β-胡萝卜素对奶牛胎衣不下、乳腺炎和繁殖性能的影响

本试验研究了奶牛日粮补充β-胡萝卜紊（300mg／头．天）对奶牛产前7天，产后10天和60天血液β-胡萝卜紊浓度、产后发病率、产后70天内的配种率、配种受胎率及一次配种受胎率的影响。结果表明：添加300mg／头．天的β-胡萝卜紊能显著提高奶牛产前7天、产后10天和产后60天的血液β-胡萝卜素浓度（P〈0．05），降低产后胎衣不下和乳腺炎的发病率，提高产后70天内的配种率和配种受胎率，但对一次配种受胎率和配种天数无明显影响。     

日粮补充β-胡萝卜素对奶牛繁殖性能影响的研究

本试验研究日粮补充β-胡萝卜素对奶牛血液β-胡萝卜素浓度、产后发病率、产后70天内的配种率、受胎率及一次配种受胎率的影响。结果表明:添加300mg/头·天的β-胡萝卜素能显著提高奶牛产前7天、产后10天和产后60天的血液β-胡萝卜素浓度(p<0.05),降低产后胎衣不下和乳腺炎的发病率,提高产后70天内的配种率和配种受胎率,但对一次配种受胎率和配种天数无明显影响。     

β-胡萝卜素对奶牛繁殖性能的影响

为了研究β-胡萝卜素对奶牛产后繁殖性能的影响,试验选择胎次、体况评分及产犊日期相近的健康荷斯坦围生奶牛60头,均分成3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组、试验2组分别在基础日粮中添加200,400 mg/头β-胡萝卜素,试验期为90 d。结果表明:奶牛产后添加β-胡萝卜素有缩短奶牛产后首次发情时间和首次配种时间,提高情期受胎率的趋势(P0.05),可减少配种次数,降低乳房炎的发病率(P0.05),且400 mg/头的效果优于200 mg/头。     

影响奶牛产后情期受胎率因素的调查

对查哈阳农场太阳湖分场场区繁育点1997年配种年度奶牛产后配种记录的整理,调查和分析了568头奶牛产后配种记录,情期受胎率为51．7％。1奶牛产后第1次配种时间与情期受胎率568头奶牛产后第1次配种时间平均为85．7天,情期受胎率为51．7％。详见表1。表1奶牛产后第三次配种时间与情期受胎率从表1看出,产后第1次配种时间除少于50天者,情期受胎率无显著差异。产后50天以内情期受胎率较低,产后70～89天情期受胎率较高,这时期是奶牛产后第1次配种的理想时间。对产后3个月以上不发情奶牛应进行检查,对症治疗,加强饲养管理,使奶牛产后尽快…     

围产期饲喂β-胡萝卜素对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究围产期添加β-胡萝卜素对中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳、繁殖性能的影响。选择胎次相同、产奶量、体重和体况评分值相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛36头,随机分为3组。3种处理日粮分别为:对照日粮、处理Ⅰ日粮(对照日粮 300mgβ-胡萝卜素/(头.天))、处理Ⅱ日粮(对照日粮 600mgβ-胡萝卜素/(头.天))。预试期15d,试验期120d。结果表明,在奶牛额外添加VA150000IU/d的情况下,每头奶牛添加β-胡萝卜素300或600mg/d,对前3个泌乳月的牛奶成分以及乳中体细胞数没有显著的影响(P>0.05)。但在产后3个月,对照组自然产奶量和标准乳逐月降低,而添加β-胡萝卜素组的自然产奶量和校正乳产量都有不同程度的提高。β-胡萝卜素的添加提高了血浆中β-胡萝卜素和VA的浓度(P>0.05);在产后8～12周,添加β-胡萝卜素300mg/d,显著提高了牛奶中β-胡萝卜素的含量(P<0.01)。在产后1～3月期间,奶牛额外添加VA150000IU/d同时添加β-胡萝卜素,降低了胎衣不下、子宫炎和乳房炎的发病率。在围产期β-胡萝卜素的添加提高了产奶量,提高了血浆中β-胡萝卜素和VA的浓度,提高了牛奶中β-胡萝卜素浓度,降低了胎衣不下、子宫炎和乳房炎的发病率。     

母牛血液中β-胡萝卜素浓度与胚胎移植效果的关系

本实验测定了供体和受体母牛血液中β-胡萝卜素的浓度,并对其与母牛繁殖性能的关系作了分析。结果发现这样的趋势:采得胚胎数多的供体,血液中β-胡萝卜素的浓度高;受精力高的受体,血液中β-胡萝卜素浓度也高。实验用19头黑毛和牛,6头黑白花奶牛作供体,于发情后第七天采血.用10头黑白花奶牛作受体,于5、7、10月份随机采血。β-胡萝卜素浓度用液相色谱法测定。     

日粮补充β-胡萝卜素对奶牛营养与繁殖的影响

试验选择产前15天至产后100天牛群共400头．随机分为2组，分别饲喂对照日粮基础日粮．处理日粮（对照日粮＋200-250克β-胡萝卜素稀释品），通过60天试验。日粮补充饲喂β-萝卜素稀释品结果表明，β-胡萝卜素有保护和促进繁殖功能，有效的改善了奶牛的发情，有助于降低奶牛繁殖障碍发生率，同时对奶牛的产量增加也有效果．还能增强奶牛机体的免疫功能改善健康。     

围产期饲喂β-胡萝卜素对奶牛免疫性能的影响

试验选择胎次相同、产奶量、体重和体况相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛36头,随机分为3组,分别饲喂对照日粮(基础日粮+150 000 IU维生素A),处理Ⅰ日粮(对照日粮+300 mg-β胡萝卜素),处理Ⅱ日粮(对照日粮+600 mg-β胡萝卜素),预试期15 d,试验期120 d。结果表明:添加-β胡萝卜素对奶牛血液白细胞数量和白细胞分类计数没有显著影响,但提高了围产期奶牛血液淋巴细胞的转化率(P<0.01)。-β胡萝卜素的添加提高了血浆中-β胡萝卜素和维生素A的浓度;在产后8-12周,处理组奶中-β胡萝卜素的浓度显著提高(P<0.005),而且奶中-β胡萝卜素的浓度随着-β胡萝卜素添加量的增加而上升,但-β胡萝卜素的添加对产后4周内奶中的-β胡萝卜素的浓度没有影响。     

围产前期饲喂阴离子盐日粮对奶牛产后代谢疾病发病率的影响

为探索围产前期饲喂阴离子盐日粮对奶牛产后代谢疾病发病率的影响,试验将胎次、体况相近的400 头围产前期奶牛分为对照组和试验组,每组200 头,对照组饲喂低钙日粮,试验组饲喂阴离子盐日粮,试验周期为60 天。结果表明,围产前期饲喂阴离子盐日粮降低了奶牛的采食量,降低了奶牛产后60 天内胎衣不下、产后瘫痪、真胃移位等的发生率,并提高了产后血钙浓度。     

奶牛产后受胎率最高的最佳配种时期

为了提高奶牛受胎率,做到适时配种,探讨奶牛产后第一次配种时间和情期中输精时间对受胎率的影响,我们从黑龙江省八五四农场1988年至1991年参加配种的4728头经产奶牛中,选出无生殖道疾病及其他严重疾病,营养良好的奶牛2736头,并对这些牛的配种记录进行了整理分析。从这些资料得出:在黑龙江省三江平原这一寒冷奶牛带上,奶牛产后第一次最佳配种时间为76—85天,情期中17—21点输精效果最好,受胎率最高。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。