基于三维湿热传递的玉米籽粒干燥应力裂纹预测

为了揭示热风干燥过程玉米籽粒的应力裂纹形成机理,该文利用图像处理技术构建玉米籽粒的三维几何模型,将湿热传递数学模型与应力模型耦合获得应力信息,并与其屈服应力比较以预测玉米籽粒开裂特性。结果表明:该模型模拟的含水率和温度与试验值的最大误差分别为7.28%和9.64%,可以用于模拟玉米籽粒温度梯度、水分梯度和应力分布变化。干燥过程玉米籽粒的温度、水分梯度和应力表层较大而内部较小,干燥过程玉米籽粒主要受湿应力作用。干燥过程(热风温度40～80℃、相对湿度12%～52%)玉米籽粒的最大应力逐渐减小,其随着热风温度的升高而增大、随着相对湿度的升高而减小。玉米籽粒的最大应力在干燥前期大于其屈服应力而发生开裂,较低的温度和较高的相对湿度可以抑制玉米籽粒在干燥前期形成裂纹。研究结果为预测干燥过程玉米籽粒应力裂纹提供参考。     

固定床上下换向通风小麦干燥模拟与工艺优化

为了研究固定床上下换向通风干燥机理,确定合理烘干工艺参数,根据通风加热干燥过程中小麦和介质空气之间热质传递关系,采用经典PDE模型为理论基础,建立了适用于小麦固定床换向通风干燥计算机模拟的离散化模型。此模型可计算出小麦实时干燥状态、批次小麦干燥耗时、能耗经济成本等,并能依此推算出最优作业参数。经实际验证,模型模拟计算结果与试验结果基本相符,整床层小麦平均含水率模拟值和试验值的相关系数r达0.995,模型模拟可用于不同环境温度和相对湿度下的最优通风温度和风量分析。论文分析了换向通风干燥过程床层小麦含水率和温度变化规律;根据小麦收获时天气状况,选择环境温度20~35℃,环境相对湿度20%~85%范围,以批次烘干单位质量湿小麦能耗成本最低为优化判据,确定通风温度、风量及对应单位质量小麦烘干能耗成本,为实际小麦烘干工艺参数设定提供参考。     

密闭遮光型甲鱼温室热环境模拟与试验

为了预测和评价密闭遮光型甲鱼温室的湿热环境,构建了甲鱼温室湿热环境的一维传热理论模型。采用欧拉数值计算方法求解甲鱼温室的传热方程组,编制了基于Matlab的计算机程序,根据屋顶材料的热传导系数、屋顶的红外辐射特性、温室的结构参数、温室热量输入与气象参数等条件,模拟甲鱼温室传热过程,该模型可以获得甲鱼温室任意时刻的屋顶内外表面温度、室内温湿度、养殖水体温度以及热流量等数据信息,可为甲鱼温室的湿热环境综合分析提供依据。通过建立相应试验方案对模型结果进行验证,实测结果表明,屋顶外表面、内表面模拟温度与实测温度平均误差为1.96和0.9℃,养殖水体与室内空气模拟温度与实测温度平均误差为0.32与1.3℃,室内相对湿度模拟与实测平均误差为3%。模型的理论计算值与试验测定值较为一致,表明甲鱼温室的一维传热理论模型具有较高的准确性。     

苹果切片干燥收缩变形的孔道网络模拟及试验

为揭示果蔬干燥收缩变形的传热传质与应力应变的机理，确定果蔬微孔结构特性及内部毛细力等因素对其干燥过程的影响，该研究运用孔道网络方法、热质传递原理和细观力学理论等交叉学科知识，构建了孔隙尺度下果蔬切片干燥收缩变形的孔道网络模型，采用VC++开发孔道网络求解程序，模拟分析了果蔬切片的湿分场、温度场以及应力应变场等情况，并以苹果切片作为果蔬典型代表进行了热风干燥试验及模型验证。结果表明：湿含量、温度和收缩变形率的模拟值与试验值的相对误差小于10%，模型可有效模拟果蔬干燥热质传递与应力应变的收缩变形真实过程，再现了干燥过程中的"非规则收缩变形"现象；孔道网络模拟的湿分场、温度场及应力应变场均呈现为不规则非对称变化规律，产生了明显的干斑、湿斑、非规则干燥前沿等；毛细应力和湿应力对果蔬干燥收缩变形影响较大，其中毛细应力是引起非规则收缩变形的主导因素；孔隙结构参数对果蔬干燥过程影响显著；孔隙率越大，干燥时间越长，毛细应力越小；配位数越大，毛细应力越大，干燥时间越长；孔隙直径分布呈现均一直径分布规律的物料产生的毛细应力大，其次为孔隙直径分布呈现正态分布规律的物料和试验物料分布。研究结果为果蔬干燥品质及工艺优化分析提供了一定的理论基础。     

装载机车架铰接系统铰销强度及铰点附近应力分布的试验研究

将孔内贴有应变片的特制铰销安装在ZL60E装载机铰接系统中,获得了多种工况下的一系列点的应力测试值。将这些值作为试验铰销力学模型修正的依据,建立了力学模型评价的数学方法,寻求更贴近实际作业工况的计算模型。采用该模型即可对装载机实际工作铰销进行有限元分析,从而获得较为可信的计算结果。     

退火对冷冻干燥固态果蔬食品模拟体系冰晶结构和质构的影响

为探究冷冻过程中退火条件对真空冷冻干燥固体果蔬食品模拟体系冰晶结构、干燥特性、微观结构和质构的影响,该试验通过建立真空冷冻干燥果胶-蔗糖凝胶体系模拟果蔬天然网络结构,考察了不同退火条件对冷冻模拟体系的冰晶结构、冷冻干燥模拟体系的微观结构和质构等品质的影响。结果表明,退火温度范围和退火次数是影响冰晶结构、干燥过程和产品质构的重要因素。研究发现,冷冻模拟体系冰晶的直径均值、冰晶比例随退火温度范围增加和退火次数增加而降低;模拟体系的冷冻干燥速率随退火温度范围和退火次数增加而加快;冻干模拟体系的硬度和脆度随退火温度范围和退火次数增加而降低。采用0℃退火3次条件下,干燥时间最短约为14.0 h,此时模拟体系冰晶分形维数为1.616,冰晶直径极差为0.98 mm,直径切尾均值为0.16 mm,冰晶比例为75.00%,在脆度阈值为0.784 N时脆度保留效果最好,峰个数为4.33。相关性分析结果表明,模拟体系的干燥时间与冰晶直径分布的离散程度、直径均值呈正相关,与分形维数呈负相关,与冰晶的直径均值和退火到达温度呈正相关。该研究明确了退火条件对模拟体系冰晶形态和冻干后多孔结构的影响,可为真空冷冻干燥食...     

棉籽和蓖麻籽的冷榨试验与数值模拟

探讨棉籽和蓖麻籽植物油料的冷榨应力-应变关系、应力-压缩比关系以及加载速率对应力-应变关系和应力-压缩比关系的影响,探讨临界压榨压力选取问题。进行了棉籽和蓖麻籽冷榨试验,采用川北方程建立双曲线型应力-应变模型和压缩比的理论计算模型。研究表明,加载速率对油料破碎应力、应变以及应力-应变关系有影响,速率越大,破碎应力和应变越大;棉籽和蓖麻籽的模拟结果与实测值比较吻合。根据压缩比变化率及其斜率曲线近似确定出棉籽和蓖麻籽工程临界压榨压力分别为70 MPa和100 MPa。     

枸杞真空冷冻干燥动力学的数值模拟及分析

为探究枸杞真空冷冻干燥过程中的热质迁移,克服应力应变现象不能直观获取的问题,该研究通过对鲜枸杞切片试验图像二值化处理,建立了鲜枸杞真空冷冻干燥的热-质-结构耦合的物理模型,对真空冷冻干燥过程中枸杞温度变化、水分变化以及其内部的应力应变进行了热-质-力耦合分析,并对分析结果进行试验验证。模拟分析结果表明,预冻结过程中,细胞始终在膨胀,当细胞完全冻结时细胞所受应力达到最大,而干燥阶段热质传递对应力影响较小。提高真空冷冻干燥过程中的升温速率,在一定程度上能够缩短冻干所需时间,并且真空冷冻干燥过程中的枸杞样本的含水率下降速率随干燥时间的增大而减小,该变化趋势与Wang and Singh模型更加贴合(R²为0.983)。试验验证结果表明,该研究建立的模型能够较好反映并预测真空冷冻干燥过程枸杞样本的温度及应力应变的变化趋势(R²为0.857)。研究结果可为真空冷冻干燥系统优化和工艺参数的科学制定提供参考。     

微波干燥过程中南极磷虾肉糜的传热传质及形变参数模型

该文以南极磷虾肉糜作为媒介,基于电磁学、多相传输和固体力学变形模型研究了微波干燥仿真模型。通过在软件COMSOL Multiphysics中求解电磁方程、能量和动量守恒以及变形方程得到模拟结果。红外热成像仪用于拍摄样品表面温度分布,光纤传感器用于测定样品点的瞬时温度。经过180 s的间歇微波干燥,空间温度分布、瞬态温度曲线(RMSE=2.11℃)、含水率(干基,RMSE=0.03)和体积比与试验值有良好的一致性,说明仿真微波干燥是可行的。此外,微波模拟干燥过程中将虾肉糜视为形变材料与刚性材料,在温度和含水率方面显示了较明显的差别且前者与试验值更为接近,且未考虑收缩模型的温度和含水率的RMSE分别为9.42℃与0.08。该研究还对液态水和气体的内在渗透性(±50%)以及吸水膨胀系数(±50%)进行了敏感性分析。含水率对液态水的内在渗透性较敏感(RMSE=0.089),对气体的内在渗透性较不敏感(RMSE=0.023),体积比对吸水膨胀系数非常敏感(RMSE=0.053)。     

收割期芦竹底部茎秆机械物理特性参数的试验研究

试验研究芦竹底部茎秆的机械物理特性,以获得其最大破坏应力、弹性模量等机械物理特性参数,并分析芦竹切割过程中应力、应变分布状态,能为芦竹切割刀具和切割方式的设计提供理论依据和基础技术参数,对低能耗、高效率的芦竹切割器的设计具有重要的指导意义。该文利用微机控制电子万能材料试验机对收割期的芦竹底部的茎秆进行了顺纹拉伸、压缩、弯曲试验,获得试验条件下顺纹拉伸、压缩、弯曲的应力－应变曲线,并进行了分析。试验测得芦竹底部茎秆顺纹拉伸最大抗拉强度平均值为123 MPa,弹性模量值为1260 MPa;顺纹压缩最大抗压强度平均值为52 MPa,弹性模量值为595 MPa;顺纹弯曲最大抗弯强度平均值为125 MPa,弹性模量值为1715 MPa。结果表明,芦竹破坏应力参数接近毛竹,远大于玉米、小麦等茎秆的破坏应力参数,芦竹的机械化收割不宜采用传统的切割器。     

Effects of Various Salt–Alkaline Mixed Stresses on the State of Mineral Elements in Nutrient Solutions and the Growth of Alkali Resistant Halophyte Chloris Virgata

Chloris virgata, a naturally alkali-resistant halophyte, was studied. Various salt–alkali conditions with different salinities and pHs were established by mixing sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), in various proportions. The effects of these salt–alkali conditions on the state of mineral elements in nutrient solutions were analyzed using the GEOCHEM-PC program. The relative growth rate (RGR) and tillering rate of stressed C. virgata were determined. The activities of metal ions in nutrient solutions, apart from potassium (K⁺), decreased with both increased salinity and pH, and high pH resulted in precipitation of metal ions and phosphate. Consequently, the high pH of salt–alkaline mixed stress could cause severe nutrient stress in plants. However, when pH was 6.40–8.74, the effects of pH on RGR and tillering rate were not significant, and the high pH surrounding roots might be resisted by the root cells and prevented from invading the intracellular environment. Only when pH > 8.74 did the harmful action of high pH emerge, and the increased pH induced the severe decreases of RGR and tillering rate at the same salinity. The results indicated that pH adjustment outside the roots might be a key physiological mechanism for C. virgata resisting alkali stress.     

Comparison of the Effects of Salt Stress and Salt–Alkaline Mixed Stress on the Mineral Nutrition of Sunflower

Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) were treated with salt stress and salt–alkaline mixed stress, which were established by mixing proportions of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃). The physiological indices of seedlings, including photosynthesis, growth, and mineral element contents, were determined to compare differences in the physiological responses of sunflower to salt stress and salt–alkaline mixed stress. The results showed that the destructive effects of salt–alkaline mixed stress on growth and photosynthesis were more severe than those of salt stress. The contents of mineral elements in the plants stressed were significantly less under salt–alkaline mixed stress than under salt stress. Data analysis indicated that both stresses caused ionic activity and free concentrations of some mineral elements to decline and even caused precipitation. This was coupled with a reduction of absorption capacity of roots. In conclusion, the mineral nutrition in sunflowers was affected under both salt and salt–alkaline mixed stresses, but the effects were more severe under salt–alkaline mixed stress than salt stress.     

Effects of saline and alkaline stresses on the germination, growth, photosynthesis, ionic balance and anti-oxidant system in an alkali-tolerant leguminous forage Lathyrus quinquenervius

We compared the effects of saline stress (9:1 molar ratio of NaCl : Na₂SO₄, pH 6.44–6.65) and alkaline stress (9:1 molar ratio of NaHCO₃ : Na₂CO₃, pH 8.71–8.89) on the germination, growth, photosynthesis, ionic balance and activity of anti-oxidant enzymes of Lathyrus quinquenervius to elucidate the physiological adaptive mechanism of plants to alkaline stress (high pH). The results showed that, at a low stress intensity, the effects of saline stress and alkaline stress on L. quinquenervius were similar. Compared with saline stress, high alkaline stress intensity clearly inhibited germination, growth, photosynthesis and root system activity, and led to a sharp increase in Na⁺ and an ion imbalance in the shoots, as well as enhanced H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde content, resulting in severe intracellular oxidative stress. The results indicated that the accumulation of organic acid was a central adaptive mechanism by which L. quinquenervius maintained intracellular ionic balance under alkaline stress. Lathyrus quinquenervius may enhance organic acid synthesis to remedy the shortage of negative charge resulting from the massive influx of Na⁺ and decreased inorganic anions. In addition, saline stress and low alkaline stress slightly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), but did not affect catalase (CAT) activity. However, strong alkaline stress significantly enhanced the activities of SOD and APX, and reduced CAT activity. We propose that enhancing the activities of SOD and APX may be a vital mechanism by which L. quinquenervius resists oxidative stress caused by alkaline stress.     

计算工程材料应力及绘制应力图的程序设计

本文提出用计算机编程的方法，解决工程设计中所需要计算构件危险截面上危险点的主应力及主应力的方向角，并自动绘制出直观的应力状态图。     

Examining the ecological paradox of the ‘mycorrhizal-metal-hyperaccumulators’

This analysis identifies and attempts to resolve the paradox of combining plant hyperaccumulators and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for the purpose of post-industrial bioremediation due to the divergence of their respective ecological and evolutionary stress-tolerance behaviors. The identification of a ‘dilemma of resource allocation’ associated with plant resources consumed in intrinsic (e.g. metabolic) vs. extrinsic (e.g. symbiotic) stress-tolerance mechanisms could provide a suitable evolutionary reasoning for the apparent dichotomy existing between the hyperaccumulators and AMF–plant life-history strategies. Ultimately, it is considered that any efforts toward integrating such biotechnology innovations into bioremediation strategies (e.g. ‘mycorrhizal–metal-hyperaccumulators’) should first explicitly consider their inherent environmental and (or) evolutionary contexts to avoid misleading and possibly even unproductive outcomes prior to incorporating these attributes as potential technological solutions.     

PEG预处理对盐及镉胁迫下黑麦草生理代谢的影响

为了探讨PEG预处理对盐胁迫和镉胁迫下多年生黑麦草幼苗生理特性的影响,将黑麦草幼苗分别用0,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%(对应水势分别为0,-0.05,-0.15,-0.30,-0.50,-0.77 MPa)的PEG-6000营养液进行预处理后,分别用含150 mmol/L NaCl和Cd~(2+)浓度为10 mg/L的胁迫液培养,然后测定黑麦草幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性。结果表明:盐胁迫下15%(-0.30 MPa)PEG预处理和镉胁迫下10%(-0.15 MPa)PEG预处理可以有效提高多年生黑麦草的光合色素含量,降低MDA、游离脯氨酸含量,增加可溶性糖含量,提高抗氧化酶活性。PEG预处理下多年生黑麦草在遭受逆境胁迫时,受到多种生理生化的调节,其生理指标的动态变化是黑麦草应答逆境因子胁迫的重要调节机制,体现了其对逆境胁迫的适应能力以及在多种逆境胁迫下的交叉适应能力。     

Stress combination: When two negatives may become antagonistic,synergistic or additive for plants?

Plants in their natural environment are constantly subjected to various abiotic and biotic stressors and, therefore, have developed several defense mechanisms to maintain fitness. Stress responses are intricate and require various physiological, biochemical, and cellular changes in plants. The reaction mechanisms in plants subjected to drought, salinity, or heat stress alone have been explained in numerous studies. However, the field conditions are significantly different from the controlled lab...     

锶及柴油胁迫下3种杨树对土壤锶的富集特征

为探究杨树对土壤锶污染的修复能力,以白杨、俄罗斯杨和青杨为试材,在100 mg·kg~(-1)Sr~(2+),15mg·kg~(-1)柴油,15 mg·kg~(-1)柴油+100 mg·kg~(-1)Sr~(2+)条件下处理60 d,通过测定杨树的生长指标及各器官Sr~(2+)富集浓度,探讨比较不同种的杨树对土壤Sr~(2+)的富集特征和富集能力差异。结果表明,单一Sr~(2+)胁迫能够促进俄罗斯杨和青杨幼苗的生长,对白杨的生长表现出一定抑制效应;而柴油污染胁迫对杨树的生长均具有明显的抑制作用,其中白杨对柴油胁迫的耐受性优于俄罗斯杨和青杨。单独Sr~(2+)胁迫下3种杨树幼苗各器官Sr~(2+)富集为叶根茎,其中白杨的总富集浓度最高,达到2.369 mg·g~(-1)DW,青杨最低,为1.203 mg·g~(-1)DW。在柴油和Sr~(2+)的复合胁迫下,白杨、俄罗斯杨和青杨对Sr~(2+)的富集浓度明显减小,分别为1.344、1.145和0.604 mg·g~(-1)DW;但白杨和俄罗斯杨富集特征变化不大,青杨Sr~(2+)富集浓度最大的器官由叶变为根。此外,柴油的施加对3种杨树转运能力的影响具有显著差异,其中白杨的转运能力增强了15.76%,青杨显著降低了61.83%,说明杨树对土壤Sr~(2+)及其与柴油复合污染胁迫都有较好的耐受及Sr~(2+)富集能力,其中白杨更适合作为污染治理树种。本研究结果为锶及柴油污染土壤的植物修复提供了参考依据。     

Physiological Responses of Leymus Chinensis to Long-Term Salt,Alkali and Mixed Salt-Alkali Stresses

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel exposed to long-term salt, salt-alkali, and alkali stress in order to elucidate how L. chinensis can survive under alkaline-sodic soils. L. chinensis (30 days after germination) were stressed with salt [SS; sodium chloride (NaCl)], mixed salt-alkali [MS; molar ratio of NaCl: sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) = 2:1] and alkali salt (AS; Na₂CO₃) at four different levels of sodium (Na⁺) concentration (0, 75, 150, and 300 mM) for 60 days. L. chinensis showed 100% survival rate at all treatments except 300 mM SS (33.3%) and AS (18.9%). The growth and physiological parameters of survival plants were measured. As anticipated, growth of L. chinensis was inhibited after stresses, which reflected in the decline of plant height, dry weight and tiller number following the increased Na⁺ concentration. The content of Na⁺, proline, and soluble sugar in L. chinensis increased with the increasing Na⁺ concentration, suggesting that L. chinensis need to accumulate inorganic and organic solutes for resisting osmotic stress induced by various salt stresses. These processes ensure the water balance that can provide a relative normal physiological environment for L. chinensis. Potassium (K⁺) content of L. chinensis kept at a relative lower level than control to ensure the normal physiological processes. Chlorophyll content of stressed plant increased slightly compared to control plants, which can produce more energy for L. chinensis resisting various stresses. The increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content of stressed plants showed the damage of various stresses. Among the three treatments (SS, MS, and AS), the injury extent for L. chinensis can be expressed by AS>SS>MS, and MS was the most complicated for the counterbalance effects of soil electrical conduction and pH.     

Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on the molecular responses of maize under drought and heat stresses: A review

Drought and heat are major environmental stresses that continually influence plant growth and development. Under field conditions, these stresses occur more frequently in combination than alone, which magnifies corresponding detrimental effects on the growth and productivity of agriculturally important crops. Plant responses to such abiotic stresses are quite complex and manifested in a range of developmental, molecular, and physiological modifications that lead either to stress sensitivity or tolerance/resistance. Maize (Zea mays L.) is known for its sensitivity to abiotic stresses, which often results in substantial loss in crop productivity. Bioaugmentation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of drought and heat stresses on plants. Hence, this is considered a promising and eco-friendly strategy to ensure sustainable and long-term maize production under adverse climatic conditions. These microorganisms possess various plant growth-promoting (PGP) characteristics that can induce drought and heat tolerance in maize plants by directly or indirectly influencing molecular, metabolic, and physiological stress responses of plants. This review aims to assess the current knowledge regarding the ability of PGPR to induce drought and heat stress tolerance in maize plants. Furthermore, the drought and heat stress-induced expression of drought and heat stress response genes for this crop is discussed with the mechanisms through which PGPR alter maize stress response gene expression.