southern states. These data suggest a bifurcation of rural counties. Urban and rural counties containing certified firms have been much more likely to increase the number of such firms, but in those counties without certified firms the probability of new certified firms has declined     

欠发达地区农村劳动力资源合理开发配置策略研究——基于福建省两县农村劳动力资源配置状况的调查

摘 要：分析了福建省欠发达地区农村劳动力资源配置存在的问题，提出了建立健全农村劳动力市场体系，设立农民职业生涯规划机构，帮助农民设计职业生涯，引导农民参加与其相适配的职业培训，开辟就业空间，促进农村劳动力合理流动的对策与建议。     

农村土地流转与农村剩余劳动力转移探讨

笔者运用PSR评价模型、博弈论的分析方法,对中国当前金融危机背景下,返乡农民工的就业策略做了简要分析,认为在相当一部分农民在外出无门、就业压力激增的情况下,只有靠农村和农业本身的发展,充分发挥农村土地流转的作用,将土地流转和解决农村剩余劳动力结合起来,进行劳动密集型农业生产,是解决返乡农民工就业、实现农村内部消化剩余劳动力的重要途径。     

Training Mode of Applied Talents in Urban and Rural Planning Major

Facing the development and change of contemporary urban and rural planning discipline and social talent demand,it is imperative to develop the talent training of urban and rural planning major.Based on the teaching platform,this study constructed a perfect talent training mode,implemented modular teaching,took the occupation as the guidance,carried out the application-oriented talent training,and delivered high-quality professionals to the society.     

Training Mode of Applied Talents in Urban and Rural Planning Major

Facing the development and change of contemporary urban and rural planning discipline and social talent demand,it is imperative to develop the talent training of urban and rural planning major.Based on the teaching platform,this study constructed a perfect talent training mode,implemented modular teaching,took the occupation as the guidance,carried out the application-oriented talent training,and delivered high-quality professionals to the society.     

中国教育的城乡不平衡发展探究

随着中国市场经济的不断发展和城市化进程的逐步推进,社会与经济发展中也出现了很多新的问题。其中,城乡经济与社会发展不协调造成的城乡教育不平衡发展成为影响社会发展和经济增长的主要因素。中国城乡教育失衡由城乡教育资金投入差距、城乡师资力量差距和城乡教育机会差距这3方面原因造成。教育的城乡差距反过来又在经济方面造成农村经济发展滞后,形成了“经济滞后——教育落后——经济滞后”的恶性循环。在就业方面,造成农村人才不足的同时城市就业压力过大。在社会发展方面,造成农村的人口、法制、文化等方面落后于城镇的水平。最后提出加大对农村教育的扶持力度,从教育机会分配的优惠政策、提高教育资金投入和加强师资力量建设这3个方面入手,推动农村教育发展,缩小城乡教育差距。