扎实推进淤地坝建设 加快黄河上中游水土流失防治步伐

黄河上中游地区水土流失防治的主要经验是:坚持以小流域为单元综合治理、突出抓好坡改梯和淤地坝建设,坚持人与自然和谐相处的理念、充分发挥生态的自我修复能力,坚持预防为主、依法落实水土保持"三同时"制度,坚持水土流失治理与区域经济发展紧密结合、建设水土保持大示范区。黄河上中游地区的水土流失防治虽取得了显著成绩,但水土流失量大面广、侵蚀严重的状况尚未得到根本扭转。搞好黄河上中游地区水土流失防治,应突出搞好淤地坝建设,抓好以下几项工作:一是加强工程前期工作,确保规划设计科学合理;二是加强工程建设的领导与协调,加快淤地坝建设步伐;三是加强工程建设管理,确保工程质量;四是加强淤地坝建后管护,确保工程发挥效益。     

新形势下黄河中游多沙粗沙区水土保持工作的新思路

通过分析当前我国水土保持工作面临的新形势和黄河中游多沙粗沙区地域环境、自然资源环境、经济社会人文环境及水土流失的严重性和水土保持工作的艰巨性 ,提出了新形势下该区水土保持工作的新思路 :树立全局观念 ,将整个黄河中游多沙粗沙区的水土流失综合治理纳入到黄河下游防洪体系中统一考虑 ;尽快构筑以蓄水拦沙为目的的治沟骨干工程防护体系 ;面上的水土流失治理依然要以小流域为单元 ,实行山水田林路统一规划、综合治理 ;开发区的水土保持工作 ,要严格执行有关法律、法规 ,切实加强预防监督 ,深入贯彻落实“三同时”制度 ;深化改革、实行机制创新 ,建立治理与开发相结合的制度 ,真正做到以开发促治理、以治理保开发     

深入贯彻落实中央决策部署 推进水土流失有效治理与区域经济社会和谐发展

黄河上中游水土保持工作自黄河中游水土保持委员会十次会议以来,委员会各成员单位按照中央关于加快水利改革发展的一系列决策部署,认真履行沟通情况、组织协调、研究建议、总结推广等职责,取得了新成效:一是项目带动,综合治理整体推进,两年新增水土流失综合治理面积2.2万km2;二是严格执法,预防监督力度加大;三是夯实基础,前期工作取得突破;四是政策驱动,体制机制不断创新;五是丰富载体,宣传教育深入开展。今后两年的重点工作是:扎实做好水土保持规划和重大项目立项实施工作,切实加强水土保持配套法规和监督执法能力建设,进一步健全水土保持生态补偿机制,积极探索和推广重点区域水土流失治理的新模式,加快推进辖区内重点区域的生态保护与建设。     

统一思想 全面推进黄河流域水土保持工作

黄河上中游地区水土流失严重、生态环境特别脆弱 ,水土保持生态建设任重道远。水土保持生态建设的思路是 :按照中央提出的“统筹人与自然和谐发展”的要求 ,统筹兼顾“三农”问题、改善生态环境和减少入黄泥沙三大目标 ,以多沙粗沙区为重点 ,加强淤地坝建设和生态修复     

黄河上中游水土保持改革开放40年实践与启示

黄土高原最大的环境问题是水土流失,治理水土流失、保护和建设良好生态环境是黄河上中游地区可持续发展的前提和基础,是保证黄河安澜的治本之策。改革开放40年来,黄河上中游地区在水土保持生态建设方面进行了不懈的探索和实践,取得了显著成效,获得了宝贵的经验。结合新时代新任务新要求,提出了黄河上中游水土保持工作的新思路。     

统一思想 通力合作 努力完成黄河流域水土保持各项任务

<正> 1 1996年黄河中游的水土保持工作1.1 对水土流失的治理仍保持了较高的发展速度“八五”期间,黄河中游地区平均每年开展水土流失治理面积9000km~2.1996年,据各省(区)年报统计,全年共开展水土流失治理面积10800km~2,实际保存冶理面积6000多km~2,略高于“八五”期间的平均水平.随着水土流失的治理难度越来越大,连续多年保持这     

