CT2000对高温季节奶牛产奶性能的影响

选择2~3胎次泌乳中后期(180d)且产奶量相近的荷斯坦奶牛10头随机分为两组,饲喂相同基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加CT2000,饲喂标准为30g/日.牛。结果显示:(1)两组奶牛产奶量均与牛舍日平均湿热指数(THI)和最高温度呈负相关(P<0.01);(2)饲喂CT2000前,试验组受高温影响产奶量下降率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);饲喂CT2000期间,试验组产奶量受高温影响变化幅度小;停饲CT2000后,试验组产奶量有升高的趋势。(3)试验组日乳蛋白合成量呈逐渐上升趋势,而对照组逐渐下降;对照组日乳脂合成率逐渐下降,而试验组在停饲CT2000后又呈上升趋势。     

腐植酸钠对奶牛产奶量和隐性乳房炎的影响

选用泌乳天数和产奶量相近的初产新西兰荷斯坦奶牛60头,随机分为两组(n=30),通过饲养实验的方法,研究了日粮中添加腐植酸钠对奶牛产奶量和隐性乳房炎的影响。试验组牛每头饲喂腐植酸钠40g/天,拌到精料中,分2次给予,连续饲喂30天,两组牛基础日粮和饲养管理条件一致。试验期间,试验组牛和对照组牛平均产奶量分别为22.6kg/天和22.2kg/天,组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。CMT法检测隐形乳房炎的结果,试验组乳区均分值与对照组比较下降了59.1%(P<0.01),腐植酸钠添加前后比较下降了60.8%(P<0.01)。奶牛日粮中添加腐植酸钠可明显降低隐性乳房炎的发病率,具有提高产奶量的趋势。     

活性酵母与复合酶复合制剂对澳大利亚不同品种奶牛生产性能的影响

为探究活性酵母与复合酶复合制剂(YEM)对放牧加补饲饲喂模式下澳大利亚不同品种奶牛生产性能、乳品质及健康情况的影响,试验采用随机区组设计,选择FF(荷斯坦×荷斯坦)、FJ(荷斯坦×娟姗牛)、FU(荷斯坦×本地牛1)、FX(荷斯坦×本地牛2)、UJ(本地牛1×娟姗牛)、XJ(本地牛2×娟姗牛)6个品种,每个品种22头共132头奶牛,各品种根据泌乳时间及产奶量相近原则等分为试验组和对照组。参试牛只均采用放牧加补饲方式进行饲喂,对照组补饲基础日粮,试验组在补饲基础日粮中添加40 g/(d·头)YEM制剂。试验期6周。结果表明:试验全期,FF、FJ、FU、FX、UJ、XJ试验组奶牛平均产奶量分别较对照组极显著提高3.26、2.21、2.03、1.96、2.44、1.63 L/(d·头)(P0.01);饲喂1周后各品种试验组产奶量显著高于对照组(P0.05),且差值呈逐渐增大趋势,FF试验组奶牛第6周时平均产奶量较对照组提高4.99 L/(d·头);与对照组相比,FF、FJ、FX、UJ、XJ试验组乳蛋白率有所提升(P0.05),FF、FU、FX、UJ、XJ试验组乳体细胞数量降低(P0.05),FJ试验组乳体细胞数显著降低(P0.05)。综上,YEM在澳洲放牧加补饲的饲养模式下可显著提高各品种奶牛生产效益,对乳蛋白率无显著影响,但可显著减少FJ奶牛乳体细胞数,对奶牛健康有一定促进作用。     

微量元素添加剂对奶牛泌乳性能影响

针对奶牛日粮营养不平衡,导致产奶量低、乳脂率低,经济效益低的生产状况,本试验随机选择4胎、5胎、6胎泌乳期牛10头,分试验组与对照组,各试验牛按日产奶量饲喂不等量精料补充料、玉米秸与稻秸按2:1混合的粗饲料、尿素基础饲粮。试验组饲粮按产奶量分等添加微量元素添加剂,试验期试验组奶料比为3.25,对照组为2.9,试验组增加0.34kg(P<0.05)。试验期产奶量按4.0%标准乳计算,试验组日产奶量高于对照组4.31kg(P<0.05)。按每kg增重折合鲜奶8.0kg校正体重后标准乳计算,试验组日产奶量高于对组4.36kg(P<0.01)。乳脂、乳钙、乳蛋白质(2.29 乳脂率×0.33计算),试验组比对照组分别提高0.32%、0.10%、0.03%(P<0.05)。添加微量元素的试验组,头均日产标准奶24.12kg,对照组19.8kg(P<0.05),按kg鲜奶1.80元计算,头、日产奶分别收入43.42元、35.62元(P<0.05)。头均日耗饲料的实际价格试验组9.15元、对照组7.82元(P<0.01),试验组比对组多增收6.46元(P<0.05),经济效益显著。     

复合菌培养物对奶牛产奶性能及体细胞数的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加复合菌培养物对奶牛产奶量、乳品质和体细胞数的影响。选择30头荷斯坦奶牛,分为对照组和试验组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加复合菌培养物400 g/(头·d),试验期为37 d。测定指标包括产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及体细胞数。结果表明,试验组奶牛产奶量比对照组增加6.84%(P>0.05);乳汁体细胞数下降率比对照组提高29.78%(P<0.05);两组奶牛乳脂、乳蛋白之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。本试验结果表明,复合菌培养物在降低体细胞数和改善奶牛产奶性能方面具有良好的效果。     

微生态制剂对奶牛产奶性能及日粮营养物质消化率的影响

该试验旨在研究微生态制剂BLCS对奶牛产奶性能及日粮营养物质消化率的影响.依据完全配对试验分组原则,考虑胎次、泌乳月龄、产奶量、体重等因素,将24头荷斯坦奶牛分为试验组和对照组,试验组与对照组的基础日粮相同,试验组奶牛每头每天饲喂5 g BLCS,对照组不饲喂.试验期90d,统计试验期内各组奶牛的产奶量及乳成分,并在饲养试验结束后进行消化试验.结果表明,试验组奶牛日平均产奶量极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),乳脂肪、乳蛋白质、乳中总固形物平均含量均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),但日平均产量均极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);试验组奶牛对日粮CP、DM消化率均极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),对NDF消化率有明显高于对照组的趋势(P=0.051).结果表明,饲喂BLCS对提高奶牛产奶量、乳成分产量和营养物质的消化率有明显效果.     

全混合日粮饲喂产奶牛经济效益试验

研究全混合日粮与非全混合日粮饲喂产奶牛,选择200头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组饲喂全混合日粮,对照组饲喂相同配方和数量的草料,经30 d饲喂对比试验,结果表明：试验组日平均产奶量为23.52 kg,对照组日平均产奶量为21.78 kg,试验组比对照组日平均产奶量增加1.74 kg,日平均产奶量提高7.99%,差异极显著（P〈0.01）。饲喂全混合日粮组比饲喂非全混合日粮组奶牛增收17 760元,经济效益明显。     

蜘蛛酶对水奶牛产奶量、乳成分、体细胞数的影响

选取处于泌乳期中后期的水奶牛20头,按照胎次、泌乳天数与产奶量相近或相似的原则分为对照组和试验组,对照组奶牛饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮基础上每头水奶牛每日额外添加2g蜘蛛酶,研究其对水奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,整个试验期水奶牛产奶量都呈下降趋势,但是试验组降低幅度小于对照组;对照组体细胞数在试验结束时下降了25.90%,而试验组下降了47.53%,因此在牛乳体细胞数较低的水平下,在基础日粮中添加蜘蛛酶仍能起到比较明显的效果;另外,蜘蛛酶还可以提高乳蛋白和乳脂肪,并显著降低乳中活菌总数。     

紫花苜蓿饲喂泌乳奶牛的效果试验

选择产奶牛18头,随机分为对照组和试验组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组日喂35kg鲜苜蓿草代替基础日粮中部分精料和小麦秸。结果表明,试验组产奶量和乳脂率都高于对照组差异显著(P>0.05)。     

日粮中添加共轭亚油酸对奶牛产奶量和乳脂率影响的研究

为了研究共轭亚油酸对奶牛产奶量和乳脂率的影响,设置试验组和对照组两个水平,试验组饲喂基础日粮+50g/头/日共轭亚油酸,对照组饲喂基础日粮.选用胎次、产犊日期相近的泌乳初期的中国荷斯坦牛8头,随机分为两群,每群4头,试验分两期,每期25天,一次交叉.试验结果表明共轭亚油酸可使奶牛产奶量提高9.19%(p＜0.01);乳脂率降低14.08%(p＜0.01).     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …