动物遗传标记的研究进展及应用

遗传标记已经从形态标记发展到分子遗传标记。中间经历了细胞标记和生化标记。本文阐述了各个阶段遗传标记的特点、原理、及其应用;总结了各种标记方法的优缺点,阐述了分子遗传标记。由于各种遗传标记的不同优势,在实际应用中应该相互结合相互补充,从各个角度揭示生物的遗传本质,以便更好地培育优良品种,保护生物多样性,保存人类赖以生存的生物源和生态环境。     

遗传标记及其在动物遗传育种中的应用（上）

本文综述了几种常用的遗传标记方法及其各自的优缺点，以及遗传传标记在动物遗传育种中的应用同状，着重对分子生物学标记作了较系统的阐述。     

主要家畜种基因组连锁图现状和展望

对主要家畜种基因组研究中用多态遗传标记,如微卫星标记、RFLP等,制作遗传连锁图现状进行了综述。在过去近半个世纪中,家畜基因组遗传连锁图的研究随着遗传标记技术,特别是DNA 微卫星等多态标记的迅速发展,取得了很大进展。其中主要介绍了主要家畜种牛、猪、绵羊、马和家禽基因组遗传连锁图发展的现状以及将来的发展趋势。     

遗传标记及其发展概述

本文综述了遗传标记方法及其优点和不足，重点对RFLPs、Microsatellite DNA、RAPD、AFLPs、SNPs等几种主要的分子遗传标记作了较全面的概述。     

啮齿动物遗传多样性研究现状

从形态学标记、细胞学标记、生化标记、分子标记4个方面,全面介绍了啮齿动物遗传多样性研究现状,分析了从不同层次研究啮齿动物遗传多样性的优缺点,提出了当前和今后啮齿动物遗传多样性研究的方向。     

犬微卫星DNA遗传标记及其在犬繁育中的应用

遗传标记是指可追踪染色体、染色体某一节段、某个基因座在家系中传递的任何一种遗传特性。它具有两个基本特征,一是可遗传性,二是可识别性。因此,生物的任何有差异的突变型均可作为遗传标记。遗传标记主要包括形态标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和DNA分子标记四类,本文对犬微卫星     

分子标记及其在蜜蜂遗传育种中的应用

分子标记及其在蜜蜂遗传育种中的应用王瑞武董捷乔广辉（中国农科院蜜蜂研究所北京１０００９３）遗传标记是用来区分不同个体或群体，并能稳定遗传的某些物质。以往人们利用一些易于鉴定的形态或生理性状、血型、蛋白质（如同工酶）作为遗传标记，对动植物的遗传规律进...     

微卫星标记在鹌鹑遗传育种中的应用

本文介绍了微卫星标记在鹌鹑遗传育种工作中遗传连锁图谱的构建、种群亲缘关系的鉴定、遗传多样性的研究、分子标记辅助选择、杂种优势预测及新型EST-SSR标记的开发等方面的应用。以期为今后鹌鹑的相关研究提供参考。     

分子标记技术与家蚕遗传育种

遗传标记(genetic markers)是指生物体的某些性状和物质,它们能够稳定地遗传且遗传方式简单,可用以反映生物体或群体的特征.在80年代以前,主要是应用形态标记、细胞标记和生理生化标记作为遗传标记,继这3种遗传标记之后发展起来的分子标记是一种新的较为理想的遗传标记形式,最初应用于人类基因组中,之后随着分子生物技术的进一步完善和发展,分子标记技术也在迅速地发展,其本身所具有的优点得到了发挥,被广泛地应用于遗传育种研究,分子标记育种的简便性、可靠性和精确性越来越受到遗传育种人员的重视.     

猪血液同工酶遗传多态性的研究应用进展

血液同工酶遗传多态性属于生化遗传标记的范畴，通过标记辅助选择，实现早期选种。综述了LDH同工酶、AKP同工酶、ES同工酶、AMY同工酶四种血液同工酶遗传多态性的研究进展及其在猪遗传育种中的应用，旨在为猪遗传育种工作者提供一些理论资料，并探讨了该领域今后的研究方向。     

牛遗传图谱的研究进展

20世纪90年代以来,牛遗传图谱发展非常迅速。到目前为止,已经公布了几个版本的遗传图谱。在图谱上DNA标记不断增加,标记间隔越来越小,但是目前图谱还是存在着标记密度不均匀等问题。随着牛基因组计划的完成,基因组学和QTL定位的发展,尤其是表达序列标签（EST）在图谱构建中的应用,牛的遗传图谱将更加完善,为重要经济性状的基因定位和基因克隆奠定了基础。     

Inbreeding and genetic diversity in dogs: results from DNA analysis

This review assesses evidence from DNA analysis to determine whether there is sufficient genetic diversity within breeds to ensure that populations are sustainable in the absence of cross breeding and to determine whether genetic diversity is declining. On average, dog breeds currently retain approximately 87% of the available domestic canine genetic diversity. Requirements that breeding stock must be 'clear' for all genetic disorders may firstly place undue genetic pressure on animals tested as being 'clear' of known genetic disorders, secondly may contribute to loss of diversity and thirdly may result in the dissemination of new recessive disorders for which no genetic tests are available. Global exchange of genetic material may hasten the loss of alleles and this practice should be discussed in relation to the current effective population size of a breed and its expected future popularity. Genomic data do not always support the results from pedigree analysis and possible reasons for this are discussed.     

Estimation of accuracy and bias in genetic evaluations with genetic groups using sampling

Accuracy and bias of EBV are important measures of the quality of genetic evaluations. A sampling method that accounts for the uncertainty in the estimation of genetic group effects was used to calculate accuracy and bias of estimated effects. The method works by repeatedly simulating phenotypes for multiple traits for a defined data and pedigree structure. These simulated values are analyzed using BLUP with genetic groups in the relationship matrix. Accuracies and biases are then calculated as correlations among and differences between true and estimated values across all replicates, respectively. The method was applied to the Irish beef production data set for 15 traits and with 15 genetic groups to account for differences in breed means. Accuracy and bias of estimated genetic group effects, estimated comparisons between genetic group effects, EBV within genetic group, and EBV across genetic group were calculated. Small biases were detected for most estimated genetic group effects and most estimated comparisons between genetic group effects. Most of these were not important relative to the phenotypic SD of the traits involved. For example, a bias of 0.78% of the phenotypic SD was detected for carcass conformation in Aberdeen Angus. However, one trait, calf quality, which had few performance records in the data set, displayed larger bias, ranging from -10.31 to 5.85% of the phenotypic SD across the different estimated genetic group effects. Large differences were observed in the accuracies of genetic group effects, ranging from 0.02 for feed intake in Holstein, which had no data recorded, to >0.97 for carcass conformation, a trait with large amounts of data recorded in the different genetic groups. Large differences were also observed in the accuracies of the comparisons among genetic group effects. The accuracies of the EBV within genetic group and EBV across genetic group were sometimes different; for example, carcass conformation in Belgian Blue had an average accuracy within genetic group of 0.69 compared with an average accuracy across genetic group of 0.89. This suggests that the accuracy of genetic groups should be taken into account when publishing EBV across genetic groups.     

Selection theory with overlapping generationsThéorie de la sélection avec générations chevauchantesSelektionstheorie für sich überschneidende Generationen

Recent developments in the theory of artificial selection when generations overlap are discussed. The implications of genetic differences between progeny from parents of different ages, and between animals of different ages, for predicting genetic gains and optimizing selection procedures, are pointed out. The importance of proper definition of generation length and genetic selection differential is emphasized. Matrix methods of predicting selection responses are numerically illustrated, and the influence of the initial genetic situation on subsequent gains is shown in an example. Proper specification of an appropriate control population is essential for evaluation of genetic progress.     

植物基因工程技术及其在桑树上的应用前景

介绍了植物基因工程技术研究概况以及桑树基因工程研究进展；探讨了植物基因工程技术在桑树上的应用前景。     

攀西黑山羊群体的AFLP遗传多样性研究

 研究采用随机片段长度多态性分析了攀西地区的5个黑山羊品种（类群）的遗传多样性。结果表明：15对引物共扩增出1003条多态条带,多态频率平均为99.01%,5个黑山羊群体的遗传多样性指数变异范围为0.0136~0.2131,其中建昌黑山羊平均遗传多样性指数最高（0.1346）,攀枝花黑山羊次之（0.1329）,乐至黑山羊最低（0.1101）。5个群体遗传距离范围为0.0062~0.0281,攀枝花黑山羊与建昌黑山羊之间的遗传距离最小（DR=0.0062）,云岭黑山羊与攀枝花黑山羊之间的遗传距离次之（DR=0.0128）,乐至黑山羊与金堂黑山羊间遗传距离最大（DR=0.0281）,金堂黑山羊与其它4个类群遗传距离较大（DR=0.0173-0.0281）,说明攀枝花黑山羊与建昌黑山羊的亲缘关系最近,与云岭黑山羊的亲缘关系较近,乐至黑山羊与金堂黑山羊的亲缘关系最远,金堂黑山羊与其它4个类群遗传距离均比较远。聚类结果与群体地理分布、生态条件差异情况基本一致。     

Possible consequences of the Nagoya Protocol for animal breeding and the worldwide exchange of animal genetic resources

The paper discusses animal genetic resources in the context of the Nagoya Protocol, providing an overview of the distinctive features and practices in this sector of genetic resources. It presents how animal genetic resources are utilized, who are the users and providers, and what are the trends in gene flow of these resources. The paper reflects on current access measures and arrangements for local breeds and for international commercial breeds. Key benefits arising from the international exchange of animal genetic resources for research and livestock production and current developments in the sector supporting the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol are presented. References to the scope and application of EU ABS legislation are also made. The paper underlines the importance of continuous undisturbed access to animal genetic resources for research and breeding to facilitate further development within the global livestock sector.     

Marker-based estimates of between and within population kinships for the conservation of genetic diversity

In this article coefficients of kinship between and within populations are proposed as a tool to assess genetic diversity for conservation of genetic variation. However, pedigree-based kinships are often not available, especially between populations. A method of estimation of kinship from genetic marker data was applied to simulated data from random breeding populations in order to study the suitability of this method for livestock conservation plans. Average coefficients of kinship between populations can be estimated with low Mean Square Error of Prediction, although a bias will occur from alleles that are alike in state in the founder population. The bias is similar for all populations, so the ranking of populations will not be affected. Possible ways of diminishing this bias are discussed. The estimation of kinships between individuals is imprecise unless the number of marker loci is large (> 200). However, it allows distinction between highly related animals (full sibs, half sibs and equivalent relations) and animals that are not directly related if about 30–50 polymorphic marker genes are used. The marker-based estimates of kinship coefficients yielded higher correlations than genetic distance measures with pedigree-based kinships and thus to this measure of genetic diversity, although correlations were high overall. The relation between coefficients of kinship and genetic distances are discussed. Kinship-based diversity measures conserve the founder population allele frequencies, whereas genetic distances will conserve populations in which allele frequencies are the most different. Marker-based kinship estimates can be used for the selection of breeds and individuals as contributors to a genetic conservation programme.     

Absorption of equations for non-parents for an animal model with maternal effects and genetic groups

Rules for forming the mixed-model equations for the reduced animal model with all relationships and including maternal effects have been set out by Quaas and Pollak. They also have shown how to simplify the mixed-model equations when genetic group effects are included in the model with what has become known as the Q-P transformation. Westell has given rules for calculating the coefficients for the Q-P transformed equations that are associated with the inverse of the numerator relationship matrix and genetic group effects. Those rules can be extended to include maternal effects and genetic groups for maternal as well as direct effects. As with the rules of Quaas and Pollak for the equations for the reduced animal model, a similar set of rules can be obtained for the genetic groups model after the Q-P transformation. The rules are derived easily by examining the algebraic results of absorbing the direct and maternal breeding value equations for non-parents into the parent breeding value, group and fixed effects equations. These rules involve Westell's rules and the inverse elements of the genetic (co)variance matrix for direct and maternal additive genetic effects. The rules make calculation of breeding values for parents for models including direct and maternal genetic group effects nearly as easy as for models without genetic group effects. Back solution for direct and maternal breeding values of non-parents similarly is as simple as when genetic group effects are not in the model.     

苜蓿遗传图谱构建及其应用

苜蓿是世界上最重要的豆科牧草之一,苜蓿遗传图谱构建是解析重要农艺性状(QTL)遗传特性和基因连锁分析的前提条件。由于复杂的四体遗传特性,目前已构建成功的苜蓿遗传图谱大多数是二倍体苜蓿,四倍体栽培苜蓿遗传图谱较少。本研究就苜蓿遗传图谱构建研究已取得的成就、图谱绘制过程中的限制因素、解决策略和已有图谱的特征等问题进行了回顾和讨论;对苜蓿遗传图谱研究,特别是构建四倍体苜蓿遗传图谱,在揭示苜蓿遗传特性和定位重要农艺性状相关基因位点(QTL)方面的应用现状和重要意义进行了论述,就苜蓿遗传图谱在苜蓿分子标记辅助育种中的应用前景进行了展望,并就我国苜蓿育种现状和开展苜蓿遗传图谱构建研究提出了一些建议。