把握形势 依法依规 推进黄河上中游地区水土保持工作

新常态下,黄河上中游水土保持工作既面临机遇又面临挑战。为推进黄河上中游地区的水土保持工作,我们要结合黄河中游水土保持委员会第十二次会议精神,着力推进如下几方面的工作:一要把握好生态文明建设这个战略任务;二要把握好依法防治这个关键引领;三要把握好深化改革这个基本动力;四要把握好顶层设计这个总体抓手;五要把握好综合治理这个原则遵循;六要把握好能力建设这个重要支撑。     

抓住机遇 突出重点 加快黄河上中游水土保持生态建设步伐

黄河上中游地区水土保持生态建设 ,到 2 0 10年要完成水土流失治理面积 12 .1万km2 ,初步在 2 5条重点支流(片 )建成较为完善的沟道坝系 ,基本遏制黄土高原水土流失严重的状况。其工作重点是以淤地坝工程为切入点 ,加快小流域综合治理 ;以退耕还林为主要措施 ,加快生态自然修复和植被恢复。各省区须切实加强领导 ,坚持科学规划 ,推进科技创新 ,建立多元化投入机制 ,进一步完善产权制度 ,加快淤地坝和“五荒”资源经营权的合理流转 ,并在完善配套法规 ,依法加强管理的基础上处理好生态效益与经济效益的关系、建设与管护的关系、工程措施与生物措施和耕作措施的关系、当前利益与长远利益的关系、政府推动与市场导向的关系     

抓住新一轮西部大开发战略机遇 推动黄河上中游水土保持又好又快发展

"十一五"期间,黄河上中游地区共治理水土流失面积5.6万km2,重点工程建设取得新成效,预防保护与生态修复取得新进展,监督执法专项行动取得新成果,基础工作水平有了新提高,体制机制改革有了新突破。到"十二五"末,要完成水土流失治理面积6.15万km2,建设淤地坝1.4万座,年均减少入黄泥沙5亿t。2011年,流域各级政府和相关部门要着力做好以下4个方面的工作:以搞好重点工程建设为抓手,不断提高水土保持工作的质量和效益;以实施最严格的水土保持监督监测制度为手段,加大对生产建设项目的监督管理力度;以攻克水土保持关键技术难题为重点,全面加强基础工作,健全水土保持生态建设与保护的长效机制;以建立健全水土保持生态补偿机制为突破口,深化改革创新,不断增强水土保持发展的内生动力。     

开发建设项目新增水土流失预测研究取得突破

由黄委晋陕蒙接壤地区水土保持监督局承担的水利部水利技术开发基金项目“黄河中游地区开发建设项目新增水土流失预测研究”，在中科院水利部水保所、黄河水利科学研究院、西安理工大学、绥德水土保持试验站及陕西省治沙研究所等单位的大力协助下，     

