日本血吸虫谷胱甘肽S—转移酶小鼠免疫试验

用谷胱甘肽琼脂糖亲和层析柱纯化中国大陆株日本血吸虫成虫谷胱甘肽Ｓ－转移酶（ＧＳＴ）。把纯化的ＧＳＴ结合福氏佐剂免疫了二批ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，获得了２９．５８～３２．７１％的减虫率和５２．９４～６８．１３％，粪便减卵率，ＥＬＩＳＡ试验表明免疫小鼠产生了体液免疫应答，免疫印迹试验（Ｗｅｓｔｒｎ Ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ）显示日本血吸虫水溶性成虫抗原和ＧＳＴ抗原的２８、２８ｋＤ蛋白被免疫小鼠血清所识别。     

日本血吸虫谷胱甘肽S－转移酶小鼠免疫试验

用谷胱甘肽琼脂糖亲和层析柱纯化中国大陆株日本血吸虫成虫谷胱甘肽Ｓ－转移酶（ＧＳＴ）。把纯化的ＧＳＴ结合福氏性剂免疫了二批达ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，获得了２９．５８～３２．７１％的减虫率和５２．９４～６８．１３％的粪便减卵率。ＥＬＩＳＡ试验表明免疫小鼠产生了体液免疫应答，免疫印迹试验（ＷｅｓｔｅｒｎＢｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ）显示日本血吸虫水溶性成虫抗原和ＧＳＴ抗原的２６、２８ｋＤ蛋白被免疫小鼠血清所识别。     

PAPS免疫微球快速诊断猪旋毛虫病的研究

应用新型的聚醛化聚苯乙烯（ＰＡＰＳ）载体微球与最佳的旋毛虫抗原共价交联制备成特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好的快速诊断试剂,应用于猪旋毛虫病的生前诊断。我们对旋毛虫各个发育期的虫体和分泌排泄抗原进行了分析研究,并以同一蛋白质浓度（０．６ｍｇ／ｍＬ）的成虫,新生幼虫、肌幼虫、成虫ＥＳ、肌幼虫ＥＳ、肌幼虫Ａ峰、肌幼虫Ｂ峰等七种抗原分别与ＰＡＰＳ载体微球共价交联制成各种快诊试剂,然后进行效果比较试验,其结果     

猪旋毛虫病疫苗后海穴免疫研究

本项目对猪旋毛虫病成虫可溶性抗原疫苗经后海穴免疫注射的效果进行了研究。大鼠经口感染旋毛虫肌幼虫后３或７ｄ剖杀，收集成虫。经超声粉碎、高速离心制备成虫可溶性抗原。将抗原与等体积ＦＣＡ乳化，按０．２５ｍｇ／头及０．５０ｍｇ／头的抗原量分别进行后海穴注射（ＡＰ）及腹腔注射（ＩＰ），免疫猪只，使之经受旋毛虫的实验室攻击感染及自然感染。结果表明，３日龄及７日龄成虫可溶性抗原的免疫原性基本一致。采用后海穴注射疫苗具有减少抗原用量、增强免疫效果的作用。免疫后猪血清抗体滴度增加，呈暂时的细胞免疫抑制现象。后海穴注射疫苗猪群保护率达１００％，增加一倍抗原量经腹腔注射的猪群保护率为７５．２６％。     

猪T细胞表面抗原特异性单克隆抗体的研制及其特性鉴定

用从健康猪胸腺提取的 Ｔ 淋巴细胞作抗原免疫 Ｂ Ａ Ｌ Ｂ／ｃ 小鼠。取免疫鼠脾细胞与 Ｓ Ｐ２／０ 骨髓瘤细胞融合，经 ３ 次克隆，共获得 １０ 株稳定分泌抗体的杂交瘤细胞。以细胞反应特异性试验、 Ｗ ｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ 分析、流式细胞计数（ Ｆ Ｃ Ｍ ）等方法，确定了对猪 Ｔ 细胞表面抗原特异性反应的单抗（ Ｍ ｃ Ａｂｓ），其中 ２ Ｄ９ 、３ Ｂ１ ０ 可以识别相对分子质量 ５０ ０００ 的 Ｔ 细胞膜蛋白，能标记 ９６％ 的胸腺细胞、８９％ 的外周血 Ｔ 淋巴细胞、８７％ 的脾 Ｔ 淋巴细胞，其特性与猪 Ｃ Ｄ２ 抗原相符；另一株 １ Ｇ１ ２ 可识别相对分子质量 ６３ ０００ 的 Ｔ 细胞膜蛋白，能标记 ９８％ 的胸腺细胞、９１％ 的外周血 Ｔ 淋巴细胞、７８％ 的脾 Ｔ 淋巴细胞，其特性与猪 Ｃ Ｄ５ 抗原相符。     

旋毛虫肌幼虫可溶性抗原、排泄分泌抗原的电泳分析

本文报道了应用十二烷基硫酸钠一聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ），聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦（ＩＥＦ）电泳及二维电泳（ＩＥＦ／ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）对旋毛虫肌动虫排泄分泌（ＥＳ）抗原和肌幼虫可溶性抗原的分析结果。肌幼虫ＥＳ抗原经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ后用考马斯亮蓝染色蛋白质，结果显示１６条蛋白带，分子量范围２１～８０ＫＤ，其中主带９条。ＩＥＦ电泳后分别用ＰＡＳ染多糖、考马斯亮蓝Ｒ－２５０染蛋白质、Ｎｉｌｅ＇ｓ蓝染脂、醋酸ａ－萘酯／坚固蓝染酪酶同工酶，结果肌幼虫ＥＳ抗原分别显示１６，２６、７及０条带；肌幼虫可溶性抗原分别显示２１、３８、４及１１条带。二维电泳后用考马斯亮蓝Ｇ－２５０染色多肤斑点，结果ＥＳ抗原显示多肽斑点６１个；肌幼虫可溶抗原显示１２２个多肽斑点。     

二种方法检测猪传染性胃肠炎病毒抗体的比较

分别用血清中和（ＳＮ）试验和单克隆抗体（ＴＧＥｍＡｂ和ＴＧＥ／ＰＲＣＶｍＡｂ）阻断酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）对８１头美国进口猪血清作猪传染性胃肠炎（ＴＧＥ）抗体检测。ＳＮ试验检出７份阳性血清，检出率为８．６４％；Ｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ试验检出７份ＰＲＣＶ抗体阳性血清，检出率为８．６４％，无ＴＧＥ阳性。ＳＮ试验检出７份ＴＧＥ抗体阳性血清与Ｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ试验检出的７份ＰＲＣＶ抗体阳性血清完全重合。结果证明，应用单克隆抗体进行的Ｂ－ＥＬＩＳＡ可鉴别诊断ＴＧＥ与ＰＲＣＶ感染，优于ＳＮ试验     

用PPA-ELISA检测鸡痘病毒抗体的研究

建立了检测鸡痘病毒抗体的ＰＰＡ－ＥＬＩＳＡ。用该法检测７５份鸡血清样品，鸡痘病毒抗体检出率（２１．３３％）高于琼脂扩散试验（１０．６７％）。经血清抗体吸收和重复性试验，证明ＰＰＡ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法具有特异性强和重复性好特点。此外，对４种封闭液的封板结果表明：１０％犊牛血清ＰＢＳ／Ｔ效果最好，次之为０．２５％白明胶ＰＢＳ／Ｔ、０．５％牛血清白蛋白ＰＢＳ／Ｔ、０．１％牛血清白蛋白ＰＢＳ／Ｔ。     

用PPA—ELISA检测鸡痘病毒抗体的研究

建立了检测鸡痘病毒抗体的ＰＰＡ－ＥＬＩＳＡ，用该法检测７５份鸡血清样品，鸡痘病毒抗体检出率（２１．３３％）高于琼凝扩散试验（１０．６７％），经血清抗体吸收和重复性试验，证明ＰＰＡ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法具有特异性强和重复性好特点，此外，对４种封闭液的封板结果表明，１０％犊牛血清ＰＢＳ／Ｔ效果最好，次之为０．２５％白明胶ＰＢＳ／Ｔ，０．５％牛血清白蛋白ＰＢＳ／Ｔ，０．１％牛血清白蛋白ＰＢＳ／Ｔ。     

一种新的检测牛种布鲁氏菌抗体的方法—荧光极化法（FPA）

目前检测牛种布鲁氏菌（Ｂｒｕｃｅｌａａｂｏｒｔｕｓ）抗体常用的血清学方法有缓冲平板抗原试验（ＢＰＡＴ）、补体结合试验（ＣＦＴ）、间接酶联免疫试验（Ｉ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）和竞争酶联免疫试验（Ｃ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）。本文介绍的荧光极化法（ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｃｅｐｏ...     

Evaluation of excretory-secretory antigens for the serodiagnosis of swine trichinellosis

Groups of hog sera from endemic and non-endemic areas for swine trichinellosis in Yugoslavia were tested by ELISA using excretory-secretory (ES) antigens collected from T. spiralis muscle larvae maintained in vitro for 24, 48 or 72 h. The 24-h ES had the highest level of specificity for T. spiralis infection. Antigen preparations recovered after 48 or 72 h yielded an increasing rate of false-positive reactions. Additional antigens occurred in the 48- and 72-h ES preparations as determined by gel electrophoresis and monoclonal antibody binding. The occurrence of false-negative reactions was directly correlated with T. spiralis worm burdens. Hogs with muscle larvae densities greater than 10 larvae per gram were all positive by ELISA. Among 17 hogs with less than 10 larvae per gram, only one hog was negative by ELISA with 24-h ES antigen; the false-negative rate was higher with 48- and 72-h ES. These results show that ES antigen produced during the first 24 h of in vitro cultivation is highly specific for the immunodiagnosis of swine trichinellosis.     

Comparative assessment of a double antibody enzyme immunoassay test kit and a triple antibody enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis spiralis and Trichinella spiralis nativa infections in swine.

Enzyme immunoassays using the triple antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with both Trichinella spiralis spiralis and T. spiralis nativa excretory-secretory (ES) antigens and a commercial Trichinella spiralis enzyme immunoassay test kit were carried out on sera from pigs that were infected with light, moderate and high doses of infective T. spiralis spiralis and T. spiralis nativa respectively. Seroconversion occurred in all pigs given infective Trichinella larvae although no trichinae were recovered from pigs given T. spiralis nativa larvae and examined between days 92 and 99 postinfection by pepsin digestion. Anti-Trichinella antibodies were detected in pigs infected with T. spiralis spiralis and T. spiralis nativa by ELISA using either the homologous or heterologous ES antigen. The commercial Trichinella spiralis enzyme immunoassay test kit also detected anti-Trichinella antibodies in both the T. spiralis spiralis and T. spiralis nativa infected pigs. The commercial test kit did not appear to be as sensitive as the triple antibody ELISA since it usually took two to three days longer for seroconversion to be detected by the former procedure. Finally seroconversion occurred more rapidly in swine infected with T. spiralis spiralis than with pigs receiving comparable doses of T. spiralis nativa.     

Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of trichinellosis in swine.

Experimental and field trials were conducted to evaluate an ELISA for its ability to detect Trichinella-infected domestic swine and to compare ELISA results with muscle-digestion test results. The ELISA used was a commercial double-antibody kit, containing an excretory-secretory antigen, and was evaluated principally for epidemiologic use. Experimentally induced infection in swine (4 groups of 3 pigs each; inoculated with 0, 50, 500 or 5,000 larvae) was detected as early as postinoculation week 4, with seroconversion of all inoculated swine by postinoculation week 8. The rate of seroconversion appeared to be affected by initial larval dose, time after inoculation, and immunocompetence of the individual host. Determination of antibody kinetics generally revealed rapidly increasing antibody titer, followed by its steady decrease in most pigs. Once seropositive, however, all pigs remained seropositive for the duration of the 10-week study. Presence of muscle larvae was confirmed in all infected pigs at termination of the study. We recognize that the experimental conditions may not be truly representative of those under which natural infection develops in pigs; however, the ELISA detected an infected pig with muscle larval density of 0.87 larvae/g of tissue. Results of a field trial (n = 310) indicated no muscle digestion test-positive pigs (35 g of diaphragm muscle digested/pig), but 3 samples tested positive by ELISA for specificity of 99.0%.     

Inoculation of pigs against Trichinella spiralis, using larval excretory-secretory antigens

Pigs were inoculated with Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory products derived from short-term in vitro maintenance of infective muscle larvae. Intraperitoneal administration of excretory-secretory products in Freund's complete adjuvant or aluminum hydroxide induced moderate, but variable, degrees of immunity to challenge exposure in a nondose-dependent manner; IM administration of products in Freund's incomplete adjuvant was less successful. Inoculated pigs harbored fewer adult worms, and the fecundity of female worms (numbers of newborn larvae shed in vitro) recovered after challenge exposure was significantly lower (alpha = 0.05) than the fecundity of females recovered from control pigs. The degree of resistance in inoculated pigs was directly related to serotiter against excretory-secretory antigens, as determined in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.     

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets during Trichinella spiralis infection in pigs

The immune response of 'Yugoslav meat breed' pigs inoculated with low doses of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae was followed over two to nine weeks of primary infection, by analysing changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets, the development of a humoral antibody response and muscle larvae burden. During the course of the infection, infected animals showed a persistent elevation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets from days 15 to 60 after the parasite exposure. During this time, the number of peripheral blood mononuclear cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II antigens was also increased, while no significant differences were found in the number of circulating monocytes/macrophages and B cells over time. Humoral antibody responses to muscle larvae excretory-secretory products were evident as early as 41 days after infection, while the muscle larvae were recovered as early as 27 days after infection. The increased levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, as well as cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II antigens in pigs exposed to T spiralis, may be indicative of some considerable alterations in cell subsets that are involved in the regulation of the swine immune response to this parasite.     

Immunohistochemical distribution of antigens in liver of infected and immunized pigs with Ascaris suum

In the present work, we carry out an immunopathological study of the swine ascariosis, under different conditions (control, infection and immunization). Twenty-one Iberian pigs were used and divided in seven groups. Groups 1 and 2 were the uninfected and challenged controls, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were weakly infected with increasing doses of Ascaris suum eggs and treated with pyrantel (Group 4). Groups 5-7 were immunized with 14, 42 and 97 kDa proteins from the parasite, respectively. Groups 2-7 were challenged with 10,000 infective eggs 7 days before the sacrifice. The focal parasitic granulomata with eosinophils and lymphocytes were the main histopathological lesions in the liver of reinfected pigs, while more marked cellular infiltrate and abundant connective tissue were seen in the livers of immunized animals. There were important deposits of antigens in the livers of immunized and infected pigs. Antigens were mainly located in the connective tissue, with positive staining detection of the somatic larvae antigen, the body wall from the adult worms and the 14-, 42- and 97-kDa proteins. However, cholangiols, biliary ducts and macrophages presented an immunohistochemical positive stain against excretory-secretory and somatic antigens from the larvae and the body fluid antigen from the adult parasite. The detection of A. suum antigens in the liver of infected pigs improves the diagnosis of swine ascariosis. It may be possible to apply these procedures for diagnosis of human ascariosis in liver biopsies since A. suum from swine have been previously used as a substitute for the study of the human parasite Ascaris lumbricoides.     

Immunodiagnosis of experimental Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in elk

Elk infected with the meningeal worm, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Protostrongylidae), do not consistently excrete larvae in feces, making the current method of diagnosing live animals using the Baermann fecal technique unreliable. Serological diagnosis could prove more useful in diagnosing field-infected animals but depends on the identification and availability of good quality antigen. To mimic field infections, 2 elk were inoculated with 6 infective L3 larvae of P. tenuis, and another 2 with 20 L3 larvae. Fecal samples were examined for nematode larvae using the Baermann technique and serum samples taken were tested for anti-P. tenuis antibody with ELISAs by using the excretory-secretory (ES) products of L3, and sonicated adult worms as antigens. One animal passed first-stage larvae in its feces 202 days postinoculation, but passed none thereafter. The remaining 3 inoculated animals did not pass larvae. In contrast to parasite detection, antibodies against larval ES products were detected in all animals starting from 14 to 28 days postinoculation and persisted until the termination of the experiment on day 243 in 2 animals that harbored adult worms. Antibodies against somatic antigens of the adult worm were not detected until day 56 but also persisted until the end of the experiment in the animals with adult worms. In 2 elk that had no adult worms at necropsy, anti-ES antibodies were detected transiently in both, while anti-adult worm antibodies were present transiently in one. These findings confirm the superiority of P. tenuis larval ES products over somatic adult worm antigens as serodiagnostic antigens, as previously observed in studies of infected white-tailed deer, and extend the application of the newly developed ELISA test in diagnosing and monitoring cervids experimentally infected with P. tenuis.     

Detection of Trichinella spiralis nativa antibodies in porcine sera by ELISA using T. spiralis spiralis excretory-secretory antigen

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay examination of sera from pigs vaccinated with T. spiralis nativa infective larvae and/or challenged with T. spiralis spiralis larvae using a T. spiralis spiralis excretory-secretory antigen showed a significant cross-reaction between the two species of Trichinella. Eight of 12 pigs vaccinated with a high dose of T. spiralis nativa reacted positively 28 days postvaccination while the remaining four pigs had high but negative ELISA optical density readings. Five of six pigs challenged with the homologous species reacted positively 28 days postchallenge but the sixth pig remained negative despite having a muscle infection of 5.6 larvae/g of musculature.     

IgG response in guinea pigs to Trichinella spiralis infection

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using excretory-secretory antigens was developed to study the dynamics of the IgG antibody response to varying levels of Trichinella spiralis infection in the guinea pig. Four groups of four Hartley guinea pigs each were infected with 1250, 250, 50 or 10 T. spiralis infective muscle larvae. They were bled every 15 days for 6 months and the IgG antibody response determined by ELISA. The time of seroconversion was dose dependent as the larger the dose, the earlier the response occurred. Significant differences in antibody response between the dose groups were evident at 30 days post-infection (P less than 0.05). Beyond 60 days post-infection, the response was similar in the four groups. The antibody response in the groups infected with 250 and 50 infective larvae was similar, but was significantly different from that of the high (1250) and low (10) dose groups from 30 days post-infection (P less than 0.01). Once seroconversion occurred, the antibody titer rose to the same level, irrespective of the initial dose. To compare the antibody response according to muscle larvae recovered, the guinea pigs were grouped into four categories: less than 10 larvae; 10-25 larvae, 50-80 larvae, greater than 100 larvae. A significant positive correlation (P less than 0.05) was observed at 60 days post-infection when these groups were compared.     

Diagnosis of swine trichinosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using an excretory- secretory antigen

An excretory-secretory (ES) antigen was used in a serodiagnostic enzyme-linke immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for swine trichinosis. ELISA procedures included a double- antibody test, using either an anti-swine IgG or a protein A enzyme conjugate, and a triple-antibody test using a pig IgG heavy-chain specific second antibody with a conjugated third antibody. The ES antigen was effective in eliminating all false-positive reactivity in sera from farm-raised hogs. The triple-antibody procedure was more sensitive and demonstrated a greater efficiency in detecting positive animals and early seroconversions. Naturally-infected pigs with worm burdens as low as 0.01 larvae per gram (LPG) of diaphragm were seropositive using these procedures. Seroconversion in experimentally-infected animals receiving low doses of muscle larvae (500) occurred considerably later than in animals receiving high doses (10000). This might account for false-negative reactions in naturally-infected animals with very low (less than 0.1 LPG) worm burdens.