The effect of feeding rumen contents on glutamate dehydrogenase activity in some organs of broilers]

The effect of the replacement of 50, 60 and 80% of proteins in diet by dried rumen contents on glutamate dehydrogeanse activity (EC 1.4.1.3) in the kidneys, liver, and caecum tissue and contents was studied in broilers. The liver and caecum tissue did not show any significant changes in the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in dependence on the concentration of rumen contents in the diet. A statistically significant drop of GLDH activity was ascertained in the kidneys, the drop being the most marked at a 65% concentration of rumen contents in the diet. Similarly, a statistically significant decrease of GLDH activity, caused by rumen contents feeding in comparison with the control, was observed in caecum contents, in which the activity of GLDH was the highest.     

Clinical and pathologic changes in acute bovine aflatoxicosis: rumen motility and tissue and fluid concentrations of aflatoxins B1 and M1

Effects of aflatoxin on bovine rumen motility were determined by radiotelemetric techniques. Aflatoxin altered amplitude and/or frequency of rumen contractions in steers given dosages of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 mg of aflatoxin/kg of body weight. Effects of aflatoxin on rumen motility were dose dependent. An increase in elimination time of aflatoxin from rumen contents was observed in steers given the aflatoxin dosages of 0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg. The increase in elimination time of this toxin facilitates diagnostic capabilities for detecting bovine aflatoxicosis by obtaining rumen contents for analysis for aflatoxin. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in rumen contents from steers at 2 hours after aflatoxin was administered. Thus, intraruminal metabolism of aflatoxin B1 to M1 may occur.     

沙葱提取物对绵羊消化道乳酸菌产共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响

本文选择了4只瘘管蒙古羯羊,通过在绵羊日粮中添加沙葱提取物,采集瘤胃液和食糜,分离和筛选乳酸菌,添加亚油酸培养来研究沙葱提取物对绵羊消化道乳酸菌产共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响。结果表明,沙葱提取物显著提高绵羊瘤胃和十二指肠中乳酸菌的数量和CLA的含量,且十二指肠中的大于瘤胃中的。这为进一步调控绵羊瘤胃内环境,提高羊肉中CLA含量打下基础。     

Escherichia coli in the rumen and colon of slaughter cattle,with particular reference to E. coli O157

The distribution of Escherichia coli O157 and of total E. coli was surveyed in the digestive tract of cattle under 30 months of age, slaughtered between August 1999 and May 2000 in three abattoirs in southern England. Samples were taken from the dorsal and ventral rumen wall, the rumen contents, the colon wall and colon contents, and from faeces or caudal rectal contents. Gut wall samples were processed by vortex-mixer to release loosely adherent bacteria, and by Stomacher to release firmly attached bacteria. E. coli O157 was detected by immunomagnetic separation followed by growth on selective culture media. The numbers of E. coli were higher in the colon than the rumen, and most were located in the digesta phase, rather than associated with the gut wall. The number of E. coli found in the gut and in faeces decreased during the winter months. E. coli O157 was detected more frequently in the colon than in the rumen, but the majority of detections(7/8) were in samples of rumen wall.     

Comparative study of chloramphenicol absorption in calves after oral, intra-ruminal and intra-abomasal administration

The mechanisms responsible for the rapid decline of chloramphenicol plasma levels after oral administration in young calves during their first weeks of life were investigated. Chloramphenicol was administered by stomach tube, to four 2 week old calves on three consecutive days at a dose of 50 mg/kg. The plasma levels increased daily to a peak value on the third day. The minimum therapeutic concentration of 5 μg/ml, however, was barely obtained. Simultaneous estimation of the ruminal contents showed a parallel increase in chloramphenicol concentration. Thus it can be assumed that there is an inefficient absorption of chloramphenicol from the forestomachs of young calves. Chloramphenicol was not metabolized by the ruminal contents until the calves were 9 weeks old. Finally chloramphenicol was administered to 7 week old calves by the intra-abomasal route, intraruminal route and by mouth. Only with the intra-abomasal method could a therapeutically effective level be reached. This indicates that the rapid decline of chloramphenicol plasma levels in calves during their first weeks of life could be attributed to the delayed reticulo-rumen emptying and to inefficient absorption from the forestomachs.     