真菌及混合菌对锯木屑类腐殖质形成和转化的影响

采用液体摇瓶培养,在接种单一真菌(木霉、黑曲霉或青霉)和混合菌情况下,研究其对锯木屑类腐殖质组成和转化的影响,旨在揭示微生物利用木质素形成腐殖质的可能性,为土壤腐殖质形成提供理论参考和依据。结论如下:(1)在培养体系中,黑曲霉、青霉和混合菌在培养初期的快速繁殖致使代谢液中可溶性碳数量降低,随菌落繁殖渐趋平衡,降解作用增强,残留物中有机碳组分不断向代谢液中释放有机碳小分子,菌球的吸附作用更加速了这一过程,促使代谢液中有机碳数量急剧增加。木霉对残留物的降解作用显著,随后部分微生物量碳随菌体死亡重新进入残留物中,使得代谢液有机碳数量先增加后减少。整个培养过程中,残留物中碳的数量因降解作用而呈减少趋势。(2)WSS表现为先降低后升高的趋势。(3)接种菌悬液可迅速增大HLA和HLu的含碳量。青霉处理HLA组分一直处于降解阶段,而其他3个处理在培养初期均有利于HLA降解,随微生物自身合成和缩合作用的进一步增强,新的HLA形成。(4)培养初期,FLA的形成速度大于HLA,随后FLA逐渐向HLA转化。(5)培养结束后,各处理FLA分子趋于简单,而HLA分子在整个培养过程中先简单化,而后趋于复杂,新形成的HLA分子结构较复杂。(6)培养初期,木霉和黑曲霉的繁殖促使HLu数量增大,后期HLu逐渐向易溶态有机碳转化,青霉在培养中前期对HLu主要表现为降解,后期随菌体数量扩大,HLu数量再次提高,而混合菌处理HLu的数量一直处于递减状态。培养结束后,各处理HLu的数量均有所增加。     

Mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and micromorphology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene loesses and paleosols in the center of the East European Plain

The mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and microfabrics of the cryogenic soil-loess sequences of the Middle and Late Pleistocene ages have been studied near the northern boundary of loess sediments on the East European Plain. Poorly ordered mixed-layered mica-smectitic minerals with different portions of smectitic layers predominate in the clay fraction; di-and trioctahedral hydromicas occupy the second place. The clay fraction also contains chlorite, clay-size quartz grains, and feldspars. Individual smectite is present in some of the samples. Interstadial chernozem-like paleosols are specified by the higher content of clay, the maximum concentration of smectitic layers in the mixed-layered minerals, and the presence of individual smectite. The clay fraction in the profiles of interglacial paleosols is sharply differentiated: in the eluvial part, it is depleted of smectite and enriched in kaolinite, hydromica, and clay-size quartz. These features allow us to suppose that interglacial paleosols were subjected to podzolization processes. According to the mineralogical indices, Middle Pleistocene paleosols can be differentiated into those subjected to lessivage (the Kamenskii interglacial paleosol) and podzolization (the Inzhavin interglacial paleosol).     

Overview of the structure and the challenges of Japanese wildlife law and policy

Japan has a variety of laws to conserve and manage wildlife and biodiversity. This article reviews Japanese laws from conservation of endangered species to the fish and game code, and indicates the issues and challenges they face. It then discusses the issues and challenges for management in the application of the laws.The Japanese statute for conservation of endangered species corresponds to the US Endangered Species Act in appearance, but is much more limited in application and scope. There is no legal channel, such as lawsuits, to assure citizens’ and experts’ input. With respect to general species, management of fish and animals are divided; the fish code’s scope is limited to fishery purposes. Control of wildlife damage is the biggest emphasis in the wildlife code. Reform to bring principles of scientific management into pest control has begun, but conventional culling is still the norm.Japan’ wildlife and fish management is distinctive in relying upon local resource users, instead of on a strong regulatory agency. This is a consequence of traditional communal management, and is apparent in coastal fisheries. The depopulation and exhaustion of rural communities, however, makes it difficult to rely on the community for management. In particular, wildlife management, which relies on aging hunters, is facing a turning point. To address these changes, agencies must be strengthened and lawmakers must enact a mechanism to assure sound science in wildlife policy, while working to revitalize rural communities.     

下一代Internet发展综述——下一代Internet的产生和发展

本文论述了IPV6产生的社会原因,阐述了国外发达国家下一代Internet的发展状况和中国下一代Internet的发展状况及最新进展。     

Solods of the Baraba Lowland and the Priobskoe Plateau: Their properties and genesis and the methods of their diagnostics

