管碟法测定硫酸安普霉素效价的不确定度评定

为对管碟法测定硫酸安普霉素效价的不确定度进行评定,根据JJF1059-2019《测量不确定度评定与表示》中的有关规定,建立数学模型,应用测量不确定度评定与表达理论,分析不确定度来源,对各个不确定度分量进行评估,计算扩展不确定度.测定结果的扩展不确定度为U=1.8单位,可表示为(103.6±1.8)单位/mg(k=2)....     

高效液相色谱法测定乳制品中纳他霉素的不确定度评定

依据JJF 1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》的原理与方法,建立高效液相色谱法测定乳制品中纳他霉素结果不确定度评定的数学模型.对整个测量过程的不确定度来源进行分析,并对不确定度各个分量进行评估和合成,得出合成标准不确定度为0.014,扩展不确定度为0.28mg/kg,乳制品中纳他霉素测定结果的置信区间为(9.95±028)mg/kg,k=2.     

离子选择电极法测定尿中氟化物的不确定度评定

目的 用离子选择电极法测定尿中氟化物含量及进行不确定度评定.方法 根据离子选择电极法分析的一般过程,采用JJF 1059-1999技术规范的要求,对尿中氟化物的测定结果进行不确定度评定.结果 该检测方法线性良好,相关系数r=0.999 95,不确定度报告为(0.97±0.051)mg/L,取k=2.结论由最小二乘法拟合曲线及重复测定产生的不确定度对总不确定度影响最大.     

乳粉中蛋白质含量测定的不确定度分析

本文依据JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》、GB5009.5-2010《食品安全国家标准食品中蛋白质的测定》,评定了凯氏定氮法对乳粉中蛋白质含量检测结果的不确定度。通过引入数学模型,分析了各不确定度所占分量。乳粉中蛋白质测定结果为：（23.1±0.5）g/100g（包含因子k=2）。     

金芩芍注射液含量测定的不确定度分析

为了探讨金芩芍注射液含量测定的不确定度分析评定,通过分析测量过程,建立数学模型,确定不确定度来源,评价各标准不确定度分量合成标准不确定度,评定扩展不确定度,给出不确定度评定结果报告。金芩芍注射液含量测定结果可表示为(2.96±0.04)mg/m L(k=2)。测量结果不确定度的主要来源为天平称量、高效液相色谱仪和小体积玻璃量具。     

高效液相色谱法测定鸡肉中二氯二甲吡啶酚残留量的测量不确定度分析

根据JJG1059-1999<测量不确定度评定与结果表示>,使用SN/T0212.1-93方法对鸡肉中二氯二甲吡啶酚残留量的测定结果作出了不确定度的评定.分析了影响鸡肉中二氯二甲吡啶酚残留量测量不确定度的因素,包括标准物质、标准曲线的拟和、样品峰面积的测量、试样称量、定容体积及样品处理过程等几个方面.当包含因子k=2时,测量结果的扩展不确定度为0.150 mg/kg.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定猪肝中盐酸克仑特罗的不确定度评定

对气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)测定猪肝中盐酸克仑特罗残留的不确定度进行评定.通过对测定过程中各变量的分析,确定了不确定度来源,建立了数学模型,计算出了各变量的不确定度,最后计算出合成不确定度.当猪肝中盐酸克仑特罗残留量为5.10 μg/kg时,测定结果的扩展不确定度为0.15 μg/kg(k=2).     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼饵中地西泮的不确定度评定

试验为评定液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼饵中地西泮含量的不确定度。试验通过建立数学模型分析不同来源的不确定度,评定各不确定度分量。结果显示,测量结果的相对标准不确定度为4.55%,相对扩展的不确定度为9.10%,样品中地西泮含量为（23.821±2.168）μg/kg (K=2)。研究表明,鱼饵中地西泮含量的测量不确定度主要源于试样重复测量、标准溶液配制和试样称量。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪肉中四环素类药物残留量的不确定度评定

评定液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）测定猪肉中四环素类药物残留量的不确定度。依据GB/T 21317-2007《动物源性食品中四环素类兽药残留量检测方法 液相色谱-质谱/质谱法与高效液相色谱法》,建立相关数学模型,对实验过程中的不确定度来源进行分析与评定。当采用LC-MS/MS法测定猪肉中土霉素、四环素、金霉素、强力霉素的残留量分别为50.05、42.81、42.45、41.60μg/kg时,扩展不确定度分别为 5.44、6.72、2.86、4.80μg/kg (k=2)。检测结果的不确定度主要受回收率、标准溶液配制、工作曲线拟合的影响。     

乳粉溶解度测定的不确定度评定

[目的]研究乳粉溶解度的不确定度评定。[方法]根据《GB 5413.29—2010 食品安全国家标准婴幼儿食品和乳品溶解性的测定》中的第二法溶解度的测定来测定乳粉的溶解度。通过分析不确定度的来源,建立完整的数学模型,对模型中的各影响因素的不确定度进行评定和计算,合成相对标准不确定度,计算相对扩展不确定度。[结果]当取置信度为95%时,得到的乳粉溶解度：X=（99.97±1.60） g/100 g,取k=2,扩展不确定度为U=1.60 g/100 g。[结论]该方法可以为乳粉溶解度的不确定度评定提供参考依据。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -