水稻开花期冠层温度与土壤水分及产量结构的关系

在开花期对水稻进行不同梯度水分胁迫处理,研究了水稻开花期冠层温度与土壤水分状况及产量结构之间的关系。 水稻开花期冠层温度一般低于气温,但土壤含水量对冠层温度有显著影响,土壤含水量越低,水稻冠层温度越高,冠气温差绝对值越小,并且在13：00时冠气温差与对照差别最大,认为13：00可以作为测定冠气温差的最适时间。通过对开花时间进行观察,发现土壤含水量最低的处理,植株开花高峰提前,开花时间集中在花期的最初3 d,其平均穗长较小,穗重较轻;而土壤含水量较高的处理与对照一致,开花时间主要集中在花期中间时段,平均穗长较大,穗重较重。土壤含水量越低,每穗饱粒数越少。     

高温条件下水稻耐感品种冠层微气象特征差异

采用模型法模拟水稻热害过程是研究水稻热害的重要途径,而找到用于模拟的参数是开展这一工作的前提。本试验于2017年采用日本研制的水稻冠层微气象测定仪MINCER,捕获不同温度耐性水稻品种(耐/感)开花期在高温条件下的冠层微气象参数,并与试验地点附近国家基本气象站观察的数据(对照)进行对比。结果表明,与对照点相比,热害发生时,白天(9∶00—19∶00)耐性品种N22水稻冠层内部温度低1.6℃、相对湿度高12.4个百分点,晚间(20∶00—5∶00)水稻冠层内部温度低0.6℃、相对湿度高1.8个百分点;白天感性品种IR64水稻冠层内部温度低1.6℃、相对湿度高16.2个百分点,晚间感性品种IR64水稻冠层内部温度低0.8℃、相对湿度高2.3个百分点。热害发生时,田间水稻冠层内的温湿度与大气环境具有差异,且温湿度变化幅度白天大于夜间,在部分时段出现了冠层内温度高于对照点的异常现象。上述结果说明,未来设定水稻热害鉴定条件、模拟水稻热害受害过程及利用数学模型模拟热害胁迫时,对于白天和夜间的气象条件应加以区分,同时模拟时利用的气象数据应主要以冠层处为准,这对于提高模型预测的准确性具有重要意义。     

地膜覆盖旱直播栽培对水稻产量及群体冠层特性的影响

通过田间试验,研究了地膜覆盖旱直播栽培水稻群体冠层的结构特性、生态特性以及产量和产量构成。结果表明：地膜覆盖旱直播栽培水稻产量高于常规水育秧栽培（CK）,有效穗数和成穗率增加。地膜覆盖旱直播栽培冠层各个层次的覆盖指数都显著低于常规水育秧栽培,冠层中、下层平均叶倾角大于常规水育秧栽培,叶片直立,增加了光的通透性。地膜覆盖旱直播栽培水稻冠层空气最高温度延迟2 h达到,且小于对照;冠层空气CO2浓度则较对照延迟2 h达到最低点,且12：00之前高于对照,14：00之后则低于对照;冠层空气水分含量12：00之前小于对照,14：00之后则略大于对照。说明地膜覆盖旱直播栽培改善了群体结构和生态特性,为水稻高产提供了较好的生态基础。     

贵州水稻二化螟成虫羽化和交配节律研究

为明确贵州水稻二化螟成虫昼夜行为节律,在白天(25±1)℃、湿度60%～70%,夜间温度(20±1)℃、湿度80%～90%,自然光照条件下,系统观察了贵州水稻二化螟成虫的羽化和交配节律。结果表明,贵州水稻二化螟羽化和交配行为具有明显的昼夜节律。雌、雄成虫羽化节律一致,羽化高峰期均发生在天黑前1 h(19:00—19:59),其中雌虫和雄虫的羽化百分率分别为60.8%和53.2%;开始交配时间主要在天黑后2 h(20:00—21:59),占63.8%,交配结束时间主要集中于24:00—00:59,占48.7%,03:00后全部结束;雌雄成虫交配持续时间平均为2.7 h。     

东北水稻生长发育和产量对夜间升温的响应

 采用两套开放式增温系统,在吉林公主岭开展了4年的水稻全生育期夜间增温试验。结果表明,全生育期冠层夜间温度平均升高0.7℃~1.0℃,水稻始花期提前2~3 d,但灌浆时间延长1~2 d。夜间增温对水稻净光合速率无显著影响,但显著提高剑叶面积、花后总绿叶面积和叶面积指数,其中吉粳81和吉粳83叶面积指数提高了40.0%和45.5%。夜间增温下,水稻地上部生物量和籽粒产量呈现递增趋势,增幅皆为10%左右;有效穗数和每穗粒数分别提高7.0%和5.7%。夜间温度升高主要通过缓解低温对水稻生长的影响,其对东北寒地水稻的直接效应将以增产为主。     

适宜高纬度高寒稻作区种植的水稻新品种黑粳5号

黑龙江省黑河市位于北纬50°15'，属我国水稻种植最北限，也是世界栽培水稻纬度最高限。本区气候高度寒冷，年平均气温一IC。早春温度回升缓慢，夏季太阳辐射强度大，暖湿多雨，秋季气温下降迅速，气温日变幅大，9月中旬出现霜冻。本区水稻生育期平均气温14．4C，＞10C积温1900～2200C，热量资源不足。6、7、8月平均气温分别为17．SC、20．4C、18C。水稻生育期仅95～120天，生育期间常遭受低温冷害，是我国稻作区中独特的生态类型区。黑河地区历史上种过水稻，但面积小，产量低，曾被划定为不适宜种稻区，但仍有少部分种植。改革开放以…     

不同季节与气象因素对橘小实蝇日飞翔活动节律的影响

笔者于2008年夏、秋、冬3个季节,每个季节在福州乌山果园对橘小实蝇进行10d的全天观测,然后各季节分别选择3d晴朗或多云的气候条件下所得数据,结合气象资料,分析比较该虫的日飞翔活动变化情况.结果表明,橘小实蝇在不同季节的飞翔活动节律不同,在晴到多云天气里,该虫夏季的活动高峰期为上午7:00,秋季为上午9:00,冬季则为下午15:00.橘小实蝇成虫仅在白天有光照情况下进行飞翔活动,气温、相对湿度对该虫活动有显著的影响.气温在20～30℃时,橘小实蝇飞翔活动最活跃,相对湿度大于60％时其飞翔活动最活跃.降水带来的气温与相对湿度的变化对橘小实蝇飞翔活动有显著的影响.     

环境因素对水稻淀粉特性的影响

淀粉作为稻米胚乳中最主要的成分,其种类、含量及分子结构与水稻品质性状相关性密切。本研究以粳稻品种沈农265与籼稻品种沪恢99杂交后的F10代重组自交系群体为试材,探究环境因子对淀粉特性的影响。结果发现表观直链淀粉(AAC)、长分支支链淀粉(Fb3)以及抗性淀粉(RS)含量表现为沈阳>四川>深圳>江苏,而短支链淀粉(Fa)含量则是沈阳<四川<深圳<江苏,AAC、Fb3、RS含量越高,其Fa含量越低。淀粉特性与大部分环境因子相关性显著,AAC、Fb3以及RS含量基本与光照时间、昼夜温差、夜间温度呈正相关,与日平均温度、白天温度、夜间温度、空气相对湿度、夜间湿度呈负相关,Fa含量上与光照时间、昼夜温差、夜间温度呈负相关,与日平均温度、白天温度、夜间温度、空气相对湿度、夜间湿度呈正相关。     

利用冠层温度和水汽压亏缺筛选高粱耐旱基因型的技术

早已明确植株温度是植株水分利用和产量的指标(Tannet,1963)。叶温升高与蒸腾冷却变弱有关,这是气孔关闭的结果(Gates,1964;van Bavel等,1968;Sumayao等,1977)。高梁杂交种的冠层温度与水分利用的关系密切(Chaudhurl等,1982)。Ehrler(1973)发现在晴天和水分良好的环境下,从上午8时至午后6时叶片—气温的平均差值与水汽压亏缺呈线性函数关系。Idso等(1981)发现,在大部分光照时间内,即日出后2～3小时至日落前2～3小时之间,冠层温度和气温之差与水汽压亏缺间呈现作物特有的线     

施肥水平对抽穗期水稻穗部温度的影响及其原因分析

在田间环境下, 利用2个冠层结构差异显著的水稻品种（扬稻6号、 扬粳9538）, 设置高、 中、 低3个施肥水平, 研究水稻抽穗期穗部温度特征, 以探讨水稻抗热避热的生态学机制。 穗部与大气的温度变化趋势基本一致, 但扬稻6号和扬粳9538的穗部平均温度分别比气温低3.58℃和3.04℃。 施肥水平显著影响大气 穗部的温度差, 高肥和中肥处理下, 2个品种的平均值分别比低肥的高1.54℃和0.90℃。 品种间大气 穗部温度差也存在差异, 扬稻6号平均比扬粳9538高0.85℃。 相关分析发现, 不同施肥水平下大气 穗部温度差与总叶面积指数、 穗上叶面积指数、 生物量和有效分蘖数呈极显著正相关, 而与穗部透光率呈极显著负相关。 说明通过优化田间管理比如合理的施肥来建立良好的群体结构, 对降低穗部温度, 提高水稻抗热避热能力的效应显著。     

Plant Temperature and Its Simulation Model of Thermo-Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice

Plant temperature (Tp) and its relations to the microclimate of rice colony and irrigation water were studied using a thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice line, Pei'ai 64S. Significant differences in the daily change of temperature were detected between Tp and air temperature at the height of 150 cm (TA). From 8:00 to 20:00, Tp was lower than TA, but they were similar during 21:00 to next 7:00. The maximum Tp occurred one hour earlier than the maximum TA, though they both reached the minimum at 6:00. Tp fluctuated less than TA. At the same height, during 6:00-13:00, Tp was higher than air temperature (Ta), and Tp reached the maximum one hour earlier than Ta. During the rest time on sunny day, Tp was close to or even a little lower than Ta. On overcast day, Tp was higher than Ta in the whole day, and both maximized at the same time. In addition, Tp was regulated by solar radiation, cloudage and wind speed in daytime, and by irrigation water at night. The present study indicated that a TA of 29.6℃ was the critical point, at which Tp was increased or decreased by irrigation water.Tp and the difference between water and air temperatures showed a conic relation. Tp fluctuation was also regulated by the absorption or reflection of solar radiation by leaves during daytime and release of heat energy during nighttime. By analysis on correlation and regression simulation, two models of Tp were established.     

Response of Rice Starch Synthesis to Night Temperature Changes

【Objective】To clarify the effect of night temperature changes on rice starch accumulation, and to explore circadian changes of physiological characteristics of rice amylose/amylopectin formation at various night temperatures.【Method】High-quality japonica rice ‘Zhehexiang 2’ was subjected to three night temperature gradients of 31℃/20℃ (LT), 31℃/24℃ (NT), and 31℃/28℃ (HT) at the beginning of grain ripening stage, and the amylose and amylopectin contents, the key enzyme activities involved in amylose and amylopectin formation and the expression of related genes were measured at noon and midnight. 【Result】 The results showed that 1) compared with NT, LT and HT treatments significantly reduced grain weight and starch accumulation, LT and HT both reduced amylopectin content and increased amylose content, meanwhile the effect of HT was greater than LT. LT and HT treatments decreased grain pasting temperature and gel consistency, and had a significant influence on branched chain length. 2) The net photosynthetic rate of leaves under LT and HT presented no significant difference compared to NT, but LT and HT significantly reduced the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates, meanwhile down-regulated the expression level of sucrose transporter genes OsSUT1, OsSUT2, and OsSUT4 both at noon and midnight. 3) LT and HT treatment reduced sucrose hydrolysis-related enzyme activities, meanwhile promoted starch hydrolase activities, resulting in increased soluble sugar contents, sugar utilization in grain was blocked. 4) Compared with NT, the adenosine diphosphate glucose content showed a downward tendency during the day and a rising trend at night under the treatment of LT and HT, which presented that the accumulation and utilization of adenosine diphosphate glucose were inhibited. And the granules bound starch synthetase activity were significantly reduced under LT and HT compared to NT with the prolongation of the treatment, and the enzyme activity at daytime was significantly influenced by temperature changing at night. 5) Compared with NT, LT and HT reduced the activities of night-time amylopectin synthesis-related enzymes and inhibited the expression of night-time related genes, which retarded formation of amylopectin, but the enzyme activities related to amylopectin synthesis was not significantly influenced by night temperature changing. 【Conclusion】High night temperature had a less effect on starch accumulation than low night temperature. High or low night temperature inhibited sucrose transport and metabolism, resulting in declined starch accumulation. The retarding of amylopectin formation was the main reason for the increase of relative content of amylose at high or low night temperature. Night temperature changes directly affected the metabolic process of starch formation at night, but the daytime activities of amylose-related enzymes were affected by night temperature changes, while the daytime activities of amylopectin-related enzymes were not significantly affected by night temperature changes.     

水稻淀粉合成对夜温变化的响应

目的 探究夜温变化对水稻淀粉形成的影响及其生理机制【方法】以优质软米浙禾香2号为材料,在灌浆初期设置31℃/20℃ (LT)、31℃/24℃ (NT)、31℃/28℃ (HT)3个夜间温度模式,测定其直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量及合成关键酶活性及相关基因的表达。结果 1)与NT相比,LT和HT处理显著降低粒重和淀粉积累,降低糊化温度和胶稠度,并影响支链淀粉链长,降低支链淀粉含量,提高直链淀粉含量,HT的影响要大于LT;2) LT和HT处理对白天叶片净光合速率的影响不显著,但显著降低籽粒中非结构性碳水化合物积累,抑制蔗糖转运基因OsSUT1、OsSUT2和OsSUT4在夜间和白天表达;3) LT 和HT处理降低夜间和白天蔗糖水解相关酶活性,增加淀粉水解酶活性,导致可溶性糖含量升高,籽粒中糖利用受阻;4)与NT相比,LT和HT处理下腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖含量呈现白天降低而夜晚升高的趋势,腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖积累及利用受到抑制,颗粒结合淀粉合酶活性随处理时间延长而显著降低,且白天酶活性也受夜间温度的影响;5)与NT相比,LT和HT处理降低了夜间支链淀粉合成相关酶活性,抑制了夜间相关基因的表达,导致支链淀粉合成受阻,但对白天酶活及相关基因表达的影响不大。结论 夜间高温对淀粉积累的影响要大于夜温降低,夜间高温/低温抑制全天蔗糖转运及代谢,进而抑制淀粉积累;支链淀粉合成受阻是导致直链淀粉相对含量升高的主要原因,直链淀粉合成相关酶活性(白天)受夜温变化影响,而支链淀粉合成相关酶活性(白天)受夜温变化的影响不显著。     

丹东杂草稻种子的耐冻能力和低温发芽特性研究

为了解丹东杂草稻种子冬季在野外能存活的原因,将丹东杂草稻和对照品种越光的干种子在水中浸不同时间,后在-20℃下处理7 d,在25℃下发芽。对照品种越光在浸种1 h后冷冻处理,其种子的发芽率从98％降为4％,浸种时间延长到1.5 h已不能成苗,而丹东杂草稻种子在1 h浸种处理后,其发芽基本不受影响,甚至在3 h浸种处理后成苗率仍达2.3％。在不同低温下发芽试验中发现丹东杂草稻在11℃能发芽,杂草稻的发芽临界温度要比对照越光低。讨论了杂草稻种子抗冻的潜在价值。      

温度对早籼稻米垩白发生与胚乳物质形成的影响

 以早籼品种中优早3号(少垩白)和泸红早1号(多垩白)为材料进行盆钵土培试验。在人工气候箱的设置两种温度处理（高温：昼/夜，33℃/29℃；适温：昼/夜，26℃/22℃）。结果表明温度对稻米垩白形成的显著影响，而且不同垩白的水稻品种在高温、适温条件下胚乳物质及酶类活性等的表现差异。少垩白的中优早3号通过高温和适温的同期比较处理，可以明显看到胚乳内部物质、相关酶活性及垩白度变化的温度处理效应，表明外部的高温条件影响了胚乳内部的生理生化状态及垩白的形成过程；而多垩白的泸红早1号的高温、适温处理差异相对较小。由此说明，少垩白的的品种更易受高温影响。     

模拟盛夏低气温条件下水温对水稻温敏不育系育性的影响

 在模拟盛夏低气温的条件下（日平均温度22.5或23.0℃），研究了8个温敏不育系在28.6、26.8和24.0℃处理时的不育性。结果表明高于温敏不育系临界温度的温水，可以保持温敏不育系的雄性不育性稳定。为利用水温作为一个有效手段防止盛夏低温引起的负效应提供了理论基础。     

水稻灌浆期冠层温度对植株生理性状及稻米品质的影响

在大田环境下,以辽粳294、开粳1号为材料,在灌浆期设置5个水分梯度处理,研究了水稻冠层温度日变化特征及其与土壤水分状况、产量生理特性、稻米品质之间的关系。结果表明:1)冠层温度低于气温,但与其显著正相关。梯度水分处理导致冠层温度和冠气温度差逐级升高,即土壤水势降低,冠层温度升高,冠气温度差绝对值增大;2)相同环境条件下,抗旱性弱的品种辽粳294的冠层温度低于抗旱性强的品种开粳1号;3)水分胁迫下水稻冠气温度差与每穗实粒数、千粒重、结实率、产量、整精米率、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉、脂肪酸和食味值呈显著负相关,与秕粒数、垩白度、垩白粒、碎米率呈显著正相关;4)光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率随土壤水势降低而下降,且抗旱性强的品种开粳1号的光合性能较强。相关性分析表明,两个品种冠气温度差与其光合性能显著或极显著负相关;5)开粳1号的气孔密度显著大于辽粳294,而气孔长度和气孔宽度极显著小于辽粳294。综合分析表明,在灌浆期辽粳294和开粳1号在土壤水势为-0.02~-0.03 MP时,平均冠气温度差分别维持在0.9℃和0.8℃时对产量影响不显著(达到水分临界水平),可作为水稻灌浆期的节水灌溉指标。     

Relationship Between Canopy Temperature at Flowering Stage and Soil Water Content, Yield Components in Rice

The canopy temperature of rice at the flowering stage and the soil water content were investigated under different soil water treatments(the soil water contents were 24%,55%,90%and 175%at the flowering stage).The canopy temperature was lower than air temperature,and the soil water content significantly influenced the canopy temperature.The lower the soil water content,the higher the canopy temperature,the less the accumulative absolute value of canopy-air temperature difference.Moreover,the maximum difference between treatments and CK in the accumulative absolute value of canopy-air temperature difference appeared at 13:00 p.m.in a day,thus,it could be considered as a suitable measuring time.Under the lowest water content treatment,the peak flowering occurred in the first three days(about 70%of panicles flowered),resulting in shortened and lightened panicle of rice.As to the CK and the high water content treatments,the peak flowering appeared in the middle of flowering duration,with longer panicle length and higher panicle weight.Results indicated the lower the soil water content,the less the filled grain number and grain yield.