The properties, hydrological features, and genesis of the solods occurring in the Baraba Lowland and Priobskoe Plateau were studied. Methods for determining the hydromorphism degree are considered; the features of the similarity and differences between the solods and other soils with textural profile differentiation are shown. Depending on the reasons for the waterlogging, the solods should be divided into two groups: the solods of groundwater waterlogging and the solods of surface waterlogging. Criteria for their discrimination are suggested: the ratio between the contents of the clay fraction in the parent rock (or in the B2 horizon) and that in the A2 horizon, the changes in the pH values along the soil profiles, and the content of nonsilicate iron compounds. The solods studied are shown to be formed under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative regime and gleying. This circumstance is an obligatory and sufficient reason for the formation of the light-colored acid eluvial (A2) horizons. According to some basic properties of the soil solid phase (the acidity, the total chemical composition, and the clay pattern in the eluvial part), the gleyed solods are close or identical to the gleyed soddy-podzolic and gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils. At the same time, the solods differ from the gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils by their thicker A1 (or Ap) horizon and their higher humus content (5–7%).     

优化书库环境加强图书保护

通过分析损害图书的各种自然因素,阐明优化书库环境、加强图书保护的重要性。     

水氮耦合对苹果光合特性和果实品质的影响

通过不同灌水量和施氮处理,研究水氮耦合对红富士苹果光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明:红富士苹果的光合特性在不同水肥组合下的变化不同,其光合作用存在明显的“午休”现象。中水高肥和高水高肥的肥水组合对光合速率的保持有一定的作用。低水中肥的肥水组合的蒸腾速率最低,保水效果最好。中度水分供应条件下,施用较多的氮肥可以提高气孔导度利于光合的进行。肥水管理以灌溉量5250m³/hm²、氮肥施用量600kg/hm²方案能获得较高的品质效益。     

陶寺古城形成与选址的环境与文化背景研究

临汾地区的陶寺遗址是黄河中游地区发现的夏代之前的都邑性古城。通过对临汾地区和陶寺遗址区域自然环境条件的研究和分析,结合区域考古学文化的发展,探讨了陶寺古城的形成原因以及选址影响因素。研究表明:全新世中期至陶寺文化时期,临汾盆地由于较为暖湿的气候条件、良好的土地资源和水资源条件,区域内的新石器文化获得了持续发展。仰韶文化中晚期,我国中原地区及北方地区的新石器文化均获得了快速发展。临汾地区不仅处于这一文化发达区域的中心位置,而且地处我国中原核心地区同北方和东北地区文化交流的重要通道上,同时也是我国东西向文化交流的通道之一,由于这种优越的地理位置,临汾地区的区域文化优势地位逐渐显露出来。相当于龙山文化晚期的陶寺文化时期,相较其他中原核心地区,临汾地区受水患影响较小,区域文化的强势地位进一步凸显,因而成为都邑性古城兴起之地。陶寺文化时期,古城所在的黄土台地冲沟尚未下切,南河和宋村沟均为宽浅的沟谷型河流,高于平原地面的黄土台地既有利于设防又能有效规避水患,在塔儿山上游地区拥有较大汇水面积的南河和宋村沟又可以提供丰富稳定的水源,因而是营建古城的理想场所。     

Glyphosate and the response of the soil microbiota

Limited information on the effect of glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) on soil microorganisms justified an inquiry into the response of soil actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi in terms of their respiration, and sensitivity of isolates. Low concentrations of glyphosate had little effect on total populations of these organisms during the 214-day experiment, while high concentrations initially increased actinomycete and bacterial numbers by 2 and 1$\text{case1}\text{2}$ logs, respectively. The stimulation was followed by a decline and fluctuation showing a gradual increase in numbers. The respiration rates of the soil microbiota in soil suspensions, showed some irregular stimulation and retardation with up to 10 μg glyphosate ml^?1. In contrast high doses suppressed O₂ uptake by the microbiota. Fungi were the least affected. Pronounced inhibition of actinomycete and bacterial respiration was in agreement with the results from isolate replication. The results indicated both stimulation and inhibition of O₂ uptake by some organisms within these groups. In contrast to some reports of limited, short-term inquiries these results showed considerable effects of glyphosate on soil microorganisms.