产气荚膜梭菌β-毒素基因的克隆及CPB-ST融合基因的构建

用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）技术,从Ｂ型产气荚膜梭菌染色体基因组中扩增了９３０ｂｐ的β－毒素基因。用限制性核酸内切ａｍＨ Ⅰ和ＥｃｏＲ Ⅰ对ＰＣＲ产物进行双酶切处理,然后,通过Ｔ４ ＤＮＡ连接酶将其定向连接于事先经同样的双酶切处理的载体质粒ｐＥＴ－２８Ｃ（＋）的多克隆位点,转化至受体菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中。经ＢａｍＨ Ⅰ和ＣｃｏＲ Ⅰ双酶切分析和ＰＣＲ扩增检测。证明重组质粒ｐＥＣＢ２中含有产气荚膜梭     

产气荚膜梭菌α—β融合基因的高效表达

用PCR从含产气荚膜俊菌α毒素基因的质粒pXETA1中扩增出α毒素基因，用NcoⅠ和BamHI双酶切该α毒素基因，回收0．95kb的α毒素基因片段，再用NcoⅠ和BamHI双酶切含产气荚膜梭菌β毒素基因质粒pXCPAB2，与 回收的α毒素基因片段连接，转化至受菌BL21（DE3）中。经NcoI,BamHI,NcoI酶反应鉴定和核苷酸序列分析证实，获得了理想重组质粒pXCPAB2，该重组质粒含有α-β融合基因。重组菌株BL21（DE）3（pXCPAB2)经IPTG诱导后，其表达产物经ELISA检测和SDSPAGE分析，结果表明重组菌株可以高效表达α-β融合基因，该融合蛋白占菌体总蛋白的22．14％。     

产气荚膜梭菌α—β融合基因的构建

用PCR从含产气荚膜松菌β毒素基因的质粒pXETB2中扩增出β毒素基因，NcoⅠ和BamHⅠ双酶切该β毒素基因，回收0.93kb的β毒素基因片段，再用NcoⅠ和BamHⅠ双酶切含产气荚膜梭菌α毒素基因质粒pXETA1,与上述回收的β毒素基因片段连接，转化至受体菌BL21（DE3）中，经NcoⅠ，NotⅠ酶切反应鉴定和苷酸序列分析证实，获得的重组质粒pXCPAB1含有α－β融合基因，重组菌株BL21（CD3）（pXCPAB1)表达产物经ELISA检测和SDS－PAGE分析，表明重组菌株可以表达α－β融合蛋白。     

产气荚膜梭菌β1毒素基因克隆与表达

以C型产气荚膜梭菌中PCR扩增出β1毒素基因,构建了表达质粒p GEXKG-β1,将构建的KG-β1转化受体菌BL21(DE3),得到重组菌株BL21/KG-β1。对重组菌株诱导的表达产物进行了SDS-PAGE分析,结果表明重组菌株可以高效表达毒素蛋白。     

产气荚膜梭菌α毒素保护性抗原基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

对含有产气荚膜梭菌（Ｃｌｏｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍｐｅｒｆｒｉｎｇｅｎｓ）α毒素基因的重组菌株ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）（ｐＸＥＴＡ１）和ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）ｐｌｙｓＳ（ｐＸＥＴＡ１）,通过培养性状观察和小鼠接种试验,证明这２株重组菌株均无致病性。随后对这２株重组菌株的表达产物进行了研究,经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和薄层凝胶扫描分析,ＩＰＴＧ诱导３～４ｈ后的ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）（ｐＸＥＴＡ１）表达的α毒素占菌体总蛋白３３．２１％,ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）ｐｌｙｓＳ（ｐＸＥＴＡ１）表达的α毒素占菌体总蛋白２７．２５％,其相对分子质量约３７５００;经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析,表达产物可被α毒素抗血清识别。包涵体粗提物的免疫攻毒试验结果表明,以１倍致死量攻击的免疫小鼠可获得１００％（３６／３６）的保护,以２倍致死量攻击的免疫小鼠可获得９４．２８％（３３／３５）的保护,从而说明表达产物具有良好的免疫原性。     

大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位对鸭禽流感疫苗的免疫效果

从大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位(LTB)的生物安全性、对鸭的毒副作用以及对鸭禽流感疫苗免疫增强效果等方面进行研究,结果表明,LTB制品中未检测到自身编码基因和抗性标记基因残留;高剂量LTB能诱导产生抗LTB自身抗体,并与剂量呈正相关;当使用剂量增大至50 mg/kg时,试验鸭表现出一定的神经症状及组织学病变;肌肉注射1 mg/kg LTB可显著提高禽流感灭活疫苗免疫鸭的血凝抑制(HI)抗体滴度。研究表明LTB具有增强禽流感疫苗免疫效果的潜力,且对鸭的安全使用剂量不超过50 mg/kg。     

产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素重组突变体大肠杆菌表达条件的优化

为优化产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素重组蛋白的表达条件,以前期构建的产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素重组突变体为基础,通过控制变量法确定诱导温度、诱导时间、IPTG诱导浓度以及诱导时菌液浓度等原核蛋白表达条件.结果表明,ε 毒素的重组突变体在37℃、菌液OD600值为0.895～1.295,1.6 mM IPTG诱导6 h条件下可溶性表达量最高...     

产气荚膜梭菌多毒素融合蛋白的表达与纯化及基因工程亚单位多价疫苗的制备

产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)的α、β2和ε毒素是病原的主要外毒素,也是制备预防该病基因工程亚单位多价疫苗的主要研究对象。本研究通过优化密码子、去除蛋白信号肽、选择亲水性与抗原性较好的序列、同时优化表达条件等方法的探索,在大肠杆菌表达系统中获得了高效表达的可溶性α-β2-ε融合蛋白;用该蛋白免疫小鼠后可产生较高水平的血清抗体,针对A、B、C和D型产气荚膜梭菌的免疫保护率分别为100%,100%,90%,100%;小鼠三免后7~14d的抗体效价达到峰值。本研究构建了多毒素融合蛋白表达载体Pet30a-α-β2-ε,并成功表达与纯化出了高效可溶性的目的蛋白,且表达出的融合蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,可以进一步用于羊三联四防基因工程亚单位疫苗的研制,具有较强的研究价值和应用前景。     

产气荚膜梭菌α-β2-ε毒素融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达及免疫原性研究

为研究产气荚膜梭菌α、β、ε3种主要外毒素的免疫原性,构建基因亚单位多价疫苗,本研究通过PCR分别扩增α-β2及ε3种毒素基因,分别克隆于p Pro HTa载体中构建重组表达质粒p Pro-α-β2-ε,并转化大肠杆菌进行这3个目的基因的融合表达。SDS-PAGE分析显示,表达的α-β2-ε毒素融合蛋白大小约90 ku,主要以包涵体形式存在。将其免疫BALB/c小鼠后,分别利用A型和B型产气荚膜梭菌强毒素对免疫鼠进行攻毒,并测定免疫鼠血清中抗体对毒素的中和活性。结果表明,免疫鼠对A型和B型产气荚膜梭菌毒素1 LD100和2 LD100的攻毒保护率分别为100%和60%以及100%和80%。体外中和试验显示,免疫鼠血清稀释为1∶20时,对1 LD100A型和B型产气荚膜梭菌毒素的中和效率均可达到100%。以上结果表明,本研究制备的α-β2-ε融合蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,能够有效刺激机体产生中和抗体,可以作为基因工程疫苗的有效组分,为产气荚膜梭菌多价候选亚单位疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

C型产气荚膜梭菌肠毒素基因的克隆与序列分析

研究参照国外发表的产气荚膜梭菌肠毒素全基因序列设计合成1对特异性引物,采用PCR技术对C型产气荚膜梭菌贵州分离株（CP2株）肠毒素基因进行扩增,将扩增产物连接到pMD18-T载体,并转化至大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,提取质粒进行PCR和双酶切鉴定后测序。结果：获得的基因序列全长960bp,编码319个氨基酸。同源性分析结果表明贵州分离株CP2株与产气荚膜梭菌参考株肠毒素基因序列的核苷酸同源性为99．4％99．8％,推导氨基酸同源性为99．1％～99．7％。     

从A型产气荚膜梭菌C57-1中发现β2毒素基因

为了进一步研究A型产气荚膜梭菌C57-1株的遗传学背景,应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术,从该菌株中扩增出大小为726 bp的β2毒素基因(cpb2基因)的部分序列,并将其克隆入pMD18-T载体中.转化至受体菌DH5α后,经Amp/IPTG/X-Gal选择培养,提取质粒,筛选阳性重组克隆.核苷酸序列分析证实,该基因片段与文献报道的β2毒素基因序列一致.     

表达无毒性大肠杆菌ST1-LTB融合蛋白基因工程菌株的构建

利用基因突变技术，将形成ST1分子内二硫键的半胱氨酸碱基进行突变，使ST1失去本身毒性，进而将其与含有LTB基因的pET-28b( )连接，转化至受体菌BL21(DE3)，重组菌株BL21(DE3)(pXST3LTB)经IPTG诱导后，其表达产物免疫的小鼠能够抵抗大肠杆菌强毒菌的攻击并且消除了ST1的毒性，表明构建的工程菌株BL21(DE3)(pXST3LTB)可作为预防幼畜大肠杆菌性腹泻基因工程菌苗的候选菌株。     

猪肺炎支原体p97 R1区基因和大肠杆菌LTB基因的重组和表达

本研究从猪肺炎支原体的主要抗原蛋白及其免疫特点出发,将猪肺炎支原体纤毛粘附决定区R1区基因和具有黏膜免疫佐剂作用的大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位(the B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin LTB)基因重组表达,并且单独表达了R1区基因。将扩增的目的片段插入到表达载体pET-28a(+)中,分别构建了两个原核表达质粒pET28a(+)-rLTBR1和pET28a(+)-rR1,诱导表达了两个融合蛋白rLTBR1和rR1。对表达的目的蛋白进行了SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测,结果表明,表达的蛋白为特异的蛋白。本试验为进一步的研究rLTBR1融合蛋白在黏膜免疫方面的作用打下了基础。     

大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位在原核细胞中的高效表达

从含有LT全毒素基因操纵子的质粒EWD299中扩增出LT的B亚单位基因后定向克隆于原核表达载体pET28a中，转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）plyss，用IPTG诱导表达后，将全茵裂解，用SDS—PAGE和Western blot检测重组茵中外源蛋白的表达情况。结果表明，在原核细胞中高效表达了LTB蛋白，表达的重组蛋白占菌体蛋白总量的38％。     

大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位在干酪乳杆菌中的分泌表达及其GM1结合活性分析

为获得表达大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B亚单位(LTB)的乳酸菌表达系统,并分析其免疫反应性和神经节苷脂受体(GM1)结合活性,本研究将编码LTB蛋白的eltb基因片段插入干酪乳杆菌分泌型表达载体pPG-2中,构建重组质粒pPG-2-eltb,电转化于干酪乳杆菌393中。筛选获得重组干酪乳杆菌,应用western blot和间接ELISA方法鉴定LTB表达情况,并检测其与GM1结合活性。结果显示,目的蛋白以分泌形式表达,可被LTB阳性血清识别。GM1-ELISA试验结果证实表达的LTB可与牛GM1特异性结合。表明LTB蛋白在重组干酪乳杆菌获得了表达,并且具有免疫反应活性和佐剂活性,为以LTB为分子佐剂研制乳酸菌黏膜疫苗奠定基础。     

Immunohistochemical localization of Clostridium perfringens beta2-toxin in the gastrointestinal tract of horses

Clostridia-associated intestinal disease in horses was generally reported to be due to infection with Clostridium perfringens type A, which harbors the cpa-encoded alpha-toxin. A recent study demonstrated a high incidence of beta2-toxigenic C. perfringens in horses suffering or dying from typhlocolitis, suggesting that this novel type of C. perfringens might play an important role in typhlocolitis and possibly other equine intestinal diseases. A retrospective study was conducted to assess the presence of the beta2-toxin in tissues of the equine gastrointestinal tract. Monospecific polyclonal antibodies against recombinant beta2-toxin were produced in rabbits and used to demonstrate the beta2-toxin in sections of the gastrointestinal tract by immunohistochemical methods. Sections from 69 horses were stained and beta2-toxin was observed immunohistochemically in 40 animals. Sections from the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine were positive. Immunopositivity for beta2-toxin was significantly associated with presence of beta2-toxigenic bacteria. This investigation demonstrates local production of beta2-toxin and suggests that immunohistochemistry using antitoxin antibodies represents a useful diagnostic method in those cases where isolation of bacteria and polymerase chain reaction typing is not feasible. Although the association between the presence of beta2-toxin and development of gastrointestinal disease in horses remains uncertain, the findings of this study indicate that the potential causal relationship warrants further investigation.     

The immunogenicity of fusion protein linking the carboxyl terminus of the B subunit of Shiga toxin 2 to the B subunit of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin

To augment the immunogenicity of the subunit B of Shiga toxin (Stx2e B) produced by Escherichia coli and protect piglets from edema disease in china, a fusion gene was constructed consisting of Stx2e B genetically linked at the N-terminus of the B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) in a translational fusion. After being induced with IPTG, the expressed fusion protein of Stx2e B-LTB was about 8.8% of total proteins, approximately 13 microg/ml of the bacteria culture. The Stx2e B-LTB fusion protein was found to be nontoxic to Vero cells at the dose higher than 1 microg/ml and to mice less than 100 microg/ml. Antibody titer against the fusion protein Stx2e B-LTB was 1:76,800, much higher than that of the recombinant Stx2e B protein (1:12,800) alone. All of the mice immunized with the Stx2e B-LTB fusion protein survived when challenged with a lethal dose (LD) of Stx2e toxin. The results showed that the poor immunogenicity of Stx2e B was overcome by conjugating the stx2e B to ltB. The immunogenicity of the constructed fusion protein Stx2e B-LTB in the present study was highly qualified to protect animals against Shiga toxin produced from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The fusion protein of Stx2e B-LTB could be a candidate for a vaccine against edema disease and post-weaning diarrhea simultaneously in piglets.     

大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素A亚基K63突变体表达载体的构建及其在真核细胞中的表达

采用PCR方法从产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)44815菌株基因组中扩增不耐热肠毒素A亚基(LTA)编码基因,并将大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素A亚基基因插入到含有人CD5信号肽序列的pcDNACD5sp真核表达载体中,构建成pcDNACD5sp/LTA分泌性真核表达载体,然后采用定点突变方法将大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素A亚基第63位的丝氨酸改变为赖氨酸,构建成pcDNACD5sp/LTAK63突变体,经磷酸钙介导将pcDNACD5sp/LTAK63质粒转染HEK293T细胞进行表达.结果表明:试验克隆的大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素A亚基基因与GenBank中大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素A亚基基因序列相比,碱基序列、氨基酸序列同源性均达99%;表达产物经Western-blot检测,结果说明构建的含有人CD5信号肽的LTAK63基因能够在真核细胞中进行分泌性表达.     

Neonatal diarrhoea in pigs: alpha- and beta2-toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens

Since 2001 the Pig Health Unit of Utrecht University has been consulted by various pig farms regarding neonatal diarrhoea. When preventive measures against E. coli-induced diarrhoea had no or limited results, the diarrhoeic piglets were investigated further. The microbiological and pathological findings were indicative of infection with Clostridium perfringens. Toxin typing by polymerase chain reaction led to the detection of genes encoding a-toxin (cpa) and beta2-toxin (cpb2). Surprisingly, alpha- and beta2-toxin-producing C. perfringens was isolated from all tested herds with piglets with neonatal diarrhoea. From our observations, it is likely that many herds in the Netherlands are infected with beta2-toxin-producing C. perfringens strains. As present vaccines lack beta2-toxoid and thus do not provide piglets with protection against beta2-induced diarrhoea.     

Type 2 heat-labile enterotoxin (LT-II)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from ostriches with diarrhea

The culture supernatant of Escherichia coli, isolated from ostriches with diarrhea in Brazil, caused elongation in Vero cell, rounding in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and a cytoplasmic vacuolation in ostrich embryo fibroblasts (OEF), but it was not cytotoxic for chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). These effects were not neutralized by antiserum to cholera toxin. Polymerase chain reaction assays showed that the ostrich E. coli contained the gene encoding (eltII-A), but not those for type 1 heat-labile enterotoxin (eltA), heat-stable enterotoxins (estA, estB), verocytotoxins (stx-I, stx-II), or cytotoxic necrotizing factors (cnf 1, cnf 2). All isolates belonged to serotype O15:H8. The enteropathogenic relevance of LT-II in ostrich diarrhea remains undetermined.