青海高寒牧区燕麦适宜播种期研究

通过对青海省铁卜加地区１９８８￣１９９０年燕麦分期播种试验结果的分析得出：该地区燕麦的出苗时间和全生育期随播种期推迟而缩短，其日数与平均气温呈显著的直线负相关。该地区燕麦全生育期为１３０－１４０ｄ，完成全生育期需≥０℃的积温１１２０￣１２３０℃，燕麦产量以４月下旬播种的为最高。高寒地区燕麦以４月下旬至５月上旬播种为宜。     

播期与氮肥对燕麦种子产量构成要素的影响

以4个燕麦(Avena sativa)品种为试验材料,分析了播期与氮肥对其种子产量及其构成要素的影响。结果表明:播期与氮肥对不同燕麦品种种子产量及其构成要素均有显著影响。其中,4月下旬播种各燕麦品种的有效穗数、每穗粒数及千粒重均比4月中旬与5月上旬播种的高;虽然氮肥处理对燕麦产量及构成要素的影响程度因播期不同而异,但基本规律相同,即均随施氮量增加而增加,且各氮肥量处理间差异显著;施氮量相同时,氮肥分期施用效果较好。不同品种比较,各处理下皮燕麦种子产量均比裸燕麦高。     

高寒牧区播期和氮肥对燕麦生长特性的影响

以燕麦(Avena sativa)永久444为材料,研究播期与氮肥对高寒牧区燕麦生育期、株高、分蘖数及其青干草产量的影响。结果表明:随播期的推迟,燕麦种子成熟期推迟,而施氮量对燕麦生育期无明显影响;播期和氮肥对燕麦株高、分蘖数及草产量皆有显著影响,均随施氮量增加而增加。以开花期收获青干草为目的,则4月下旬-5月上旬播种且施氮量为100 kg/hm2时,可获燕麦高产。     

高寒牧区播期和施氮对不同燕麦品种氮素利用的作用

采用差值法研究了播期和施氮量对不同燕麦Avena sativa品种氮素吸收利用的影响.结果表明:播期与施氮量对燕麦植株体内氮的积累与运转皆有显著影响.从花期与成熟期总氮积累量及种子氮积累量来看,各品种4月下旬播种效果最佳,而施氮量则以100 kg/hm2最好,但氮肥的施用时间应依不同生产目的与品种而定;播期与施氮量对燕麦氮肥利用率也有显著影响,不同品种的氮肥利用率随播期与氮肥处理的变化规律各不相同.不同播期下,氮肥处理对氮肥利用率的影响亦不同.     

播期对青藏高原燕麦生长和饲草品质的影响

为了研究播期延后对高原饲草生长和品质的影响,本研究选取'加燕2号’燕麦（Avena sativa L.）品种为试验材料,设置3个播种时间：6月上旬（传统播期）、6月中旬（播期延后）和6月下旬（播期延后）,并测定土壤理化性质、牧草生物量和营养成分等指标。结果表明：播期调整对牧草生物量和土壤理化性质无显著影响,但传统技术播种燕麦粗蛋白含量降低,具有养分转移重吸收现象,而播期延后燕麦可以保持粗蛋白含量不降低,同时粗纤维含量减小。因此,播期延后可以在保证燕麦产量的前提下,增加牧草营养含量,并提高适口性,本试验最佳播期为6月中旬。     

南方丘陵地区紫花苜蓿播种量和播种期试验

对紫花苜蓿品种维多利亚(victorian)在南方丘陵山地红壤土不同播量、不同播期进行试验,考察不同播种量与出苗率和密度、刈割平均株高、分枝数、越夏存活率、青草产量、茎叶比和鲜干比的关系;播种到出苗、齐苗的时间及适宜播期;播种至出苗、齐苗的积温数及其关系;不同播期处理的出苗与越冬存活率等。结果表明,每亩播种量以1.0～1.5kg为宜。播种时间秋播以10月中下旬为宜,春播以3月中旬为宜。     

不同播期对梦龙燕麦生产性能的影响

以梦龙燕麦为材料,连续2年研究了不同播期对梦龙燕麦株高、分蘖数、茎叶比及草产量的影响。结果表明,梦龙燕麦在高寒地区生长良好,适应性强,生产性能表现优良。不同播期对梦龙燕麦的株高、分蘖数、茎叶比和草产量有显著影响,在一定时期内随着播期的延迟其株高、分蘖数、茎叶比和草产量均有降低的趋势。4月30日、5月10日、5月20日、5月30日4个播期处理的两年平均干草产量分别为12 239、11 163、10 697、9 286kg/hm2,兼顾产量和品质综合分析,以4月30日播种最优,5月10日和5月20日较好,因此在川西北高寒地区应选择4月底至5月中上旬播种为宜。     

北方农牧交错区不同播期和刈割期对燕麦饲草产量和品质的影响

为明确不同播期和刈割期对燕麦（Avena sativa L.）饲草产量和品质的影响，本研究以粮饲兼用燕麦品种‘白燕2号’为材料，于2018-2019年在内蒙古农牧交错区进行了5个播期和3个刈割期的田间试验。结果表明：推迟播种可获得相对较高的燕麦饲草产量和品质，但推迟播种提高了中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量，其中酸性洗涤纤维含量受年份和刈割期影响较大；燕麦饲草粗蛋白含量受刈割时间影响显著（P<0.001），在抽穗期含量最高；燕麦饲草产量在灌浆期达到最大；生育期间积温对燕麦饲草生长影响显著，拔节到抽穗期的积温增加不利于燕麦饲草产量和品质的形成，但出苗到分蘖间的积温增加可提高粗脂肪和酸性洗涤纤维的含量。总之，在北方农牧交错区种植燕麦饲草‘白燕2号’，在5月中下旬之间播种，在灌浆期刈割，可获得相对优质高产的燕麦饲草。     

“和燕1号”在二阴地区最佳播种期试验研究

为确定"和燕1号"燕麦新品种在二阴地区的适宜播种时间,在甘肃省二阴地区和政县进行"和燕1号"最佳播种期试验,测定不同播期"和燕1号"的物候期、株高、生长速率、草产量及种子产量。结果显示:随着播种期的推后,生育时期逐渐推后,株高呈降低—升高—降低的变化趋势,5月15日播种株高最高,4月24日和6月15日播种株高最低;生长速率变化与株高变化趋势趋于一致,4月份播种"和燕1号"生长速率普遍较低,6月29日播种植株生长速率最快,5月15日次之。生产中若用作饲草,可推后播种时间,5月15日左右为最佳播期;收籽实,则在4月14日左右播种可获得高产。     

川西北高寒牧区栽培牧草水热生态特性的研究——Ⅱ 当地草种播种当年生育与水热条件的关系

<正> 探索川西北高原当地主栽草种播种当年生育与水热条件的关系是“川西北高寒牧区栽培牧草水热生态特性研究”的内容之一。为此,于1988年设置了本分期播种试验。目的是使参试材料(草种)通过不同播期处理而处于相异的水热气象条件下,观察其出苗和出苗后的当年生育差异,探索影响生育的主导因素及其影响程度。试验取得了相应结果。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein