Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus antibody using counterimmunoelectrophoresis and serum neutralisation tests

A comparative investigation was made on the applicability, sensitivity and specificity of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) for the rapid detection of antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle sera using as reference a standard serum neutralisation test. The CIEP test was sensitive and exhibited a reasonable specificity.     

牛干扰素诱导跨膜蛋白3对口蹄疫病毒感染的抑制作用

为了研究牛干扰素诱导跨膜蛋白3(bIFITM3)对O型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)的抑制作用,本试验将表达bIFITM3的重组质粒pLV-bIFITM3和表达增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)的对照质粒pLV-EGFP分别转染BHK-21细胞,通过嘌呤霉素抗性筛选获得能够稳定表达外源基因的细胞系。用O型FMDV感染稳定细胞系,通过观察细胞病变、噬斑分析和实时荧光定量PCR方法评价bIFITM3对O型FMDV感染的抑制作用。结果表明,成功筛选获得稳定表达bIFITM3与EGFP的BHK-21细胞系,bIFITM3表达后显著抑制FMDV感染BHK-21细胞,且抑制作用在病毒感染循环的早期阶段就已显现。本试验证明bIFITM3在FMDV感染中具有抗病毒作用,为口蹄疫的防控研究提供新的思路和理论依据。     

Single dilution ELISA for detection of serum antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle

A single dilution blocking ELISA was developed and evaluated for measuring serum antibody to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Basic parameters of the assay were established and a positive-negative threshold determined from testing 176 specific antibody negative sera from Australian cattle. Sera collected from immunised animals in Thailand were tested by ELISA and virus-neutralisation (VN) tests and the results compared. A positive correlation between ELISA and VN titres was recorded for each of the 3 FMDV serotypes endemic in Thailand, with the overall correlation coefficient being r = 0.8990. A positive correlation for each of the serotypes was also found between ELISA titre and the degree of blocking (percentage inhibition) of each test serum at a dilution of 1:16, with the overall correlation being r = 0.8704. This simplified ELISA was sensitive, specific and gave reproducible results, and had the potential to test quickly and efficiently a considerable number of sera.     

Development and evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein antibody using a chemically synthesized 2B peptide as antigen.

Forty peptides were synthesized corresponding to hydrophilic clusters of amino acids within the sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural proteins (NSP). Six peptides were studied in more detail and the most promising, a 2B peptide, was evaluated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sera from naive, vaccinated, and vaccinated-and-challenged cattle as well as bovine sera from field outbreaks. The performance of the new NSP peptide ELISA was compared to that of 4 commercial NSP ELISA kits. Antibody to 2B was detectable from the end of the first week to the second week after infection in most of the nonvaccinated animals and by the second to third week in vaccinated-and-challenged animals. The sensitivity of the 2B peptide ELISA was comparable to the 3ABC Ceditest (Ceditest FMDV-NS, Cedi Diagnostics B.V.; Chung et al., 2002). With some modification and further validation, this 2B test could be useful as a screening or conformational NSP test in postvaccination surveillance for FMD.     

Secretory antibody responses in cattle infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Antibody responses in serum, saliva, nasal secretions, or esophageal-pharyngeal fluid of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected steers were examined by single radial immunodiffusion and mouse-neutralization tests. In steers infected with type O foot-and-mouth disease virus, high serum antibody titers were detected within 10 days after infection. Antibody was first detected in saliva at 30 days and gradually increased to a plateau at about 90 days. Small amounts of antibody continued to be secreted in saliva and in nasal secretions for at least 6 months. Antibody was not detected in esophageal-pharyngeal fluid. The major antibody activity in secretions was due to secretory immunoglobulin A as revealed by radioimmunoelectrophoresis.     

Investigation of serum protein profiles in sheep naturally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus

This study was carried out to determine serum protein profiles in naturally infected sheep with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The study material consisted of twelve healthy and 36 sheep with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). FMD had been diagnosed on the basis of clinical findings and results of serological examination. Serotypes serologically detected in the FMDV-infected sheep were as follows: O (n = 11), A (n = 8) and mixed infection with serotypes O, A and Asia-1 (n = 17).The total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations as well as Albumin/Globulin ratio were slightly different among the groups (P < 0.05). Three protein bands of 66 kDa, 45 kDa and 20 kDa were remarkable. Moderate differences were determined between healthy and infected sheep for proportion of distribution in serum proteins. In conclusion, serum protein concentrations and serum protein profiles were slightly changed and no specific serum protein profile occurred in sheep infected with either O or A or in sheep mixed infected with the O and A and Asia-1 serotypes of FMDV compared to healthy ones.     

