Photosynthetic components associated with differential senescence of maize hybrids following ear removal

The effect of ear removal on carbon exchange rate (CER), leaf resistance, transpiration and internal CO₂ concentration of leaves for two field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids was determined using a portable photosynthesis system. Ears were removed 15 days after anthesis and measurements were made at intervals during grain development on the first leaf above the ear. Leaf CER and transpiration of earless cv. B73 × Mo17 plants were lower than controls by 4 days after ear removal (DAER) and were not detectable by 18 DAER. In contrast, ear removal from cv. FS854 plants did not affect leaf CER or transpiration relative to eared controls until 9 DAER, and leaves retained 20% of maximum CER and transpiration by 29 DAER. The decline in CER in both hybrids did not appear to be due to stomatal closure, as initial internal CO₂ concentrations were sufficient to support adequate CER. The levels of CER, transpiration, and leaf resistance were consistent with visual estimates of leaf senescence.Grain harvested from the eared plants used for CER measurements showed that FS854 plants had more (23%) and heavier (4%) kernels than B73 × Mo17 plants. For FS854, the larger kernel number of comparable weight was attributed to the maintenance of a relatively higher level of leaf photosynthesis during the later stages of grain fill. The differences in CER and visual ratings indicate that the rate of leaf senescence following ear removal may be useful in identifying hybrids with late-season photosynthetic capabilities and high production potential.     

Wx基因对灌浆期小麦不同叶位叶片光合特性的影响

为了解Wx基因对小麦光合作用的影响,对8个小麦Wx近等基因系的不同叶位叶片光合参数进行了测定和分析。结果表明,小麦叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率在叶位和基因型间均有极显著差异,缺失单个Wx基因使叶片光合参数下降,且降幅表现为Wx-D1Wx-A1Wx-B1;胞间CO2浓度不影响光合作用,不同叶位叶片光合参数明显呈旗叶倒二叶倒三叶,但WxABD(糯小麦)光合参数在叶位间没有显著差异;Wild type和WxABD总体光合能力和产量相对较高。以上结果说明,Wx基因的缺失会引起叶片光合能力下降,不利于小麦产量形成。     

干旱胁迫对不同肥水类型小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

为给小麦抗旱育种和节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持,在防雨旱棚池栽条件下研究了干旱胁迫对6个不同肥水类型小麦品种旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,小麦开花后旗叶的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和单叶水分利用效率均呈下降趋势,而胞间CO₂浓度有所升高。其中,水浇地品种烟农21、烟农24和济麦22净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和单叶水分利用效率较低且下降幅度大,而旱地品种青麦6号、济旱5034和鲁麦21的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和单叶水分利用效率较高且下降较为缓慢,而胞间CO₂浓度较低。青麦6号具有较高的抗旱指数,在干旱胁迫条件下能够保持较好的叶片结构和功能状况,是其获得高产的重要原因。     

Effects of water stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of five potato cultivars

Summary Reduction of leaf photosynthesis due to water stress has been analyzed into various components and genetic variation in these components has been evaluated. Five potato cultivars were grown on nutrient solution in a conditioned glasshouse. Water stress was imposed by adding polyethylene glycol to the nutrient solution. Photosynthesis, transpiration and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured on intact leaves during the stress period and after recovery from the stress. Water stress reduced photosynthesis, initially as a consequence of stomatal closure, but after 3 days increasingly by inhibiting directly the photosynthetic capacity (mesophyll limitation). Stomatal closure correlated with the reduction in photosynthesis, but it was not the sole cause of this reduction because the internal CO₂ concentration in the leaves was not affected by water stress, indicative of inhibitory factors other than stomatal ones. Chlorophyll fluorescence emission suggested that the Calvin cycle was inhibited, while quantum efficiency was not affected at 17°C. Increasing the temperature to 27°C reduced quantum efficiency but only in the stress environment. The recovery of young leaves after relief of the stress was associated with a lower stomatal conductance but a higher mesophyll conductance compared with the control, which caused a low internal CO₂ concentration and probably invoked photo-inhibition and leaf damage. Cultivar differences in photosynthetic rate were highly significant under both optimal and stress conditions, and corresponded with differences in mesophyll conductance.     

A canopy photosynthesis model to predict the dry matter production of cocksfoot pastures under varying temperature, nitrogen and water regimes

Daily net canopy photosynthesis (P_n) of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) was predicted for combinations of temperature, herbage nitrogen (N) concentration and water status from the integration of models of leaf photosynthesis of the light‐saturated photosynthetic rate (P_max), photosynthetic efficiency (α) and the degree of curvature (θ) of leaf light‐response curves. The effect on P_n, maximum P_n (P_{n max}) and the optimum leaf area index (LAI at P_{n max}) was examined when any one of these factors was limiting. The ranges that gave the optimum values of P_n (P_{n max} = 30·8–33·5 g CO₂m^?2 d^?1) for temperature (19–22°C) and N concentration (40–50 g N kg^?1 DM) were smaller than those for net leaf photosynthesis. Also, P_n fell to 0 at a lower level of water stress (pre‐dawn leaf water potential, ψ_lp = ?12·5 bar) than for P_max. The canopy photosynthesis model was then used to compare predicted and measured dry matter (DM) production for cocksfoot pastures grown under a diverse range of environmental conditions with field data from New Zealand and Argentina. To predict DM production leaf area index and leaf canopy angle were included from field measurements. The model explained about 0·85 of the variation in cocksfoot DM production for the range of 6·5–134 kg DM ha^?1 d^?1. The canopy model overestimated the DM production by 0·10 which indicates that a further P_max function for leaves of different ages and a partitioning sub‐model may be needed to improve predictions of DM production.     

Transpiration and Leaf Movement of Cotton Cultivars Grown in the Field under Arid Conditions

Abstract

Five cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars were grown in the field in Xinjiang, China to evaluate their adaptability to arid conditions in terms of leaf temperature, transpiration rate and leaf movement. Leaf temperature was higher in the morning and lower in the afternoon as compared with air temperature. There were large differences in the transpiration rate represented by the flow rates of stem sap per unit leaf area (FRSS) among the cotton cultivars. The transpiration rate in cotton generally depended on vapor pressure deficit (VPD). In the cultivars with a low transpiring ability, however, the influence of VPD was lower in the higher range of VPD. Cultivars with higher transpiring ability tended to have higher intercepted radiation per unit leaf area (IRL), i.e., to show active diaheliotropic leaf movement. The higher transpiring ability of cotton might be able to reduce heat stresses caused by diaheliotropic leaf movement and be profitable for yield under the arid conditions.     

灌溉对春小麦蒸腾速率的影响及其生理原因

为了揭示灌溉对小麦蒸腾作用的影响及其与其他因子的相互关系，我们采用英国PPS公司CIRAS-1型光合作用综合测定仪测定了春小麦孕穗期不同灌溉量的蒸腾速率、净光合速率、气孔阻力等因子的日变化，同时测定了小麦叶温、有效辐射、气温、湿度和田间微环境风速。研究结果表明，不同灌溉量与春小麦叶片蒸腾速率关系密切。在900m^3/hm^2以下，随灌水量的增加，春小科叶片蒸腾速率明显增大。在影响叶片蒸腾速率的诸要素中，光合有交辐射、叶温、水汽压差和气孔导度对叶片蒸腾速率都存在一定的相互联系和规律。叶片蒸腾速度与细胞内外水汽压差存在着相关关系，与气孔阻力呈显著负相关。本研究可为春小麦节水灌溉提供理论依据。     

冬小麦不同冠层叶片光合蒸腾和水分利用效率变化特征及对灌溉的响应

为了解冬小麦不同冠层叶片光合和蒸腾作用特征以及随水分条件的变化规律,通过田间试验,以冬小麦京冬22为试验材料,设置0 mm（T₀）、220 mm（T₁）、280 mm（T₂）3种水分处理,比较分析了冬小麦不同冠层叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率对光合有效辐射和灌溉响应的差异。结果表明,三种水分处理下,冬小麦不同冠层叶片的蒸腾速率和光合速率随光合有效辐射的增加而增加,随后趋于平缓。不同冠层叶片蒸腾速率、光合速率对光合有效辐射的响应表现为上层>中层>下层;不同冠层叶片WUE对光合有效辐射的响应表现为上中层>下层。光合有效辐射相同时,灌水处理（T₁和T₂）的叶片光合蒸腾速率均高于不灌水处理（T₀）。T₁、T₂处理下,叶片光合速率对光合有效辐射响应在整个生育期内表现为灌浆期>抽穗期>成熟期>拔节期,蒸腾速率对光合有效辐射响应在整个生育期内表现为抽穗期>灌浆期>拔节期>成熟期;T₀处理下,叶片光合速率对光合有效辐射响应在整个生育期内表现为灌浆期>拔节期>抽穗期>成熟期,蒸腾速率对光合有效辐射响应在冬小麦整个生育期内表现不显著。因此,在进行小麦叶片到单株光合蒸腾尺度拓展估算时,应考虑冠层位置和水分条件对拓展结果的影响。     

