The fluorescent toolbox for assessing protein location and function

Advances in molecular biology, organic chemistry, and materials science have recently created several new classes of fluorescent probes for imaging in cell biology. Here we review the characteristic benefits and limitations of fluorescent probes to study proteins. The focus is on protein detection in live versus fixed cells: determination of protein expression, localization, activity state, and the possibility for combination of fluorescent light microscopy with electron microscopy. Small organic fluorescent dyes, nanocrystals ("quantum dots"), autofluorescent proteins, small genetic encoded tags that can be complexed with fluorochromes, and combinations of these probes are highlighted.     

Turning down the heat: design and mechanism in solid-state synthesis

Solid-state compounds have historically been prepared through high-temperature solid-solid reactions. New mechanistic understanding of these reactions suggests possible routes to metastable compositions and structures as well as to thermodynamically stable, low-temperature phases that decompose at higher temperatures. Intermediate-temperature synthetic techniques, including flux and hydrothermal methods, as well as low-temperature intercalation and coordination reactions, have recently been developed and have been used to prepare unprecedented materials with interesting electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. The trend in modern solid-state synthesis resembles increasingly the approach used in small-molecule chemistry, in the sense that attention to reaction mechanism and the use of molecular building blocks result in an ability to prepare new materials of designed structure.     

New mechanisms for chemistry at surfaces

It is becoming increasingly apparent that chemistry at surfaces, whether it be heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductors etching, or chemical vapor deposition, is controlled by much more than the nature and structure of the surface. Recent experiments that principally make use of molecular beam techniques have revealed that the energy at which an incident molecule collides with a surface can be the key factor in determining its reactivity with or on the surface. In addition, the collision energy of an incident particle has proven essential to the finding of new mechanisms for reaction or desorption of molecules at surfaces, collision-induced activation and collision-induced desorption. These phenomena are often responsible for the different surface chemistry observed under conditions of high reactant pressure, such as those present during a heterogeneous catalytic reaction, and of low pressure of reactants (< 10(-4) torr), such as those present in an ultrahigh vacuum surface science experiment. This knowledge of the microscopic origins of the effect of pressure on the chemistry at surfaces has allowed the development of a scheme to bypass the high-pressure requirement. Reactions that are normally observed only at high reactant pressures, and which are the ones most often of practical importance, can now be carried out in low-pressure, ultrahigh vacuum environments.     

Crystallization at Inorganic-organic Interfaces: Biominerals and Biomimetic Synthesis

Crystallization is an important process in a wide range of scientific disciplines including chemistry, physics, biology, geology, and materials science. Recent investigations of biomineralization indicate that specific molecular interactions at inorganic-organic interfaces can result in the controlled nucleation and growth of inorganic crystals. Synthetic systems have highlighted the importance of electrostatic binding or association, geometric matching (epitaxis), and stereochemical correspondence in these recognition processes. Similarly, organic molecules in solution can influence the morphology of inorganic crystals if there is molecular complementarity at the crystal-additive interface. A biomimetic approach based on these principles could lead to the development of new strategies in the controlled synthesis of inorganic nanophases, the crystal engineering of bulk solids, and the assembly of organized composite and ceramic materials.     

生物技术发展现状及展望

生物技术是２１世纪技术的核心，它是以现代分子生物学、生物化学和细胞生物学等生命科学最新成就为基础的现代综合性技术。生物技术越来越广泛地应用于农业、医药、工业的发展和环境保护等领域。世界生物技术将迎来一个快速发展的新时代     

生物藕合技术的原理及其应用

生物藕合是指将两种或多种分子进行键合的过程,此过程形成一个新的联合体,该联合体拥有其所有组分所具有的各特性。生物藕合技术自产生以来其应用不断推广,几乎已经涉及到生命科学领域的各个方面,也极大地推动了生物、化学、医学、农业等学科的发展。本文结合生物藕合技术的原理、特点,探讨了其发展与应用的推广与问题。     

Focal points in mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry has advanced with the renaissance of time-of-flight mass analysis, the use of ion traps as analyzers and reactors, the application of tandem mass spectrometers to problems in ionic reaction mechanisms and chemical analysis, and the development of new desorption ionization techniques. These developments have allowed determination of the molecular weight distributions for polymers through the 10,000-dalton range, as well as the molecular weight and partial sequence of biopolymers of similar size. Surfaces can be characterized by use of the mass, energy, and angle distributions of particles ejected by sputtering or by laser-induced desorption. Mass spectrometry has yielded new information on the kinetics of catalytic surface reactions and on the reactivity of metal clusters.     

肾上腺皮质肿瘤良恶性鉴别方法探究

肾上腺皮质肿瘤（Adrenocortical Tumor,ACT）是一种常见的肿瘤,存在于人体的内分泌系统中,并且是引发肾上腺皮质癌（Adrcnocortical Carcinoma,ACC）进而导致死亡的主要原因.经典的＂Weiss系统＂在诊断明确性上存在种种无法解决的问题,但随着科技水平的发展,人们开始探索新的途径来鉴别ACT的良恶性,于是开始有了影像学和分子生物学技术等特异性的检查方法,从而进一步增强了诊断的明确性.现通过对比的方式,探究肾上腺皮质肿瘤（Adrenocortical Tumor,ACT）影像学检查和分子生物学技术检查的结果,从而能更准确地鉴别其良恶性.     

生物科学若干问题的世纪回顾

20世纪前半期的生物学在动植物学分类和形态解剖学基础上建起了实验性学科，如生理、遗传和生物化学等，对机体各部分和细胞的结构功能及物质代谢进行卓有成效的研究。自60年代后，随着分子生物学兴起，导致今日生物科学的一次新飞跃，揭开了生命本质遗传密码的一致性和基因工程的新面貌，同时，由于工业发展和人口增长对生态环境破坏和生物资源的流失，也引起了人类对环境和生物保护的高度重视。就生物科学中的生命起源、基因学说、光合作用、生物固氮、呼吸代谢和生物多样性等重大课题的研究历程进行简要的回顾，旨在为读者提供一线索，参65。     

Reactions of organ crystals with gases

Although reactions of molecular crystals are much more widespread than has been generally appreciated (53), the great sensitivity of their rates to seemingly trivial changes in molecular structure clearly provides a major stumbling block to the general utilization of such processes. A key to understanding the effects of structural changes has been provided by the demonstration of anisotropy of such reactions discussed in this article. It is recognized, however, that many factors in addition to those aspects of the crystal structure utilized in the discussion above may play a part in determining reactivity of crystalline solids with gases. The recent ready availability of crystal structure data for molecular crystals should lead to a more rapid development of the principles governing the packing of such crystals and their reactivity. The resulting control of such reactions should not only provide the means of causing them when they are desired, as, for example, for synthesis, but also the means of preventing them when they are to be avoided, as in the stabilization of pharmaceuticals. Finally, it appears that we have only just begun to exploit the potential reaction specificity and the exciting possibilities resulting from the unique symmetry properties of the crystalline state.     

Using materials science

The science of the solid state has joined nuclear science and molecular biology as a field of major importance in the latter half of the 20th century. It took particular shape during the genesis of solid-state electronics and the post-transistor era of integrated circuits for telecommunications, computers, and digital signal machines. However, these developments were soon joined by techniques from the ancient fields of metallurgy and ceramics and contributions from the more current fields of synthetic polymers, rubbers, plastics, and modified bioorganic substances. This vast realm was characterized by a National Academy of Sciences study of the 1970's as "materials science and engineering." The public, as well as the scientific and engineering community, are currently concerned about the uses of research and development and the applications of knowledge for national progress. Consideration is given here to how well we are using the science of materials for industrial strength and such governmental objectives as national security and energy economy.     

土壤生物工程与持续农业

论述了土壤生物工程这一学科的产生、发展及其在发展持续农业中的重要作用     

Toward self-organization and complex matter

Beyond molecular chemistry based on the covalent bond, supramolecular chemistry aims at developing highly complex chemical systems from components interacting through noncovalent intermolecular forces. Over the past quarter century, supramolecular chemistry has grown into a major field and has fueled numerous developments at the interfaces with biology and physics. Some of the conceptual advances and future challenges are profiled here.     

Supramolecular chemistry: receptors, catalysts, and carriers

Supramolecular chemistry is the study of the structures and functions of the supermolecules that result from binding substrates to molecular receptors. Macropolycyclic receptors and coreceptors have been designed that form cryptate inclusion complexes and display molecular recognition towards spherical, tetrahedral, and linear substrates of various kinds (metal cations, inorganic anions, and organic or biological cations or anions). Anion binding has led to the development of anion coordination chemistry. Metalloreceptors simultaneously bind organic molecules and metal ions; speleands combine polar and nonpolar binding subunits. Receptors bearing reactive functional groups may act as molecular reagents or catalysts, performing a chemical transformation on the bound substrates (by such reactions as hydrogen transfer, ester cleavage, and protoadenosinetriphosphatase and protokinase activities). Receptors fitted with lipophilic groups can operate as molecular carriers, translocating bound species through a membrane; this transport can be coupled to chemical potentials (proton and redox gradients).     

新时期云南农业科技发展的思路及对策建议

通过对国内外农业科技发展趋势以及我国农业科技发展思路的分析。针对新时期农业的发展战略要求，提出了围绕农业的“优质、高产、高效、生态、安全”，拓宽研究领域，构建具有云南优势和特色的服务于发展山区四季型农业和沿边外向型优势特色农业的农业科技创新体系，按照“优先发展农业生物技术、信息技术及健康类农产品生产核心心技术等3项先导技术，攻克一批关键技术，实现组装配套和综合试验与示范，加强应用基础研究，做好科技前瞻性储备”3个层次来推进云南省农业科技发展的思路及其对策建议。     

Chemistry and chemical intermediates in supersonic free jet expansions

Short-lived intermediates often play key roles in determining the course of chemical reactions. Recently the combination of sophisticated laser techniques and supersonic free jet expansions has offered new insight into the structure and reactivity of such intermediates. Because of their extremely reactive nature the intermediates are produced in situ in the expansion. The free jet expansion provides cooling of the intermediates to very low temperatures, so that even complex organic free radicals and molecular ions can be identified and characterized. Radical-radical reactions and ionic cluster formation likewise proceed in the expansion and can be monitored by laser spectroscopy.     

Solid-state chemistry: a a rediscovered chemical frontier

Chemical bonding in solids is not completely understood, mainly because of the wide variation in the chemical properties of the elements. Many difficult challenges remain in predicting the composition, structure, and the properties of new materials. Consequently, the synthesis of novel solids is as much an art as a science. Discoveries of new compounds and structure types highlight the versatility that nature has allowed with the relatively small number of elements. This article explores the long-term challenges in solid-state chemistry and then focuses on efforts at Cornell to prepare new solids.     

基因芯片技术在细菌学研究中的应用进展

基因芯片技术的诞生是基于人类基因组计划的成果,是融微电子学、生物学、物理学、化学、计算机科学为一体的新技术.能够广泛应用于基因表达分析、突变检测、核酸多态性分析、基因测序和药物筛选等几乎所有的生物学研究领域.综述了基因芯片技术的发展历史、原理、检测细菌的程序、在细菌学研究中的应用、存在的问题及其应用前景.     

渔业资源学研究发展现状及趋势

为探究渔业资源学研究的发展历程,分析各时间段的研究热点、关注问题及其变化趋势,为我国渔业资源学的发展提供参考。基于Web of Science核心合集的文献数据,利用文献计量学方法和Citespace软件可视化功能,对渔业资源学研究文献的年度分布、学科类别以及研究现状和热点等方面进行分析。结果显示,研究文献总体呈现稳步增长趋势,特别是2017年以来发文量呈现快速增长态势。研究热点与前沿主要有：重视渔业资源评估的研究;开展渔业管理方法与实践以及对渔业的影响研究;开展软骨鱼类、硬骨鱼类以及经济头足类的渔业生物学和生态学研究;开展气候变化或人类活动对渔业资源及鱼类的影响研究。研究认为,未来渔业资源学研究应重点开展以下工作：(1)通过学科交叉创新渔业生物学研究新技术和新方法,摸清重要经济种类和关键种类的生物学特性;(2)不断创新渔业资源评估技术,实现对重要经济种类资源量及可捕量的科学估算;(3)开发渔业资源管理与养护的新方法,实现渔业资源的可持续利用;(4)促进人工智能和大数据等新技术在渔业资源研究中的应用。随着人们对渔业种群认识和研究的深入,以及研究手段和方法不断发展,未来渔业资源研究将会向...