Novel purification method for recombinant 3AB1 nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus for use in differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals.

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from vaccinated animals. The test was based on a highly pure and concentrated preparation of recombinant 3AB1 protein obtained by expression in a prokaryotic system, protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electro elution. Experimental- and field-serum samples from naive, vaccinated, and infected cattle were tested for anti3AB1 antibody using the ELISA. A cutoff level was set at 35% of the maximum absorbance obtained with a positive control serum (FMDV-infected animal, 21 days postinfection [dpi]). This assay could detect antibodies from sera of animals experimentally infected by contact (n = 118) with a sensitivity of 97.5%. The specificity was 100%, based on negative test results obtained on 109 sera from naive animals. Remarkably, all sera from animals vaccinated either once (n = 102) or twice (n = 30) were negative. In addition, this 3AB1-ELISA could detect seroconversion at 7 dpi in animals inoculated intradermolingually. This assay constitutes an important tool for the rapid detection of FMDV outbreaks in a vaccinated population. In addition, it presents a reliable, economical, and simple method for testing large numbers of serum samples.     

口蹄疫病毒O/Laos/00株非结构蛋白3A基因特征分析

经反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术扩增得到口蹄疫病毒O/Laos/00株的非结构蛋白3A基因核苷酸序列,与其他8株代表性参考毒株的3A基因进行比较,分析口蹄疫病毒3A基因的特征.结果表明:O/Laos/00株3A基因含有429核苷酸,编码143氨基酸残基.9株病毒3A氨基酸序列相比较,可分成3种不同的类型:一类是具有全长3A的毒株,一类是具有133～143位氨基酸缺失的毒株,这两类毒株均来源于牛体,核苷酸差异小(＜15 %);另一类是具有93～102位氨基酸缺失的毒株,毒株相互之间核苷酸差异较大(7.25 %～22.2 %).     

Pig herds having a single reactor to serum antibody tests to Aujeszky's disease virus.

The introduction of Aujeszky's disease virus into a herd of pigs usually results in a rapid spread of the virus and a high percentage of pigs become seropositive. However, herd monitoring for the virus occasionally reveals a single seropositive breeding pig, referred to as a single reactor. The seropositive status of single reactors may be due to previous vaccination against Aujeszky's disease, or to exposure to a field strain of the virus, or to a false positive reaction in the serological assay. During a monitoring programme in Minnesota, 30 pig herds with single serological reactors were detected. Twenty-seven of these single reactors from 19 herds were segregated from their herds immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. Aujeszky's disease virus was isolated from four of the 27 pigs. Three of the four herds subsequently had outbreaks of Aujeszky's disease, suggesting that some single reactors were infected with Aujeszky's disease virus and had the potential to spread the virus within and between herds.     

Serological differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus on electron microscope grids coated with protein A and antibody.

A serological technique using electron microscope grids coated with protein A and antiserum was able to detect foot-and- mouth disease virus particles in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluids from infected cattle without the need for prior concentration of the sample. The technique was adapted to differentiate serologically among foot-and-mouth disease virus types A, O and C with antigen-adsorbed sera. When grids were coated with heterotypic antigenadsorbed antisera, the homotypic antigen could be observed in viral specimens containing 10(5) PFU/mL, but the heterotypic antigen was not visualized until its concentration was about tenfold higher. Grids coated with the appropriate antigen-adsorbed antiserum can thus be used to indicate foot-and-mouth disease viral serotypes in specimens containing less than 10(6) PFU/mL.     

口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3AB单克隆抗体的制备及其对应表位区分析

为鉴定口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)的非结构蛋白3AB的抗原表位,本研究以原核表达并纯化的FMDV 3AB重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术制备杂交瘤细胞,通过间接ELISA进行筛选,获得6株能够稳定分泌抗3AB蛋白特异性单克隆抗体(MAb)的杂交瘤细胞.这6株MAbs亚类鉴定均为IgG1型,轻链均为K链.间接免疫荧光试验结果表明,这6株MAbs均能够识别FMDV 3AB蛋白.采用制备的MAb对分段表达的3AB蛋白进行western blot分析,结合位点分别位于3AB的第aa 55～aa 70、aa 64～aa 79、aa130～aa145区段.该结果为进一步探索3AB蛋白的结构和功能以及建立诊断方法奠定了基础.     

Maturation of functional antibody affinity in animals immunised with synthetic foot-and-mouth disease virus.

