2015年东北地区大豆田病害种类与危害程度调查研究

为明确近年来东北地区大豆田病害发生的种类和发病程度,于2015年对东北三省部分地区大豆病害进行了系统的调查和鉴定研究.结果表明:东北大豆常见有20种病害发生,危害最严重的是大豆根腐病,三省平均的病情指数为49.81,发病率98％;其次是大豆胞囊线虫病,平均病情指数46.53,发病率82.67％;叶部病害以大豆霜霉病发生最为严重和普遍,平均病情指数33.01,发病率64％,其次褐纹病发病率在叶部病害中最高,达70％,但病情指数略低,为18.61.大豆细菌性角斑病有演变成主要病害的潜在风险.个别病害如大豆灰斑病在黑龙江省发生仍较为严重.少数病害仅在单独省份地区发生.本研究结果将为东北地区大豆田病害可持续治理提供理论指导.     

云南省马铃薯黑痣病大田发生情况及防控试验

对云南省马铃薯主产区由丝核菌侵染引起的黑痣病的发生情况进行调查,并开展了病害防治田间药效试验。云南省马铃薯主产区均有黑痣病的发生,部分地区发病较为严重,最为严重的昆明地区发病率达到36.00%;曲靖、昭通、丽江、迪庆、大理五个地区的发病率分别为29.75%、29.01%、27.28%、20.91%和12.36%,全省马铃薯黑痣病最轻发生地区为宣威,发病率亦达到12.00%。因此,开展20%辣根素水乳剂、"蔬得康"、10%噻唑膦颗粒剂(福气多)和3%呋喃丹颗粒剂的田间防控试验。20%辣根素水乳剂按照每667m2用药1,3和5 L兑水44~45 L,于马铃薯播种前开沟实施沟内土壤泼洒施药、盖膜7 d揭膜后播种,其对马铃薯出苗安全,出苗率达90.28%~94.90%,优于其它药剂处理和空白对照;辣根素三个剂量处理能够降低平均病薯率和平均病情指数;其中以20%辣根素水乳剂5 L/667m2处理防病效果达到65.67%,增产幅度达16.85%,为供试药剂中防控马铃薯黑痣病和增产效果最好的药剂处理,值得在生产中进一步示范推广。     

大豆/玉米间作模式及施肥水平对大豆霜霉病及大豆与玉米生长的影响

研究了大豆/玉米间作模式及施肥对大豆霜霉病的发生发展及大豆与玉米生长的影响.结果表明:大豆/玉米间作能够显著降低大豆霜霉病的发病率和病情指数;而且在间作体系中,施肥处理大豆霜霉病的发病率和病情指数均低于未施肥处理.大豆/玉米间作显著影响大豆和玉米的生长,不同施肥处理间大豆和玉米的地上部生物量差异显著.施肥显著促进玉米的...     

南疆滴灌条件下复播玉米冠层内温光特征分析

对南疆特定干旱气候条件下滴灌和漫灌的复播玉米冠层内温、湿度变化及光分布状况进行研究。结果表明,扬花期冠层内温度、光截获率在下午14：00时达最高,且相对湿度达最低,其日平均温度为30.0℃～31.9℃,日平均相对湿度为40.9%左右,群体平均光截获率为43.3%～46.1%。与漫灌相比,滴灌能提高复播玉米群体的相对湿度和光截获率,降低冠层温度和表层土壤温度,“平抑”地温,这种效应在生育后期更加明显。在灌浆期,滴灌处理群体平均温度较漫灌处理低1.05℃,相对湿度高4.63个百分点,光截获率高11.1个百分点。滴灌改善了复播玉米群体内温、湿度和光分布条件,增强长势,产量较漫灌提高14.95%,生育期推迟5 d左右,在生产中应注意早播或选用早熟品种,以免影响成熟。     

玉米多堆柄锈菌的生物学特性

根据症状和夏孢子形状、大小和颜色等,将浙江省淳安县等地近年来流行的玉米锈病鉴定为由多堆柄锈菌(Puccinia polysora Underw)引起的玉米多堆锈病.该菌夏孢子发芽最适温度为26℃;夏孢子发芽还必须有水滴和空气.有自然光时夏孢子发芽率最高,其次为黑色和蓝色光,而黄、红、绿色光发芽最少.在适宜条件下,夏孢子经7h发芽率达最高.夏孢子存活期,在-15℃时不到5d,12～20℃时鲜病叶为10d,风干病为15～30d.喷雾毛笔刷、手指涂孢子悬浮液和手指擦干孢子粉4种接种方法的发病率、病情指数均相似.玉米苗期到乳熟期接种的发病率可达98%～100%,发病严重度和病害潜育期随生育期提高而减轻和延长。     

低温胁迫下白菜型与甘蓝型冬油菜抗寒基因表达差异

为了解白菜型和甘蓝型冬油菜抗寒基因的表达差异,以6个抗寒性不同的冬油菜为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析常温对照以及4℃、-4℃和-8℃低温处理5d后Bn COR25、Bn ICE1和Cu/Zn-SOD三个基因的表达差异。结果表明,常温时白菜型与甘蓝型冬油菜Bn COR25、Bn ICE1和Cu/Zn-SOD基因未被激活,处于同一水平;随着温度的降低,白菜型冬油菜Bn COR25、Bn ICE1和Cu/Zn-SOD的相对表达量均上升,且均在-4℃时到达峰值;而甘蓝型冬油菜Bn COR25在4℃时到达峰值,Cu/Zn-SOD在-4℃时到达峰值,Bn ICE1的相对表达量在低温胁迫过程中始终低于常温水平;-8℃时白菜型与甘蓝型冬油菜各基因表达量均下降。在整个温度降低过程中,始终表现为白菜型冬油菜Bn COR25、Bn ICE1和Cu/Zn-SOD的相对表达量显著高于甘蓝型冬油菜,抗寒性强的品种高于抗寒性弱的品种。说明,白菜型与甘蓝型冬油菜间抗寒性的较大差异与这3个基因的表达有关。     

气象因子对黑龙江省大豆灰斑病发生的影响

以合丰50为试材对黑龙江省田间大豆灰斑病发生与气象因子的相关性进行了分析.采集田间发病的大豆叶片,通过调查极端高温和低温条件及不同大豆叶部温度、冠层湿度下大豆灰斑病菌(Cercospora sojina)的产孢情况,初步探索了大豆灰斑病在田间的发生规律,即叶面温度18℃时病斑产孢最多,平均产孢量为5.6个·mm-2;冠层湿度80%时病斑产孢最多,平均产孢量为10.0个·mm-2;叶面温度在-30℃-30℃范围内孢子均能正常萌发.2006年和2007年田间气象因子和当年大豆灰斑病病情指数相关性分析结果表明,大豆灰斑病发生严重程度与6、7、8月份平均湿度和降水总量成正相关,与平均气温无关.     

嗜线虫致病杆菌代谢物拮抗大豆疫霉

测定嗜线虫致病杆菌（Xenorhabdus nematophilus）发酵液对大豆疫霉（Phytophthora sojae）菌丝生长、孢子囊形成及萌发的影响，采用种子和土壤处理的方法研究了发酵液对幼苗发病率的作用。结果表明：发酵液对大豆疫霉（Phytophthora sojae）菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用，50ml/L发酵液能完全抑制菌丝的生长，6ml/L发酵液的抑制率仍达68.86%；发酵液能强烈抑制大豆疫霉的孢子囊形成，10ml/L-100ml/L的发酵液处理孢子囊8天后的抑制率分别达97.04%和99.19%，5ml/L发酵液仍达到82.74%的抑制率；发酵液对孢子囊的萌发有一定抑制作用，处理后48小时，6ml/L-100ml/L发酵液的抑制率达72.94%－88.56%；发酵液浸种结果表明，发酵液浓度为25ml/L-50ml/L对大豆种子萌发均没有显著影响。用浓度为50ml/L的发酵液处理种子，播种后9天，病株减退率可达79.8%，但12天调查，病株减退率仅达34.4％。发酵液处理带菌土壤能有效减轻大豆幼苗的发病率，50ml/L发酵液处理的病株减退率为76.3%，化学农药甲霜灵处理的病株减退率为84.0%。     

黄河流域棉花品种对铃病抗性与烂铃空间分布研究

通过对20个黄河流域推广种植的棉花审定品种进行田间系统调查和定株观察,评价不同品种对铃病的抗性差异,分析烂铃发生的空间格局和烂铃与枯、黄萎病发生之间的相关关系。结果表明:按照烂铃株率和平均单株烂铃数进行评价,不同品种对铃病的抗性存在显著差异,但差异显著的品种不多;覆膜春播模式棉田烂铃主要集中在下部果枝的内围节位,所有品种由下向上的第1、2、3果枝烂铃比例在82.14%～100%,由内向外的第1、2、3节位烂铃比例在98.48%～100%;烂铃株率、平均单株烂铃数和烂铃病情指数三者显著正相关;平均单株烂铃数、烂铃病情指数与枯、黄萎病的发病率及病情指数负相关,但未达到显著相关水平。     

8种杀菌剂田间防治红菜苔根肿病的效果

为筛选出有效控制红菜苔根肿病发生且安全性高的杀菌剂,以苗期和成株期的安全性、发病率、病情指数为评价指标,比较了8种杀菌剂的田间防治效果。结果表明,81%甲霜·百菌清WP、75%异菌·多·锰锌WP、69%烯酰·锰锌WP对红菜苔根肿病苗期防效分别达97.41%、100%、97.18%,成株期防效分别达96.80%、99.65%、97.33%,且均无药害,可用于田间防治红菜苔根肿病。     

甘南农牧过渡区燕麦田孢囊线虫的发生与分布

为明确孢囊线虫在高寒、高海拔区的发生与分布情况,2015年8月,采用Z字型取样法,对甘南农牧过渡区10个乡镇燕麦田的80份根际土样进行了孢囊线虫调查。80份土样中孢囊线虫平均检出率为87.5%,夏河县的达菱乡、达麦乡、唐嘎尔乡与那吾乡,卓尼县杓哇乡及临潭县冶力关镇土样的检出率均达100%;夏河县王格尔塘镇最低,为60%。海拔高度不同,孢囊线虫的分布不同,在海拔2 501~2 800m的区域土样中,孢囊线虫检出率最高,为100%,在海拔3 101~3 500m区域检出率最低,为58.3%。燕麦田间孢囊线虫密度平均为3.7个·100g~(-1)土,其中卓尼县杓哇乡的密度最高,为14.4个·100g~(-1)土,夏河县王格尔塘镇和临潭县冶力关镇的最低,为1.1个·100g~(-1)土。通过形态学特征鉴定,此区的孢囊线虫为燕麦孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)。     

孕穗期冷水胁迫对寒地水稻干物质生产的影响

以黑龙江省30份主栽水稻品种或品系为试材,在孕穗期设置17℃冷水灌溉处理(20d),以常规栽培管理为对照,分析冷水胁迫对水稻干物质生产的影响。结果表明,冷水胁迫导致所有试材每穴实粒数、结实率、千粒重和产量下降,并根据相对结实率将试材耐冷性分为1、3、5、7和9级,以7和9级最多,1级最少,分别占总材料的30%和10%。在冷水处理下,全部材料抽穗期至成熟期干物质积累量及比例、群体生长率、净同化率、粒叶比、收获指数、叶面积指数、剑叶叶基角、剑叶和倒2叶与倒3叶披垂度均下降,但高效叶面积率增加。相关分析表明,冷水处理的相对结实率与收获指数(r=0.96**)、产量(r=0.91**)、粒叶比(r=0.84**)和干物质积累量(r=0.48**)的冷水反应指数(CRI)呈极显著正相关,与群体生长率(r=0.44*)、净同化率(r=0.44*)和干物质积累比例(r=0.43*)的CRI显著正相关。综上,孕穗期冷水胁迫对水稻干物质生产的影响在品种间存在很大差异,在冷水胁迫下耐冷性极强品种(系)干物质积累量及比例、群体生长率、净同化率、粒叶比和收获指数对冷水反应迟钝,这是耐冷性极强品种(系)保持较高产量的重要形态特征和生理原因。     

The influence of inoculum density and environment on the development of potato blackleg

Significant increases in pre-emergence seedpiece decay and preemergence shoot infection were observed asErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica inoculum density increased. As inoculum density increased, a point was reached where virtually 100 per cent of the disease was expressed as preemergence decay and no typical postemergence blackleg occurred. Soil temperature and soil moisture markedly affected blackleg incidence, especially at low inoculum densities. Increasing soil temperature (from O°C to 30°C) and soil moisture (from 65 to 100% of field capacity) usually resulted in an increased total blackleg incidence. The effect of soil temperature and soil moisture appeared to be masked at high inoculum densities. Conditions such as low inoculum density and/or cool soil temperatures and low soil moistures which apparently slowed the rate of seedpiece decay usually increased the amount of postemergence blackleg, but also reduced the total amount of disease which occurred. It is suggested that conditions which are not optimal for the pathogen result in increased amounts of typical easily diagnosed postemergence blackleg expression, whereas conditions which favor the pathogen may reduce this phase of the disease but actually increase the total loss by increasing the amount of seedpiece decay and preemergence death of potato shoots.     

The effect of seed-and soilborne inoculum ofColletotrichum coccodes on the incidence of black dot on potatoes

Summary Soil in a potato field naturally infested with black dot (Colletotrichum coccodes) was fumigated with methyl bromide at 126 g m⁻² or left unfumigated. Potato seed tubers (cv. BP1) uninfected, lightly infected (1–25% surface affected), severely infected (26–100% surface affected) and severely infected withC. coccodes but dusted with prochloraz manganese chloride as Octave 2.5% DP at 750 g per 100 kg seed were planted in fumigated and unfumigated soil. When harvested, the incidence of black dot on the progeny of infected seed planted in unfumigated soil was twice that of progeny in fumigated soil, with progeny of uninfected seed having a 68.5 times higher disease incidence in unfumigated soil. Black dot on progeny tubers was reduced by pre-treatment of seed with prochloraz in fumigated soil only. With black dot infested fields, planting disease-free seed or treating seed with fungicides would not decrease disease on progeny tubers.     

水稻稻瘟病田间抗性的遗传与选种

 1982～1985年在辽宁省丹东市前阳水稻试验站对用三个田间抗性亲本配成的六个组合(银河/蒙古稻、蒙古稻/银河、誉锦/蒙古稻、蒙古稻/黎明、银河/水原300粒和银河/京越1号)的F_1、F+2和F_3代的表现做了调查。试验结果表明,单位叶面积上的侵染点数和感病病斑数、病斑在单位时间内的扩展速度、发病叶面积百分率(DLA)以及穗颈瘟百分率在F_2和F_3的分布都为连续正态或偏态分布,变异位于双亲之间,很少有超亲现象,证明这种田间抗性为多基因控制的数量性状,广义遗传力(平均)和狭义遗传力(平均)分别以单位叶面积上的感病病斑数(h_B~2=79.5%)和穗颈瘟百分率(h_N~2=65.3%)最高。各性状的亲子相关都达显著水平。文中提出,育种中田间抗性的选择,低世代(2—4代)以DLA为指标,高世代(5代以后)以感病病斑数和病斑扩展速度为指标。对叶瘟和穗瘟抗性的选择应分别进行。     

Association of growth dynamics, yield components and seed quality in long-term trials covering rapeseed cultivation history at high latitudes

Brassica oilseed yield trend has declined in Finland by over 20% during the last 15 years. Improved genetic yield potential of turnip rape (B. rapa L.) and oilseed rape (B. napus L.) can be better realised with increased understanding of yield determining processes under northernmost growing conditions. This study aimed at (1) determining the genetic improvements in seed yield, yield components, quality traits and duration of the main growth phases and (2) comparing all these traits in turnip rape and oilseed rape. This work is based on the dataset from long-term Official Variety Trials (1976–2006), covering the entire historically relevant period of rapeseed cultivation in Finland. The results indicated that number of seeds per square metre dominated production of high yields, while single seed weight was not correlated with yield. Over the years, seed yields were produced with very different combinations of seed numbers and weights, differing markedly between the two crops. While high seed numbers were required for production of superior seed yields, single seed weights were not particularly high. Environmental variation markedly affected seed yield, seed number per square metre and duration of flowering compared with its effect on single seed weight. Duration of flowering was, however, negatively associated with seed number. Even though seed weight was largely determined by genotype, no marked plant breeding improvements were identified, contrary to those in number of seeds per square metre, seed yield, oil content and oil yield. For oilseed rape the increase in seed yield (41%) was far higher than for turnip rape (19%) without being associated with a longer seed-filling phase and later ripening, but rather the contrary.     

我国三熟制早熟油菜品种产量构成特点及育种对策

为提高三熟制地区油菜育种效率,本文研究了三熟制地区不同熟性油菜农艺性状对产量的影响。以2016-2020国家冬油菜品种区试中衡阳和宜春地区试验结果为基础数据,利用相关分析及通径分析研究了两个区域的油菜品种产量构成特点。结果发现,中熟组和早熟组株高、有效分枝数、菌核病发病率、病情指数、单株有效角果数、每角粒数、千粒重、密度、全生育期、含油量及产量差异显著。中熟油菜每角粒数、密度、菌核病抗性与产量呈极显著正相关,菌核病发病率、病情指数、生育期与产量极显著负相关,密度对产量的直接影响最大。早熟油菜株高、有效分枝数、单株有效角果数、每角粒数、密度、含油量与产量极显著正相关,菌核病发病率与产量显著负相关;对产量直接影响最大的是有效分枝数。认为育种策略中,两种油菜都应选育抗菌核病和适合高密度种植的品种,中熟油菜应提高单株有效角果数,而早熟油菜要增加有效分枝数。     

水稻条纹叶枯病的为害损失及防治指标

2004-2006年在浙江北部系统地调查了水稻条纹叶枯病发病动态和为害损失。单季晚稻秧田期介体灰飞虱有效虫量（X2）与水稻株发病率（Y1）的关系式为Y1=0.0873 + 1.0757X2,晚稻本田株发病率（X）与产量损失率（Y）总关系式为Y=0.1254+0.7551X。在现有生产条件下,经济允许水平以损失率表示为2.0%~2.5%,制订了水稻条纹叶枯病防治指标为水稻秧苗期和本田前期介体灰飞虱有效虫量2~3头/m2,该指标已在生产上大面积推广应用。     

The infection of potatoes byPhytophthora infestans during simulated washing and its control using a hot water treatment

Summary A single blighted tuber released on average 1.39 mg ofP. infestans mycelia and sporangia during simulated washing. In subsequent experiments up to 100% of tubers were infected when healthy tubers were washed in a suspension ofP. infestans equivalent to a concentration of 1.65 μg ml⁻¹, i.e. that calculated to be in a commercial washing plant after washing a potato stock with approximately 1% of tubers infected with blight for 4 hours. Immature tubers were more prone to infection during washing than mature tubers. Damaging tubers, irrespective of their maturity, increased the incidence of tuber infection. The viability ofP. infestans isolates was significantly reduced byin vitro immersion in water at 44°C for 5 minutes. The infection of daughter tubers dipped in a suspension ofP. infestans for 3 minutes was prevented when the suspension temperature was 44°C. There was no indication of tuber damage at this temperature.     

播种量对双季稻套播油菜群体生长的影响

为研究稻田三熟制双季稻套播油菜高产栽培技术,筛选适宜的播种量,2016-2017年以丰油730油菜品种为材料,设置3.75kg /hm2、4.50kg /hm2、5.25kg /hm2、6.00kg /hm2和6.75kg/hm2 5个播种量处理,采用大田试验,比较不同播种量对双季稻套播油菜生育进程、密度、成苗率、成株率、个体生长发育、抗病性、产量及产量构成的影响。结果发现：（1）套播油菜密度随着播种量增加而增加,但成苗率和成株率随着播种量的增加而下降。（2）播种量显著影响套播油菜个体生长发育,油菜总叶数、绿叶数、最大叶片叶长和叶宽、根颈粗、单株干重等个体指标随播种量增加而下降,叶面积指数和群体干重等群体指标随着播种量的增加表现先增加后逐渐下降的趋势,以播种量5.25 kg /hm2处理叶面积指数和群体干重最大。（3）菌核病发病率和病情指数均随着播种量的增加而增加。播种量6.75kg/hm2处理比播种量3.75kg/hm2处理发病率和病情指数分别增加了19.83%和9.92%。（4）播种量与分枝高度极显著正相关,与株高、一次分枝数、单株角果数、每角粒数达到极显著负相关水平。（5）产量随着播种量的增加表现出先增加后下降趋势,播种量5.25 kg /hm2处理产量最高,显著高于3.75和4.50kg /hm2的处理,分别增产16.72%和9.36%。可见播种量不足或过大均不利于套播油菜高产群体的构建,本区域内稻田三熟制双季稻套播油菜适宜播种量为5.25~6.00 kg /hm2。