建立沙化土地封禁保护区对农户生计多样化的影响

【目的】精确识别建立沙化土地封禁保护区对甘肃省不同生态系统下农户生计多样化的影响。【方法】在玛曲、民勤和山丹的国家级沙化土地封禁保护区(项目组)和未封禁区(对照组)进行调查问卷和访谈,研究沙化土地封禁保护政策的影响下生计策略与生计资本的关系。【结果】生计资本总值和生计策略总指数均呈现牧区＜农区＜农牧交错区的特征,且项目组低于对照组;生计多样化指数为 0 及 0. 5 以上的农户数项目组相比对照组下降幅度大,0~0. 5 的农户数项目组相比对照组上升幅度大。 【结论】建立封禁保护区在降低三县封禁区农户的生计资本的同时,也降低了纯农户的比例,但总体上生计多样化水平较低;自然资本是主导农户选择农业生产生活的主要因素,人力资本是主导农户选择非农业生产生活的主要因素。     

西藏天然草原生态保护补助奖励政策对农牧民家庭收入的影响

西藏高寒草地生态保护不仅关系当地人民生活水平的提升,而且关乎我国东部地区的生态和经济安全,是我国重要的生态安全屏障之一。为遏止高寒草地退化,恢复已退化草地的生态功能,保护未退化高寒草地资源,在2011年国家启动天然草原生态保护补助奖励政策(以下简称“草奖”政策)。2014年我们深入西藏3类地区(纯牧区、半农半牧区、纯农区)的农、牧家庭进行问卷调查,从家庭牧业生产、家庭收入与构成及农牧户间收入差距3方面剖析了政策实施3年(2011-2013年)的社会经济影响。研究发现,1)草原生态保护补助奖励机制的政策福利存在地域间的不均衡性,纯牧区家庭享有更多经济福利;2)“草奖”政策改变了牧区家庭的收入结构,转移性收入超过家庭经营性收入,成为牧民家庭的重要收入来源;3)“草奖”政策有利于缩小牧区和农区贫富差距,但对于半农半牧区效果不明显。因此,政策措施需要进行适时适度地调整,从补偿标准、方式、力度等方面进行优化,体现高寒草地生态功能的地域性差异,使其符合各地域农牧家庭的实际生产,促使西藏高原草地畜牧业的可持续发展。     

宁夏大农业内部系统耦合初探--I 牧区育成农区育肥畜牧业生产体制现状调查(以平罗县为例)

从宁夏灌溉农业区与草原牧区、半牧区的地理分布、饲草料资源的种类、数量以及冷暖两季农牧两区的生产特点进行分析,以平罗县城关家畜交易市场的上市羊只的数量、价格变化规律等为依据,初步论述了宁夏农牧两大区在时空上实现牧区育成、农区育肥的畜牧业生产机制的可能性与发展潜力.     

宁夏大农业内部系统耦合初探--I 牧区育成农区育肥畜牧业生产体制现状调查(以平罗县为例)

从宁夏灌溉农业区与草原牧区、半牧区的地理分布、饲草料资源的种类、数量以及冷暖两季农牧两区的生产特点进行分析,以平罗县城关家畜交易市场的上市羊只的数量、价格变化规律等为依据,初步论述了宁夏农牧两大区在时空上实现牧区育成、农区充 的畜牧业生产机制的可能性与发展潜力。     

草原生态补奖政策对祁连山北坡农牧户家庭收入的影响分析

在草原生态保护补助奖励政策背景下,以祁连山北坡农牧户家庭收入为考察对象,采用多元线性回归法探究农牧户家庭收入的影响因素,并运用分位数回归法分析各因素对不同收入水平家庭影响的差异。结果表明:(1)祁连山北坡纯牧区和半农半牧区的农牧户在收入结构上存在显著差异,主要收入来源不同,纯牧区农牧户的主要收入来源为畜牧收入和草原生态补贴收入,分别占总收入的51.09%和30.69%,而半农半牧区农牧户主要收入来源为非农收入,占比达51.17%;(2)户草地面积、自家畜牧时间占比、非农就业时间占比等因素对家庭纯收入有显著的正向影响,当畜牧时间占比、非农就业时间占比分别提高1%时,家庭年纯收入分别提高2909.7元和2649.8元,户草地面积每增加1hm~2,家庭年纯收入增加6.7元;(3)处于纯牧区对家庭纯收入有显著影响;(4)各影响因素对不同收入水平的农牧户影响程度不同,畜牧时间占比、非农就业时间占比和草地面积对家庭收入的贡献不均匀,随着家庭收入从低分位点到高分位点逐渐增高,表明上述影响因素对收入更高的家庭有更大的正向影响。     

蒙辽农牧交错区草地资源植物组成及分布概况

为了解蒙(内蒙古)辽(辽宁)农牧交错区草地资源植物概况,以内蒙古自治区与辽宁省交界处17个半农半牧县的草地为研究区域,采用野外样点调查与统计分析相结合的方法,确定研究区域主要草地资源植物类型,并分析蒙辽农牧交错区草地生态系统资源植物的种群分布特征和开发利用现状。结果表明:蒙辽农牧交错区有118种草地资源植物,隶属32科88属,药用资源植物85种,占总资源植物的72.03%;食用资源植物22种,占18.64%;工业用资源植物20种,占16.95%;防护和改造环境的资源植物14种,占11.86%。说明蒙辽农牧交错区药用资源植物和食用资源植物丰富,其中科尔沁左翼后旗、库伦旗和阜新市草地资源植物类型齐全,种类最为丰富。     

农牧过渡区犏牛短期育肥研究及发展策略

临夏州地处青藏高原与黄土高原的农牧过渡地带,与辽阔的青海、甘南牧区接壤。每年10月至次年4月草原牧区进入枯草期,大量牲畜从牧区向农区、半农区转移,当地群众利用秋收丰富农作物秸秆进行阶段性育肥,实现了草原牧区和农耕区饲草料和草食畜资源的互补性,做到了经济和生态双赢发展,有力地推动了脱贫攻坚工作。项目组通过现场入户、问卷调查、样本试验等方式,对犏牛育肥情况进行了详细调研和认真分析,提出了农牧过渡地区犏牛发展策略。     

农牧交错区如何发展半舍饲奶牛养殖业

农牧交错区又称半农半牧区，是指以农业经营为主和以牧业经营为主的生产单位交错分布的地区。农牧交错区的主要特点是：①农业和畜牧业对整个区域的经济发展有直接影响；②农牧结合、农业经营和畜牧业经营在当地生产中的地位和比重大体相当，因而反映当地的经营情况时，需有农业和畜牧业方面的经济技术指标；③影响生产结构的因素较多；     

关于发展后山地区家兔养殖业的思路

一、后山地区家兔养殖业的历史与现状 阴山北麓当地称后山地区,位于我国三大生态脆弱带之一的内蒙古北方农牧交错带中部。该地区的原始植被曾经是丰美的草原。由于清朝以来不断的移民垦荒,使这里由牧区变成了农区或农牧交错区。八十年代后期,该地区全部11个旗县,竞有10个是国家级贫困县,占到全自治区国家级贫困县总数的2/3。     

分类推进规模养殖进程 促进内蒙古畜牧业发展方式转变

内蒙古地域辽阔,草地类型多,牧区、半农半牧区和农区特点各异。为此,我区从实际出发,先后出台了《关于转变生产经营方式发展生态畜牧业的意见》、《关于加快发展农区畜牧业的决定》和《关于促进牧民增加收入的实施意见》等一系列重大举措,在农区、半农半牧区和牧区推进规模化养殖,在转变畜牧业发展方式上坚持因地制宜、分类施策,选择不同路径,取得了一些积极的成效。1牧区大力实施"以草定畜、草畜平衡",发展生态家庭场牧近年来,广大牧民群众在畜牧业生产实践中创新形成草牧场流转建设规模牧场、自觉自愿联合组     

华北农牧交错带人工草地放牧系统植物补偿性生长研究

研究华北农牧交错带不同人工草地在不同放牧强度下的总净生长量及净生长量的变化.结果表明,无芒雀麦-杂花苜蓿草地在任何放牧强度下均表现为超补偿性生长,即净生长量增加;新麦草-杂花苜蓿和杂花苜蓿-新麦草-扁穗冰草草地在轻度放牧下,总净生长量增加,在中度和重度放牧条件下分别表现为等补偿性生长和欠补偿性生长;新麦草草地在轻牧下呈超补偿性生长,在中牧下为等补偿性生长,重牧时表现欠补偿性生长;杂花苜蓿净初级生产力变化同新麦草草地一致;无芒雀麦在所设放牧强度下均表现为超补偿性生长,表明其耐牧性极强.因此,草地放牧强度应根据其组成种群来确定,以保证可持续利用.     

农田草地系统耦合生产分析

国家科技部对未来15年畜牧业发展技术提出战略政策。指出要加大草原保护力度，合理开发1333．3万hm^2南方草山草坡及4000万hm^2农牧交错带。据此，农田草地系统耦合将成为我国家庭承包经营制农业的主要生产方式，尤其是农牧交错带和我国南方地区。分析农田草地系统耦合生产模式，管理核心是减少农田和草地系统营养物质的外流损失。生产的关键技术有草田轮作技术，农田作物秸秆再利用技术，家畜宿营技术和全日制放牧技术。     

自然和人为因素对牧业发展的影响及对策——以永昌县新城子镇马营沟村为例

在半农半牧地区,草原资源家庭责任承包制的实施使土地被过分细分到户,导致草地的破碎化。研究表明:强化草原管理有利于以草定畜,严格控制牲畜饲养量,草地超载及代牧现象减少;畜种改良使得传统的草原放牧向半放牧半舍饲过渡,大牲畜的饲养量出现大幅度减少;草地破碎化使得草地退化以定居点和水源为中心,沿着牧道呈一定的梯度形成辐射状的区域性草地退化趋势。通过草地的联户承包,共同经营管理,促进了草畜平衡制度的顺利实施,一定程度上解决了草畜矛盾,减缓了草原生态恶化的趋势。     

Indigenous Rangeland and Livestock Management Among Pastoralists and Agro-pastoralists in Miombo Woodlands,Eastern Tanzania

Indigenous rangeland management practices, forage quality and availability, and livestock production by pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in miombo woodlands were investigated in a study conducted in Kilosa district, Tanzania. The study methods comprised household interviews, key informant and focus group discussions, and forage laboratory analyses. Preferred forage species and indigenous rangeland and livestock management practices among pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in miombo woodlands were identified, and the nutrient content of the forages was determined. In general, rangeland management in the study area faces challenges such as unclear or disputed land tenure regime and lack of technical knowledge. Moreover, the nutritional value of some native forage species identified in miombo was found to be too low to meet the nutrient requirements of livestock. Livestock in miombo contribute greatly to household livelihoods and food security, but forage scarcity was identified as a limiting factor. Overall, it was concluded that rangeland improvement practices are poor or nonexistent in allocated grazing areas in Kilosa’s miombo woodlands.     

坡地草带间距与水土保持效应研究

为探索云南数百万亩坡耕地的科学利用措施,在云南宣威15°坡耕地上设置试验小区,连续两年系统研究了9m、13m、17m三水平草带间距与水土保持和土壤理化性状的关系。结果表明,在坡耕地上种植草带能有效防止水土流失,草带间距越小越有利于水土保持,但从控制水土流失和有利种粮耕作两方面综合考虑,草带间距以13m为宜。     

论海南中部地区饲草资源与肉牛生产

海南中部地区蕴藏着丰富的饲草资源，具有发展肉牛生产优越的气候条件。本文根据草地演变、牧草生长特性以及外来牧草的表现阐明了海南中部地区的饲草资源空间配置特征，概括分析了海南中部地区饲草利用和黄牛养殖的历史与现状，提出在山区建植人工草场以轮牧为主、在农区以割草或制草粉补饲为主的海南中部地区肉牛养殖模式，同时，应推行超数排卵、胚胎移植和人工授精技术。     

Enhancing the profitability of pasture-based dairy production in the humid tropics through improved nutrition

Dairy production in the tropics represents a major challenge, especially when reliant on grazed forages, because of the conflicting factors of a high nutritional demand to sustain lactation on the one hand, and the relatively low quality of tropical grasses and a stressful environment, on the other. This paper focuses primarily on those tropical situations where grazed pasture is the cheapest feed resource. Effective management of the pasture as well as the animals that graze it is required in order to maximize economic viability of the farming enterprise. Feed planning helps to ensure that pasture use is maximized, either directly by grazing or, where profitable, indirectly by cutting for conservation. High rates of pasture utilization at each grazing minimize pasture senescence and decay and ensure that pasture remains in a vegetative state of the highest possible nutritional quality. Total annual feed requirements of the grazing herd must therefore be matched as closely as possible to the total annual pasture production on the farm. Stocking rate is critical in this regard, and is the single most important determinant of productivity in pastoral farming. Periods of pasture surplus or deficit will inevitably arise, but can be minimized by matching the monthly feed requirements of the herd as closely as possible to the monthly feed production on the farm. Herd requirements can be influenced, for example, through altering calving patterns and drying off dates. Even with good pasture management practices, it is highly likely that tropical pasture quality will be low for part of the year. Utilization of low-quality forages can be improved through the appropriate use of feed supplements, and the key principles are discussed. Firstly, conditions for optimum fermentative digestion in the rumen must be promoted through adequate provision of fermentable energy and nitrogen as well as essential minerals, such as phosphorus and sulfur. Further supplementation with metabolizable energy or protein, depending on what limits animal production, may be profitable. Various practical supplementation strategies for tropical forages are discussed. Finally, some suggestions for future research and development for enhancing the profitability of pasture-based dairy production in the humid tropics are made.     

Pasture quality and its relation to utilization

The paper evaluates those functions of the grazing‐animal/pasture complex which are influenced by management. The contribution of pasturage to animal production is determined primarily by environment and secondarily by defoliation. In pasture quality evaluation, those approaches which employ both digestibility and intake as basic criteria are generally closely related to animal response. In equating grassland production with animal requirements the determinants of output per animal and output per area must be considered in the perspective of the production system as a whole. The essential influence of grazing method on carrying capacity is stressed and it is suggested that grazing management of natural pasture be based on (i) a knowledge of the contribution of individual species to animal production, (ii) defoliation practice which encourages the most nutritious species and (iii) the introduction of improved pasture species.     

全株玉米青贮制作原则及关键点分析

随着奶牛行业的快速发展,全株玉米青贮因其价格低、储存时间长、营养丰富、适口性好、饲料转换率高等优点,越来越受到奶牛养殖者的认可和青睐。但在青贮制作过程中,因养殖者青贮制作技术欠缺、经验不足、认知度低等原因,最终导致青贮制作失败。为提高全株玉米青贮制作水平,本文将从把控水分、隔绝空气、微生物处理、收贮管理等全株玉米青贮制作四项基本原则进行论述和分析,养殖者可通过把控最佳收割时间,严管留茬高度、切割长度、籽粒破碎程度,做到上料快、压窖快和封窖快,正确使用青贮发酵剂,做好封窖后维护管理工作,从而做出优质的青贮饲料,进一步提高奶牛产奶量和牧场经济效益。     

A review of selenium deficiency in grazing ruminants. Part 1: new roles for selenium in ruminant metabolism

SELENIUM AVAILABILITY: Selenium deficiency has been an important source of loss to the pastoral industries of New Zealand. About 30% of farmed land in New Zealand is considered to be selenium-deficient and continued development of soils and pasture will tend to further decrease the concentration of selenium in pasture. BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS: Formerly it was believed that all biological functions of selenium in animals could be attributed to the antioxidant activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. More recently, it has been shown that selenoproteins have roles in immune function and thyroid hormone metabolism. RESPONSES TO SUPPLEMENTATION: Following supplementation of ruminants grazing pastures deficient in selenium, milk production and growth responses are likely to occur in cattle, while in sheep improvements in growth and fertility are most likely. Reproductive dysfunction may not be as important as previously thought in cattle grazing pasture moderately deficient in selenium. The relationship between selenium intake and disease resistance deserves further study. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Management of selenium deficiency will continue to be important in grazing ruminants. Veterinarians should be aware that many selenoenzymes exist, some with functions quite distinct from the antioxidant role of glutathione peroxidase.