Seasonal changes of the mineral contents in the rumen of wild Yeso sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis)

The rumen contents were collected from 36 wild Yeso sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) captured by deer culling or by hunting in the spring, summer, autumn and winter in Hokkaido, Japan. Botanical classification was conducted, and the contents of mineral (calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)) were measured. The animals were captured around pastures or fallow field areas in the Kushiro area. The rumen contents consisted of grasses and Sasa sp. leaves regardless of the season. Leaves and bark were ingested in the spring, autumn and winter. The macro‐mineral contents in the rumen showed seasonal changes. In the summer, the Ca, K and P contents were high, and the Na content was low. There were no seasonal changes in the Fe content. The P, Na and Fe contents were higher than the animals' requirements. In a future survey, it is needed to determine the mineral contents of the food ingested by wild Yeso sika deer.     

Determination of 2-6-diaminopimelic acid in samples of bacteria isolated from the rumen of sheep using an automatic amino acid analyzer

The method of the use of the HD 1200-E automatic amino acid analyzer for the separation of amino acids was modified for the determination of 2-6-diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) as a bacterial marker, besides the other amino acids in the acid hydrolyzates of samples of bacteria isolated from the rumen of sheep. The reproducibility of the determination of DAPA in a standard amino acid mixture found in the tests corresponded with the reproducibility of the determination of the other amino acids as indicated by the manufacturer of the apparatus. The lower limit of DAPA determination sensitivity is between 2 and 5 nmol. In samples of bacteria isolated from rumen wall, from feed particles of rumen contents and from rumen fluid, different contents of nitrogen and DAPA were obtained; this is ascribed to the different proportions of bacterial species in the bacterial populations having different functions.     

Role of predominant rumen bacteria in the cause of polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) in cattle

Rumen contents of 2 heifers with acute polioencephalomalacia (cerebrocortical necrosis) were compared with rumen contents from a healthy steer fed a fibrous diet. Also examined were (i) the quantitative nature of the predominant rumen microflora, (ii) the distribution of morphologic types of bacteria in the rumen contents, (iii) the extent that morphologic groups produced or degraded thiamine, and (iv) the cumulative effects of metabolic activities of the predominant rumen bacteria concerning the net production or degradation of thiamine. The differences in the frequency of occurrence of particular bacterial morphologic groups, the extent of growth, and the amount of thiamine metabolism in relationship to growth were also evaluated. The cumulative thiamine metabolism of the predominant bacteria associated with the rumen of polioencephalomalacia-affected heifers led to substantial net thiamine destruction, whereas metabolism associated with the rumen of a normal steer led to thiamine production. Polioencephalomalacia may occur as a consequence of alteration of the metabolic activities of the predominant resident ruminal bacteria associated with diseased cattle.     

Plasma levels of chloramphenicol after oral administration in calves during the first weeks of life

Three experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanisms whereby adequate plasma levels of chloramphenicol may be obtained following oral administration in young calves but not in older animals. In the first experiment, plasma levels of chloramphenicol following an oral dose of 50 mg/kg were followed in six calves, given weekly doses for the first 11 weeks of life. A plasma chloramphenicol level of 5 μg/ml, taken as the minimum therapeutic level, was attained only for a few hours in the 1 week old calves. Thereafter plasma levels decreased very rapidly until the fourth week, and rather more slowly between the fourth and eleventh weeks. At 11 weeks the plasma chloramphenicol level fell to around 0.3 μg/ml, which was the lower limit of sensitivity for the assay technique used. In the second experiment, the same single dose was administered to calves in the twelfth or eighteenth weeks of life which had not previously been exposed to the antibiotic. Plasma levels of 1 μg/ml were barely reached. This suggests that the non-absorbtion of chloramphenicol is unlikely to be related to repeated administration of the antibiotic. In the third experiment, the same single dose was administered orally to two cows. Chloramphenicol could not be detected in the plasma following such administration, and some side-effects were observed in the 48 h following dosing. It is suggested that rumen function may interfere with the absorbtion of chloramphenicol following oral administration to ruminants, even in relatively young animals.     

Observations on the alimentary tract of gnotobiotic lambs.

Seventeen gnotobiotic lambs were reared up to 21 weeks of age on cows' milk followed by sterile solid diets similar to diets fed to conventional lambs. Seven were inoculated with limited defined populations of rumen bacteria, seven were left uninoculated and three were dosed with rumen contents from conventional sheep ('conventionalised'). Seven naturally-born lambs were reared for purposes of comparison. As with other species of gnotobiotic animals, both the inoculated and the uninoculated gnotobiotic lambs had small, poorly developed lymph nodes, soft colon contents and thin intestinal walls. Unlike other species the caeca of gnotobiotic lambs were of normal size. The overall size of the reticulo-rumen including contents relative to body weight was similar in gnotobiotic and conventional lambs. However, macroscopically, the musculature of the rumen seemed to be poorly developed and histological studies showed hypoplasia of the muscle tissue of both the rumen and reticulum. Rumination was noted only infrequently in gnotobiotic lambs. The epithelium of the rumen and reticulum of the uninoculated gnotobiotic lambs was similar to that of neonatal lambs, but there was normal development of papillae in gnotobiotic lambs inoculated with limited defined populations of rumen bacteria and in conventionalised lambs. Degenerative changes were observed histologically in some of the organs of gnotobiotic lambs which were consistent with nutritional deficiencies.     

不同生长期白羊草的营养成分及绵羊瘤胃降解特性

为研究不同生长期白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum Keng)营养成分的变化规律及营养成分的瘤胃降解规律,试验选用15只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的肉用绵羊,采用半体内法(in situ)对不同生长期白羊草营养成分的降解规律进行测定。结果表明,不同生长期白羊草的各营养成分均差异显著(P<0.05)。随生长期的推进,粗蛋白质(CP)、粗灰分(Ash)、粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量不断降低,而有机物(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量不断增加。白羊草干物质(DM)、OM、NDF和ADF的72 h降解率及有效降解率均随生长期的推进不断降低,而CP有效降解率以拔节期最高,其次是抽穗期。综合考虑白羊草各生长期的营养含量及产量,以及营养成分的瘤胃降解特性,建议白羊草的最佳利用时期为抽穗期。     

Dynamics of protozoan counts in the rumen of calves during a period of milk feeding]

Protozoan counts were followed in the rumen of calves in the period of milk diet. In the third week of calves' age the total counts of protozoans in 1 ml of rumen contents made 1.48 +/- 0.91 (log 10 +/- SEM). These counts were increasing gradually to reach in the seventh week of age the value of 5.54 +/- 0.19 (log 10 +/- SEM) in 1 ml of rumen contents. An increase in the protozoan counts in the seventh week of age was significant in comparison with the preceding four weeks. Total protozoan counts were converted also per 1 g of rumen content dry matter.     

Ultrasonography of the rumen in 30 Saanen goats

This study describes the results of ultrasonographic examination of the rumen in 30 healthy Saanen goats. A linear or convex transducer with a variable frequency of 5 to 13 MHz was used to scan standing, non-sedated goats. The location and size of the rumen, the distance between the wall of the rumen and abdominal wall and the appearance and size of the gas, fibre mat and fluid layers of the ruminal contents were assessed. The rumen was seen as a large organ medial to the left abdominal wall. The wall of the rumen appeared as a thick echogenic line. The longitudinal groove was seen as an echogenic notch, which divided the rumen into the dorsal and ventral sacs. The rumen could be visualized from the 9th to 12th intercostal space (ICS) and flank on the left side in all the goats. The rumen was largest in the 12th ICS at 41.6 ± 5.13 cm and smallest in the 8th ICS at 11.3 ± 4.29 cm. The dorsal sac of the rumen was largest in the left cranial flank (17.4 ± 4.43 cm) and the ventral sac was largest in the 12th ICS on the left (29.1 ± 6.03 cm). In the cranial left flank, the rumen was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall in all the goats. The spleen was located between the rumen and abdominal wall in the 8th to 12 th ICS in many of the goats. The gas, fibre mat and fluid layers of the ruminal contents could be visualized in all the goats. The gas layer was 9.9 ± 3.05 cm, the fibre mat layer 16.0 ± 4.55 cm and the fluid layer 12.2 ± 5.57 cm.     

The effects of high levels of rumen degradable protein on rumen pH and histamine concentrations in dairy cows

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the supplementation of crude protein (CP) results in rumen acidosis and increased histamine concentrations in dairy cows. Six ruminally fistulated, non-pregnant dry cows were fed three experimental rations in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The CP contents in the low-CP, the high rumen undegradable protein (high-RUP) and the high rumen degradable protein (high-RDP) rations were 112, 259 and 266 g/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. The cows were fed 7.7 kg DM of the concentrates and 2.7 kg DM of rice straw. High levels of RDP in the ration significantly increased the ammonia, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and histamine concentrations in the rumen fluid. However, supplemental CP, whether degradable or undegradable, did not significantly affect the pH of rumen fluid. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was higher in both high-RDP and high-RUP in relation to cows fed the low-CP ration. The rise in ruminal histamine concentrations was physiologically non-relevant, most likely because rumen pH was not affected by supplemental CP at the installed level of DM intake. Therefore, it can be concluded that the issue of supplemental CP, rumen pH and ruminal histamine concentrations has not yet been settled. Further research is warranted to understand these relationships.     

0～56日龄舍饲肉用羔羊前胃功能发育研究

选用甘肃肉用绵羊新品种选育群公羔(单羔)45只,分为9组,每组5只,分别于0,7,14,21,28,35,42,49和56 d屠宰、取样,测定与前胃功能发育相关的内容物相对重量、pH值及瘤胃内容物 VFAs、主要微生物消化酶等指标的变化规律。结果表明,羔羊瘤网胃内容物相对重量(%全胃内容物重量)在0～35 d呈线性增加(R²=0.93,P=0.00),在28 d时为61.54%,35 d时为76.87%;瘤胃、网胃和瓣胃均具有较低的pH值,分别为5.30～6.03,5.37～6.42和5.39～6.15;瘤胃以乙酸发酵类型为主导,内容物A/P为2.18～3.82,丙酸含量较高;瘤胃内容物中微生物蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性较高的日龄分别出现在21,7和14 d。在本试验条件下,羔羊在28 d时前胃功能发育已基本完成。舍饲并于7 d开始补饲的饲养方式下,于35 d或提早至28 d对羔羊开展早期断奶可行。     

Equilibration and passage of water in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle in relation to estimating body water by compartmental kinetic models

The volume of water in the rumen of four steers was increased (P less than .01) 47% when the level of ground cobs in the diet fed to the steers was changed from 10% to 50%. The difference in gut water content due to diet was not accurately (P greater than .10) estimated by deuterium oxide dilution using either one-, two- or three-compartmental models. Gut water was overestimated and empty body water underestimated when calculated by two-compartment models. The proportions of total body water within each compartment of a three-compartment model were quite variable among steers. When the two-compartment model was solved on the basis of measurements taken from either compartment, different compartment volumes were obtained. This indicated that the two-compartment model did not accurately describe the water equilibration process. Water in the contents of the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum equilibrated with blood in 30 min (range, 10 to 75 min), fecal water equilibrated in 4.3 h (range, 1.7 to 6.7 h) and water in rumen contents equilibrated in 8.3 h (range, 3.8 to 12.5 h). Diet did not affect (P greater than .10) equilibration time or the mean retention time of water in the gastrointestinal tract. Mean retention time was much longer than equilibration time; thus, the equilibration of water in the gastrointestinal tract contents was primarily dependent upon movement of water across the gut mucosa and not upon the flow of water through the gut. One-third of the water in the contents of the gastrointestinal tract was located outside the rumen. Compartmental modeling based only upon D2O disappearance from blood did not enable either gut water or rumen water to be accurately estimated.     

Exsheathment of Ostertagia ostertagi infective larvae following exposure to bovine rumen contents derived from low and high roughage diets

The objective of this study was to characterize the exsheathment kinetics of Ostertagia ostertagi infective larvae (L3) following in vivo exposure to bovine rumen contents derived from low and high roughage diets. O. ostertagi L3 were placed in disposable dialysis bags and incubated for various time points between 0 and 360 min in the rumen of a fistulated steer maintained on a 71% grain diet or a 100% grass diet. The maximum percentage of exsheathed L3 was observed 120 min post-exposure to grass-derived rumen contents, while maximum exsheathment for L3 exposed to grain-derived rumen contents did not occur until 360 min. This work provides the first report of the in vivo exsheathment kinetics for O. ostertagi in its bovine host. Results of this study also support earlier reports that rumen pH may affect the exsheathment efficiency of abomasal trichostrongylids.     

不同粗精比日粮对绵羊小肠中瘤胃微生物蛋白质利用的影响

用4只装有瘤胃瘘管、十二肠瘘管和回肠瘘管的去势(公母各半)萨福克羊体重平均为(45.5±5.2)kg,在不同粗精比日粮条件下 ,研究瘤胃细菌、纤毛虫体蛋白质在小肠内的利用率。结果表明 :到达十二指肠的瘤胃细菌和纤毛虫的量 ,随日粮中精饲料水平的提高而显著减少(P<0.05)。与此相反 ,过瘤胃饲料蛋白质的量则显著增加(P<0.05)。小肠内的细菌利用率显著受日粮变化的影响 ,而纤毛虫利用率则不易受日粮影响且显著地高于细菌的利用率(P<0.05)。小肠内被吸收的细菌和纤毛虫对微生物氮的贡献率在全试验组中平均为50 %。     

酿酒酵母对奶牛瘤胃内环境及血液生化指标的影响

[目的]研究在不同水平的酿酒酵母日粮对奶牛瘤胃内环境和血液生化指标的影响.[方法]试验选用三头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验分为三组,A组为基础日粮,B组和C组分别为基础日粮添加酿酒酵母0.33%和0.67%DM.[结果]添加酿酒酵母可降低瘤胃pH值和氨态氮浓度,在采食后6 h,B组...     

高精料日粮对山羊瘤胃和盲肠发酵及生物胺生成与吸收的影响研究

本实验旨在探究饲喂高精料日粮对山羊瘤胃和盲肠发酵、生物胺生成与吸收的影响研究。试验选用6头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的雄性波杂山羊,随机分成低精料组与高精料组,实验期24 d。结果显示,与低精料组相比,饲喂高精料日粮的山羊瘤胃液中总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、总支链脂肪酸、酪胺、腐胺、组胺、甲胺和色胺浓度显著性增加(P<0.05),而瘤胃pH和乙丙比显著降低(P<0.05);饲喂高精料日粮的山羊盲肠内容物中的乙酸、丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和上述5种生物胺浓度显著增加(P<0.05);同时,瘤胃和盲肠静脉血中的上述5种生物胺的浓度显著提高(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,瘤胃液中酪胺、腐胺、甲胺和色胺浓度与瘤胃静脉血所对应的生物胺浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),且盲肠内容物中酪胺、腐胺、甲胺和色胺与盲肠静脉血中对应的生物胺的浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。结果说明,饲喂高精料日粮促进了山羊瘤胃和盲肠发酵,提高了瘤胃与盲肠内容物中生物胺浓度,暗示高精料日粮可能提高消化道上皮的通透性,促进消化道上皮对生物胺的吸收。