孕穗期渍水逆境对冬小麦氮素代谢和产量的影响

采用池栽试验,研究孕穗期渍水逆境对冬小麦氮素营养和产量的影响.结果表明:孕穗期渍水显著地影响冬小麦氮素的吸收量,降低茎鞘、叶片和全株的相对含氮量和绝对含氮量,对氮素在不同器官的分配影响较小,从而导致旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率降低,最终使粒重和产量下降.     

土壤渍水对孕穗期冬小麦氮磷钾营养的影响

采用盆栽和池栽试验,研究了孕穗期土壤渍水逆境对不同小麦品种N、P、K素吸收、运输和分配影响。结果表明,孕穗期土壤渍水逆境显著影响小麦根系对N、P、K素的吸收,降低根系、茎鞘、功能叶片和全株N、P、K素相对含量和绝对含量,而对N、P、K素在地上部各器官中的分配比例影响较小。由于土壤渍水逆境影响了小麦根系正常吸收N、P、K素营养,严重影响小麦功能叶片正常光合性能,最终使小麦单穗结实粒数、粒重和产量下降。     

孕穗期根际土壤淹水对小麦氮素代谢和产量的影响

采用池栽试验 ,研究了孕穗期根际土壤淹水对小麦氮素营养和产量的影响。研究结果表明 :孕穗期根际土壤淹水显著影响小麦氮素的吸收量 ,降低茎鞘、叶片和全株相对含氮量和绝对含氮量 ,而对氮素在不同器官的分配影响较小。孕穗期根际土壤淹水导致旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率降低 ,最终使粒重和产量下降     

花后渍水逆境对冬小麦产量及氮磷钾营养状况的影响

 采用盆栽模拟渍水逆境试验方法,研究了花后渍水逆境对不同耐渍性小麦品种产量及N、P、K营养状况的影响。结果表明,花后渍水逆境显著降低不同小麦品种粒重和籽粒产量,影响N、P、K吸收、运转和分配,降低根系、茎鞘、功能叶片、籽粒N、P、K积累量,而对N、P、K素在地上部各器官中的分配比例的影响各异,渍水逆境导致根系、功能叶片N、P积累量占单株总积累量的比例下降,茎鞘和籽粒所占比例上升;而对K在地上部各器官中的分配比例影响较小。因此,基肥中施足P、K肥和拔节孕穗期及时追施速效N肥,对于减轻花后小麦渍害,提高受渍小麦粒重和产量具有非常重要的实际意义。     

氮肥运筹技术对孕穗期受渍小麦旗叶衰老特性的影响

研究了孕穗期土壤渍水逆境对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的影响。结果表明,孕穗期土壤渍水逆境严重影响旗叶SOD、POD活性,降低旗叶叶绿素含量,从而加速了小麦衰老。不同氮素运筹技术与小麦后期旗叶衰老有着密切关系。基肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥3:5:2处理与10:0:0处理相比,显著提高了旗叶SOD和POD的活性,增加旗叶叶绿素含量,减少旗叶细胞内过氧化物的积累,显著延缓了旗叶叶片衰老进程。     

孕穗至灌浆期土壤渍水对冬小麦N、P、K素含量和积累量的影响

运用盆栽模拟土壤渍水逆境试验,研究孕穗期和灌浆期土壤渍水对不同小麦品种根系和地上部分N、P 、K素吸收和运转影响.结果表明,土壤渍水逆境对不同小麦品种N、P 、K素吸收的影响有异.孕穗期土壤渍水逆境显著影响根系对N、P素的吸收与运转 ,而对K素吸收与运转影响较小;灌浆期渍水逆境不仅影响根系对N、P、K素的吸收,同时也影响N、P素在地下与地上部器官的运转,但对K素在小麦体内的运转和分配影响较小.     

孕穗期渍水逆境对冬小麦干物质积累与分配的影响

于1997～1999年在安徽农业大学试验总场进行试验,采用柱载试验,研究了孕穗期渍水逆境对小责中后期干物质积累与分配的影响。研究结果表明：孕穗期渍水逆境促使单茎绿叶衰亡加快,单茎绿叶干重、单茎茎鞘干重和穗干重下降;同时严重影响小麦中后期各器官干物质的积累、运转和分配,最终导致粒重和产量下降。     

渍水逆境对冬小麦经济产量的影响

采用人工模拟渍水逆境的试验方法，研究了5个不同生育时期渍水逆境对6个冬小麦品种经营产量影响。结果表明，不同生育时期渍水逆境对产量影响的相对受害率（RIR）差异及耐渍性，不同品种产量相对受害率（RIR）差异达极显著水平，孕穗期渍水逆境对产量影响最大，其次是灌浆期和拔节期，苗期渍水对产量影响最小。     

拔节孕穗期渍水及补肥措施对小麦淮麦28产量和干物质积累的影响

研究拔节孕穗期不同渍水时间及渍后不同补肥措施对小麦产量及干物质积累等性状的影响。结果表明,拔节孕穗期小麦渍水时间越长则减产越多,渍水5 d处理较对照减产20.1%;渍水后补肥有补救效果,且补肥量越大效果越好,渍水1 d不补肥的667 m²产量为520 kg,与对照无差异。小麦拔节孕穗期渍水对花前干物质积累影响较小,但降低了花后干物质的积累,补肥有利于干物质的积累;渍水时间延长,干物质积累会减少。     

孕穗期渍水对小麦花后根系形态、抗氧化酶活性及籽粒产量的影响

为明确孕穗期土壤渍水对花后不同土层小麦生长发育和产量的影响,本研究以扬麦18和烟农19为供试品种,采用管栽方式,在小麦孕穗期进行渍水5 d、10 d和15 d处理,以无渍水处理为对照(CK),分析孕穗期不同渍水持续时间对花后不同土层小麦根系形态、抗氧化酶活性和产量及构成要素的影响。结果表明：孕穗期渍水能显著影响小麦花后根系形态、抗氧化酶活性和产量。随孕穗期渍水持续时间的延长,花后6 d和18 d,不同土层小麦根系累计根长、累计根表面积、累计根体积及根平均直径均呈减少趋势;各渍水持续时间处理下,根系累计根长、累计根表面积、累计根体积、根平均直径与CK的相对值变化不大。随孕穗期渍水持续时间的延长,花后18 d不同土层根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性都呈减少趋势,而丙二醛(MDA)含量呈增加趋势;小麦成熟期茎叶的干物质分配指数呈增加趋势,而籽粒的干物质分配指数呈减少趋势。孕穗期渍水通过影响穗粒数及千粒质量使籽粒产量降低。花后18 d 20.1～60.0 cm土层的累计根长、累计根表面积、累计根体积及根系SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量及产量之间的相关性极显著。     

Effects of Waterlogging in Different Growth Stages on the Photosynthesis,Growth,Yield,and Protein Content of Three Wheat Cultivars in Jianghan Plain

To maintain high wheat grain yield in areas where frequent and periodic waterlogging occurs,the effects of waterlogging on the photosynthesis,growth,yield,and protein content of three wheat cultivars,namely Xiangmai55(X55),Jingmai102(J102),and Zhengmai9023(Z9023),in four different growth stages were investigated.Experiments were conducted in specially designed experimental tanks in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 wheat growing seasons in China.Results showed that X55 was the most susceptible to waterlogging,followed by J102 and Z9023.Chlorophyll content reduction and leaf senescence,which resulted in decreased green-to-total leaf number ratio,were induced to the greatest extents by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages,followed by milky stage.Meanwhile,chlorophyll content in flag leaf,plant height were significantly decreased by waterlogging in jointing stage but effectively recovered after waterlogging withdrawal,and recovery ability varied among the cultivars.Plant biomass and grain yield were most significantly decreased by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages,followed by milky and jointing stages.Grain protein content was also considerably affected by waterlogging depending on growth stage and cultivars.The decreased grain yield caused by waterlogging was mostly due to the sharp decline in 1 000-grain mass.Waterlogging led to reduced protein yield in all growth stages in three wheat cultivars.Above all,in this experiment,waterlogging decreased grain yield significantly,and waterlogging at booting stage and flowering stage was most serious.Comparing the three cultivars,X55 was most sensitive to waterlogging.     

Effects of Waterlogging in Different Growth Stages on the Photosynthesis,Growth, Yield,and Protein Content of Three Wheat Cultivars in Jianghan Plain

To maintain high wheat grain yield in areas where frequent and periodic waterlogging occurs, the effects of waterlog-ging on the photosynthesis, growth, yield, and protein content of three wheat cultivars, namely Xiangmai55 (X55), Jingmai102 (J102), and Zhengmai9023 (Z9023), in four different growth stages were investigated. Experiments were conducted in special y designed experimental tanks in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 wheat growing seasons in China. Results showed that X55 was the most susceptible to waterlogging, fol owed by J102 and Z9023. Chlorophyl content reduction and leaf senescence, which resulted in decreased green-to-total leaf number ratio, were induced to the greatest extents by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages, fol owed by milky stage. Meanwhile, chlorophyl content in flag leaf, plant height were significantly decreased by waterlogging in jointing stage but effectively recovered after waterlogging withdrawal, and recovery ability varied among the cultivars. Plant biomass and grain yield were most significantly decreased by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages, fol owed by milky and jointing stages. Grain protein content was also considerably affected by waterlogging depending on growth stage and cultivars. The decreased grain yield caused by waterlogging was mostly due to the sharp decline in 1 000-grain mass. Waterlogging led to reduced protein yield in al growth stages in three wheat cul-tivars. Above al , in this experiment, waterlogging decreased grain yield significantly, and waterlogging at booting stage and flow-ering stage was most serious. Comparing the three cultivars, X55 was most sensitive to waterlogging.     

孕穗期湿害对小麦灌浆特性及产量的影响

选用耐湿性不同的三个栽培品种,运用人工模拟湿害的试验方法研究孕穗期湿害对冬小麦灌浆特性及产量的影响。结果表明：孕穗期湿害使籽粒灌浆期缩短;籽粒鲜重,干重下降;灌浆速率降低;单穗结实粒数和千粒重及经济疾病下降。其生理原因是由于叶片Ｐｎ,叶绿素含量,单茎绿叶数,单茎地上干重,单茎地下干重和根系活力的下降所致。     

稻茬小麦公顷产量9000 kg群体糖氮代谢特征

【目的】探讨稻茬小麦籽粒产量9 000 kg•hm-2群体糖氮代谢特征及关键生育期糖氮营养诊断指标。【方法】2010-2012年,在稻麦两熟条件下,以中筋小麦扬麦20为材料,采用三因素裂区设计,以施氮量（纯N）为主区,设210 kg•hm-2、262.5 kg•hm-2两个水平;以施氮比例为副区,设基肥﹕壮蘖肥﹕拔节肥﹕穗肥分别为3﹕1﹕3﹕3、5﹕1﹕2﹕2两个水平;以穗肥追氮时期为裂区,设剑叶露尖、孕穗期、抽穗期和开花期4个水平。通过试验构建稻茬小麦不同产量群体,分析不同产量群体植株可溶性糖、氮含量及糖氮比动态特征及其与产量的关系,提出籽粒产量9 000 kg•hm-2左右稻茬小麦关键生育期糖氮代谢诊断指标。【结果】随小麦生育进程推移,不同产量群体植株可溶性糖含量及糖氮比在越冬始期和孕穗至开花期出现峰值,返青期出现低谷,花后下降直至成熟;植株氮含量逐渐下降,其中越冬始期至拔节期迅速降低,拔节至孕穗期降幅减慢,孕穗期至成熟期缓慢下降。籽粒产量9 000 kg•hm-2以上群体孕穗期植株可溶性糖、氮含量及开花期植株氮含量显著高于籽粒产量9 000 kg•hm-2以下群体;成熟期植株可溶性糖含量低于籽粒产量9 000 kg•hm-2以下群体,2010-2011年度差异达显著水平,2010-2011年度差异未达显著水平;成熟期植株糖氮比显著低于籽粒产量9 000 kg•hm-2以下群体;其他生育期植株可溶性糖、氮含量及糖氮比群体间差异均未达显著水平。孕穗期植株可溶性糖、氮含量及开花期植株氮含量与产量呈线性正相关,乳熟期植株可溶性糖及氮含量与产量呈抛物线关系,成熟期植株可溶性糖含量与产量呈线性负相关。籽粒产量9 000 kg•hm-2左右群体孕穗期、开花期、乳熟期及成熟期植株可溶性糖含量分别为14.56%-16.78%、14.52%-16.82%、10.59%-11.23%、1.62%-1.76%,氮含量分别为1.55%-1.64%、1.47%-1.57%、1.28%-1.30%、1.15%-1.20%,糖氮比分别为9.37-10.25、9.80-10.69、8.29-8.77、1.41-1.48。【结论】稻茬小麦实现籽粒产量9 000 kg•hm-2需要在越冬始期至拔节期具有较高的糖、氮营养和协调的糖氮比,关键在于孕穗期至开花期具有高可溶性糖及氮含量,开花后具有高碳素积累量及向籽粒的转化率。     

氮肥运筹对孕穗期渍害冬小麦灌浆特性的影响

采用裂区设计研究了不同氮肥运筹对孕穗期渍害冬小麦灌浆特性的影响,结果表明:孕穗期渍害显著减小了小麦籽粒体积和籽粒质量,降低灌浆速率,缩短灌浆各期时间;氮肥后移显著增加了小麦籽粒体积和籽粒质量,提高了灌浆速率,而对灌浆时期参数无显著影响;各灌浆参数按与冬小麦籽粒最终千粒质量的关联度高低分别为平均灌浆速率、快增期灌浆速率、缓增期灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率、渐增期灌浆速率,与各灌浆时期参数关联性不显著。综合评价认为,生产中在沿淮行蓄洪区孕穗期易受渍害的大田推荐基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=3∶5∶2的氮肥运筹以减轻影响。