4个椰子品种光合、蒸腾作用日变化特征及影响因素

以结果盛期的黄矮椰子﹑香水椰子﹑本地高种椰子﹑文椰78F1 4个椰子品种为研究对象,对椰子叶片的光合作用﹑蒸腾作用的日变化规律及温度﹑湿度﹑光合有效辐射和CO2浓度等环境因子之间的互作进行研究。结果表明,不同椰子品种的光合速率和蒸腾速率日进程表现为明显的双峰型日变化,本地高种椰子的光合速率和蒸腾速率都比较高,香水椰子和文椰78F1居中,黄矮椰子最低。光合有效辐射、叶片温度对椰子光合速率有重要影响,空气湿度和叶片温度是影响蒸腾速率的重要环境因子。     

不同小麦进化材料生育后期的光合特性及其对环境因子响应的比较

为了解不同小麦近缘材料光合特性,以二倍体节节麦、四倍体硬粒小麦、六倍体普通小麦、八倍体小黑麦为材料,在生育后期测定了其光合气体交换参数、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数等光合相关性状,并对净光合速率在不同光照、CO_2浓度、温度、湿度条件下的变化进行了分析。结果表明,八倍体小黑麦的光合气体交换参数和叶绿素含量比其他三个材料高,六倍体小麦在叶面积上具有明显优势;四倍体和六倍体小麦具有较高的光能利用效率,而二倍体小麦和八倍体小黑麦对强光的抗性较强;六倍体小麦和八倍体小黑麦对CO_2的利用率和抗逆性都较强;八倍体小黑麦的光合速率受温度的影响较小,而二倍体和四倍体小麦的光合速率受温度的影响比较大;二倍体小麦的光合速率受湿度的影响较大,四倍体小麦的光合速率受湿度的影响较小,六倍体小麦和八倍体小黑麦光合速率在高湿条件下变化较小。这说明不同小麦近缘种具有不同的光合特性,是小麦进行小麦高光合育种的重要基因资源。     

Studies on Mechanisms of Dehydration Postponement in Cassava Leaves under Short-term Soil Water Deficits

Abstract

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) can produce a high crop yield even in an environment with irregular rains. This is mainly attributed to its abilities to maintain leaf area under drought conditions and rapidly regrow after rain. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of leaf maintenance under water deficits through measurement of photosynthetic rate and water potential changes in leaves. The cassava plants were grown in pots and exposed to water deficits, and the diurnal changes in water potentials, rates of photosynthesis and transpiration and stomatal conductance were measured. The relationship between leaf water potential (ψW) and photosynthetic rate with decreasing soil water, and osmotic adjustment were also investigated. With respect to water supply in leaves, the movement of water in plants was measured using stem heat balance. Under water deficits, photosynthesis occurred only in the early morning. The water loss was reduced by stomatal closure in the mid-day. This was attributed to the complete closure of the stornata during the decrease in ψW to a range between –1.0 and –1.4 MPa. Furthermore, the firm stomatal closure is caused by the consistency of osmotic potential under decreases in soil water, i.e., to a lack of osmotic adjustment. Water stored in the pith parenchyma of stem flowed into leaves in the morning. From these results, we conclude that cassava can consistently maintain an adequate water level in leaves via water storage and the sensitivity of stornata to water deficits, thereby avoiding leaf dehydration.     

Evaluation of the Effect of Photosynthesis on Biomass Production with Simultaneous Analysis of Growth and Continuous Monitoring of CO2 Exchange in the Whole Plants of Radish,cv Kosena under Ambient and Elevated CO2

Abstract

The effects of elevated CO₂ (approximate doubling of atmospheric CO₂ concentration) on the rate of photosynthesis estimated from continuous monitoring of CO₂ exchange in whole plants were investigated in radish cv. Kosena accompanied with simultaneous analysis of growth for 6 days from 15 to 21 days after planting (DAP). The elevated CO₂ increased the dry weights of hydroponically grown radish plants by 59% at 21 DAP.

The increase in dry weight was due to a combined effect of increased leaf area and increased photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. Leaf area and the photosynthetic rate were increased by elevated CO₂ by 18-43% and 9-20%, respectively, during 15 to 21 DAP. Namely, an increase in the rate of photosynthesis is accompanied by an increase in leaf area, both having a significant effect on biomass production.     

Effects of temperature on growth and photosynthesis in the seedling stage of the sheath blight-resistant rice genotype 32R

The 32R rice genotype is resistant to sheath blight disease (ShB), with a high-yield potential. We examined effects of temperature on the plant responses of 32R in comparison with those of the ShB-susceptible rice genotype (29S) and Nipponbare (Nb, a Japonica standard cultivar). The seedlings at the 4th leaf stage of rice genotypes were exposed to 14/14, 19/14, 25/20, 31/26, 37/32 and 37/37 °C (day/night) for 5, 10 and 15 days. The dry weight, leaf area, photosynthesis, contents of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and chlorophyll contents were examined. The dry weight showed lower in 32R than in 29S and Nb at a low temperature, and total dry weight correlated strongly with root dry weight and leaf area. The relative growth rate (RGR) correlated strongly with the net assimilation rate (NAR). Rubisco, chlorophyll contents and the photosynthetic rates were limited at a low temperature and showed lower in 32R than in 29S and Nb. The strong correlations between Rubisco and the rates of maximum photosynthesis and initial slope were found in 32R, but not found in 29S and Nb. In addition, RGR and NAR of 32R correlated positively with Rubisco. These suggest that 32R contains traits of cold-sensitive genotypes that are related to limiting Rubisco at a low temperature, thus diminishing photosynthesis and limiting plant growth. Differences of growth among 32R, 29S and Nb were discussed in the relation of genotypes.     

不同荫蔽度对香草兰光合特性的影响

研究4种不同荫蔽度下香草兰的光合特性。结果表明：蒸腾速率和叶片水压亏缺随着荫蔽度的增加呈递减趋势；70%荫蔽度下光合速率和光合有效辐射日变化最高；胞间CO2浓度随着荫蔽度的增加呈递增趋势。说明70%荫蔽度较适宜种植香草兰。     

From leaf to whole-plant water use efficiency(WUE)in complex canopies:Limitations of leaf WUE as a selection target

Plant water use efficiency(WUE) is becoming a key issue in semiarid areas, where crop production relies on the use of large volumes of water. Improving WUE is necessary for securing environmental sustainability of food production in these areas. Given that climate change predictions include increases in temperature and drought in semiarid regions,improving crop WUE is mandatory for global food production. WUE is commonly measured at the leaf level, because portable equipment for measuring leaf gas exchange rates facilitates the simultaneous measurement of photosynthesis and transpiration. However,when those measurements are compared with daily integrals or whole-plant estimates of WUE, the two sometimes do not agree. Scaling up from single-leaf to whole-plant WUE was tested in grapevines in different experiments by comparison of daily integrals of instantaneous water use efficiency [ratio between CO2assimilation(AN) and transpiration(E); AN/E] with midday AN/E measurements, showing a low correlation, being worse with increasing water stress. We sought to evaluate the importance of spatial and temporal variation in carbon and water balances at the leaf and plant levels. The leaf position(governing average light interception) in the canopy showed a marked effect on instantaneous and daily integrals of leaf WUE. Night transpiration and respiration rates were also evaluated, as well as respiration contributions to total carbon balance. Two main components were identified as filling the gap between leaf and whole plant WUE: the large effect of leaf position on daily carbon gain and water loss and the large flux of carbon losses by dark respiration. These results show that WUE evaluation among genotypes or treatments needs to be revised.     