A good correlation exists between specific neutralising antibody titre and protection against challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in infected or virus-vaccinated cattle, but not in the case of animals immunised with synthetic FMDV peptides. Therefore, mechanisms other than simple neutralisation are likely to be important in vivo. Antibody affinity may influence the protective capacity of sera from immunised animals and experiments were carried out to measure the functional affinity for synthetic FMDV peptide of sera from guinea pigs and cattle given various synthetic vaccines. In guinea pigs given a single dose of synthetic vaccine, antibody affinity increased with time after immunisation. In cattle, however, administration of a second dose of peptide 21 days after the first markedly retarded the process of affinity maturation. For guinea pig sera of equivalent neutralising activity, those of higher functional affinity had higher protective indices than those of lower functional affinity. Knowledge of the importance of antibody affinity in protection against FMD is important for an improved understanding of the mechanisms of protection and for the design of novel vaccines.     

口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3C真核表达载体的构建及表达

口蹄疫(FMD)是由口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)引起,属于小RNA病毒科口蹄疫病毒属[1 2],为单链正股RNA[3]。T racey认为3C蛋白酶具有病毒加工、宿主蛋白裂解的作用[4]。H ata认为在感染FMDV的宿主细胞内翻译的一条多肽链,11个蛋白酶裂解位点中,9个位点由3C蛋白酶完成裂解过程[5]。目前,对同     

口蹄疫病毒3B蛋白的表达纯化及其多克隆抗体的制备

为了深入研究口蹄疫病毒3B蛋白的结构及功能,本研究原核表达了3B蛋白并制备了针对3B蛋白的多克隆抗体。试验采用PCR方法扩增了口蹄疫病毒3B蛋白基因,并将其克隆到pET28a载体上,构建了重组质粒pET28a-3B,将其转化到大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞中进行诱导表达。经过Ni-NTA琼脂糖亲和层析法初步纯化及Millipore超滤浓缩进一步纯化,将其免疫试验动物新西兰大白兔后制备出了抗3B蛋白的多克隆抗体。通过ELISA检测了该多抗的效价,Western blot试验检测了其反应性,通过间接免疫荧光(IFA)和Western blot试验检测了该多抗的应用性。结果表明:该抗体的效价为1∶512 000,反应性良好;IFA试验和Western blot试验中可以检测到过表达后定位于细胞核和细胞质中的3B蛋白,也可以检测到在真核细胞中过表达的3B蛋白。说明本研究制备的口蹄疫病毒3B蛋白多克隆抗体可以作为开展该病毒相关研究的重要材料。     

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Quebec: antibody prevalence and disease outbreak.

The prevalence of antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Quebec and the role of the virus in a respiratory disease outbreak was investigated. The indirect immunofluorescent, neutralization and haemagglutination inhibition techniques were used to carry out this study. Of the 1,444 adult animals examined 519 (35.9%) had antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus. These positive reactors were found in each agricultural region of Quebec. The highest (53.0%) and the lowest (21.8%) prevalence was observed in the sera collected by the laboratories of St. Hyacinthe and Sherbrooke. During a respiratory disease outbreak affecting 77 calves on a farm, bovine respiratory syncytial virus was shown to be associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine parainfluenza type 3, bovine viral diarrhea viruses and bovine adenovirus type 3 as detected by seroconversion. Of the 38 seroconverted animals 14 were seropositive to bovine respiratory syncytial virus.     

Toward a multiplexed serotyping immunoassay for foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Initial results demonstrating the feasibility of a multiplexed liquid array immunoassay for foot-and-mouth disease viral antigen detection and simultaneous serotype differentiation are presented. Serotype-specific antibodies from rabbit and guinea pig hyperimmunesera were isolated and prepared for use in a multiplexed, bead-based assay. The performance of all of the available antibodies as both capture and detector reagents was evaluated in the multiplexed system to establish a combination exhibiting the highest homotypic responses and lowest heterotypic reactions. The multiplexed assay was evaluated against inactivated cell culture supernatant samples of the same subtype as the virus used to raise the capture and detector antibodies. Distinct serotype differentiation was observed, except in the case of serotype SAT1. Subsequently, cell culture supernatant samples from a larger pool of viral subtypes were analyzed. Distinct serotype differentiation was obtained when analyzing cell culture supernatant samples from viral serotypes C, Asia, and SAT3, irrespective of the subtype. However, limitations of the current antibody pairs were realized in some inconclusive results obtained when analyzing samples from a broader range of O, A, and SAT2 subtypes. The results obtained in this initial study will be used to further optimize the assay using polyvalent or monoclonal antibodies and move toward the analysis of clinical samples.