SGM对玉米发芽率及幼苗抗冷效果的影响

试验以不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)和赤霉素(GA)复配剂(SGM)处理玉米种子,研究SGM对玉米发芽率及幼苗抗冷性的影响。结果表明,在低温(6.5～10℃)条件,SGM处理后能够提高玉米种子的发芽率,最高可达69.63%;叶片脯氨酸含量及SOD、POD、CAT酶的活性也有所增加,增幅最高分别为57.39%、42.62%、25.95%和16.63%,其中SOD>POD>CAT的活性。在低温条件下,SGM能够减缓膜脂过氧化物MDA的积累,降低幅度为2.72%～22.75%,达到了极显著水平,SGM处理可增强玉米幼苗的抗冷性。     

Leaf Temperature and Transpiration of Field Grown Cotton and Soybean under Arid and Humid Conditions

Abstract

Abstract : Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars were grown under arid (Urumqi, Xinjiang, China) and humid (Matsudo, Chiba, Japan) conditions to analyze their abilities to adapt to arid conditions in terms of transpiration, leaf movement and leaf temperature. Under the arid condition, the leaf temperature of the cotton cultivars was higher than that of the soybean cultivar and the air temperature. There was no significant difference in leaf temperature among the cotton and soybean cultivars under the humid condition. The flow rate of stem sap in the cotton cultivars under the arid condition was always higher than that in the soybean cultivar, and was largely affected by vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Under the humid condition, however, the flow rates of stem sap were lower in the cotton cultivars than in the soybean cultivars. These results indicate that cotton can avoid heat stress by the high transpiring ability possibly supported by well-developed root systems, which leads to higher drought resistance under the arid condition. Soybean would adapt to arid conditions by the combination of paraheliotropic leaf movement and reduced transpiration.     

植物生长调节剂对低温胁迫下荔枝生理特性及产量的影响

为了探讨植物生长调剂对荔枝春季低温伤害的缓解效应,在春季低温下,叶面喷施不同浓度的植物生长调节剂,研究其对荔枝叶片生理特性及产量的影响.试验品种为'妃子笑'荔枝(树龄约10 a),调节剂为广东海洋大学化控中心研制,其主要成分为1,1-二甲基哌啶翁氯化物;设置A(植物生长调节剂2.5 mL,兑水10 kg)、B(植物生长...     

尿素对骠马胁迫紫苏幼苗的缓解效应

为探讨尿素对骠马胁迫紫苏幼苗的缓解效应,阐明适宜紫苏生长的最佳除草施肥条件。采用随机区组试验设计,在紫苏六叶期喷施不同浓度的尿素(0、1、2、4和8g/L)和6.9 %骠马水乳剂(0、1.33、2.66、5.32和 7.98 mL/L),分析其对紫苏光合特性指标、荧光特性、杂草防效和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,骠马显著降低紫苏叶片的叶绿素含量指数（CCI）,净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）也均不同程度降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）升高,说明骠马显著抑制紫苏的光合特性,且表现出一定的剂量-效应关系;叶绿素荧光分析表明,除草剂显著降低了PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）及光化学荧光淬灭系数（qP）,非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）则呈一定的上升趋势。表明在除草剂骠马胁迫下紫苏叶片发生了光抑制,PSⅡ复合体受到损伤伴随着光合电子传递受阻;8 g/L的尿素处理效果相同;而1～4g/L浓度的尿素处理则效果相反。1～4 g/L的尿素和不同浓度的骠马先后处理,比单用骠马处理效果好,A组的P1N3处理可使籽粒产量比单独施用骠马增产11%,杂草防效提高11.35%,表明先施4 g/L的尿素再施1.33 mL/L 的骠马,能显著缓解骠马对紫苏的胁迫,提高其光合性能,并使其光系统Ⅱ维持较高的光化学效率,该施药模式具有平衡除草施肥技术,安全高产等特点,有较高的推广价值。     

丁二酸浸种对玉米生育后期光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

在田间高密度条件下,以郑单958为材料,研究了不同浓度丁二酸浸种对玉米生育后期光合参数日变化及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,丁二酸浸种能够改善田间小气候;不同浓度的丁二酸浸种,玉米生育后期各处理的光合参数的日变化存在明显差异,表现为低浓度能提高叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(GS)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci),高浓度产生抑制作用;浸种后随着蒸腾速率(Tr)的降低,叶片水分利用效率(WUE)均明显提高。其中以处理T3(300mg/L)效果最佳。