Ovipositional response ofHelicoverpa armigera to different cotton genotypes

The ovipositional response ofHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner) to different cotton varieties and species was studied under caged conditions. Maximum oviposition (51.6 eggs/female) was recorded on LH 900, a variety ofGossypium hirsutum, and minimum oviposition (3.0 eggs/female) on G 27, a variety ofG. arboreum. Oviposition, in general, was low (3 to 6.5 eggs/female) onarboreum cottons as compared withhirsutum. Of the number of factors found to affect the oviposition ofH. armigera, the trichome length on the upper surface of the leaf, rather than the density, was positively correlated (r = 0.687*). Among different months in the cropping season, oviposition was maximum (552.7) during April. Oviposition was higher on leaves than on other plant parts.     

新疆棉花病虫害防治药剂剂型研发策略

棉花是我国重要的经济作物,也是受病虫害危害最严重的农作物之一。目前化学防治仍是棉田病虫害防治的重要技术。新疆棉区是我国最大的棉花主产区,气候类型属于典型的温带大陆性气候,具有光照充足、夏季高温干旱、多风、昼夜温差大等特殊气候特点,农药药液喷施过程中容易发生蒸发、飘移、降解等损失,严重影响药剂的防治效果。本文综述了温湿度、风、光照等环境因子对药剂防治效果的影响,以及国内外对提升药剂防治效果采取的调控措施,并结合新疆棉田的特殊气候条件提出了剂型研发的新策略。在提升产品理化稳定性的前提下,还需综合考虑有效成分的理化性质、棉花叶片的结构及润湿特性、施药器械等多种因素。结合农药学、植物保护学、界面化学、有机化学等多学科交叉理论知识指导,利用先进的技术和载体材料研发环境响应型、靶向高效的农药剂型,结合配套使用技术及措施,探索农药高效利用及减量调控途径,为实现农药减量增效、引领棉花产业绿色发展提供科技支撑。     

小麦重大病虫害综合防治技术体系

小麦是我国的主要粮食作物,病虫害是影响其稳产、高产的重要生物灾害。本文综述了自“七五”以来,我国小麦重大病虫害综合防治技术体系的主要研究进展,内容涉及综合防治的指导思想与策略、基本思路以及不同麦区病虫害综合防治技术体系基本模式,并对现有综合防治体系中存在的问题和发展前景进行了讨论。     

21种化学药剂对新疆棉田主要害虫毒力及对多异瓢虫的安全性

为明确现阶段棉田常用化学杀虫剂对新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）棉花主要害虫的毒力以及对新疆本地优势天敌多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata的安全性,于室内分别测定当前21种棉田常用化学药剂对新疆棉田3种主要害虫棉蚜Aphis gossypii、截形叶螨Etranychus truncatus和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera以及优势天敌多异瓢虫的毒力,比较不同药剂对各种害虫和天敌的相对毒力指数以及益害毒性比。结果表明,药剂处理24 h后,10种蚜虫防治药剂对棉蚜成蚜的半致死浓度LC₅₀由高到低依次为氟啶虫胺腈、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、环氧虫啶、噻虫嗪、丁硫克百威、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、螺虫乙酯和吡蚜酮,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有氟啶虫胺腈和螺虫乙酯;5种叶螨防治药剂对截形叶螨成螨的LC₅₀从高到低依次为阿维菌素、哒螨灵、四螨嗪、噻螨酮和炔螨特,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有四螨嗪、噻螨酮和阿维菌素;6种鳞翅目害虫幼虫防治药剂对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的LC₅₀由高到低顺次为甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（简称甲维盐）、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威、灭多威、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺。综合上述2个方面结果,氟啶虫胺腈、阿维菌素、甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺不仅对棉花害虫毒力效果强,而且对有益天敌安全性高。     

我国稻田养殖防虫除草的研究概况

利用稻田养殖控制稻田害虫和杂草是水稻有害生物可持续治理的有效措施之一。本文综述了稻田养殖治虫除草效果,相关养殖技术及其产生的生态和经济效益。     

Associations betweenFrankliniella spp. andOrius niger populations in cotton

The distribution of theFrankliniella speciesF. occidentalis (Pergande) andF. intonsa (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and of the predatory bugOrius niger (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), in various organs of the cotton plant, as well as prey — predator interactions between thrips andO. niger, were investigated over 6 years in cotton fields in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The highest number of larvae ofFrankliniella spp. were found inhabiting bolls, whereas the adults colonized mainly flowers. The majority of predatory bug nymphs were present on leaves, followed by bolls, whereasO. niger adults visited mostly flowers. The thrips larvae were most likely preyed upon on flowers and squares, and bolls were safe plant parts for thrips, with a low predation rate. An intermediate but relatively high predation rate occurred on cotton leaves. In further field experiments, the effects of insecticide treatment on the relationships betweenO. niger andFrankliniella spp. were investigated. These trials revealed that a higher correlation existed between the numbers of adultO. niger in flowers andFrankliniella spp. in non-treated cotton fields than in insecticide-treated fields. The proportions of prey/predator in flowers ranged from 1.53 to 19.28 and were below four thrips per predator at most sampling dates in some of the non-treated cotton fields. It is concluded thatO. niger is an effective predator that can play an important role in suppressing population increase ofFrankliniella spp. in cotton. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 12, 2006.     

丙炔氟草胺与二甲戊灵混配使用对棉田杂草的防除效果及棉花安全性研究

为明确丙炔氟草胺与二甲戊灵混配使用防除新疆覆膜棉田杂草的效果及其对棉花的安全性,在新疆南北疆进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,50%丙炔氟草胺WP 45~120 g/hm2+33%二甲戊灵EC 742.5/1 237.5 g/hm2对龙葵Solanum nigrum、藜Chenopodium album、灰绿藜C.glaucum、反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus和稗草Echinochloa crus-galli等一年生杂草防除效果理想,持效期45～60 d,对苘麻Abutilon theophrasti、田旋花Convolvulus arvensis有一定的防效,但对其生长抑制作用不佳,对榆树Ulmus pumila 苗防效差。50%丙炔氟草胺WP+33%二甲戊灵EC高剂量处理或在持续低温多雨情况下,对棉花出苗和生长有一定影响。在农业生产中,应重视完善和优化丙炔氟草胺与二甲戊灵混配使用的田间应用技术,避免和降低除草剂药害风险。     

烯效唑在棉花及土壤中的残留及消解动态

建立了烯效唑在棉花叶片、棉籽和土壤中残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）检测方法,并运用该方法对烯效唑在棉花叶片和土壤中的残留消解规律进行了研究。样品用乙腈-水提取,经Cleanert NH2固相萃取柱净化,电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式HPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量。结果表明:烯效唑在棉花叶片、棉籽和土壤中的平均添加回收率在74%~101%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在1.2%~10%之间（n=5）。烯效唑在3种基质中的检出限（LOD）均为0.01 ng,定量限（LOQ）均为0.01 mg/kg。该方法准确、灵敏、简单,适用于棉花样品中烯效唑残留的检测。田间试验结果表明:烯效唑在棉花叶片和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为4.2~5.0 d及15.8~19.7 d;于收获期采样,烯效唑在棉籽和土壤中的最终残留量分别为0.01 mg/kg和0.022 mg/kg。     

棉花轮纹斑病研究进展及防控策略

棉花是重要的天然纤维作物和油料作物。棉花轮纹斑病作为一种重要的棉花叶部病害,在我国主要棉区广泛发生,严重影响棉花的产量和品质,造成重大的经济损失,限制了棉花产业的可持续发展。本文围绕棉花轮纹斑病病害症状、发生危害、病原物种类、病害循环和发病条件等进行了综述,并介绍了实际生产中防控该病害发生危害的主要策略。     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对棉铃虫的控制效果及对甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾生长发育的影响

为评估转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的抗性及对非靶标害虫甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua和斜纹夜蛾S.litura生长发育的影响,采用室内生测法测定其对棉铃虫的抗性及对甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾不同龄期幼虫存活率、营养代谢及中肠酶活性的影响。结果表明,转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对棉铃虫第2代幼虫的抗性程度最高,幼虫校正死亡率达91.33%,但对甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的抗性程度较低,幼虫校正死亡率分别为15.33%和13.33%。甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾各龄期幼虫取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花后,其存活率与取食常规棉花对照无显著差异;甜菜夜蛾对转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花叶片的相对取食量、近似消化率分别为16.68和93.12%,均高于取食常规棉花对照的10.72和92.00%,但差异不显著,而斜纹夜蛾取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花后的各项营养指标均低于取食常规棉花对照,差异也不显著。取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花后,甜菜夜蛾的过氧化物酶活性为0.02 U/mg prot,显著低于取食常规棉花的0.05 U/mg prot;斜纹夜蛾的酸性磷酸酶活性为0.15 U/mg prot,高于取食常规棉花的0.10 U/mg prot,但差异不显著,其它中肠酶活性均低于对照,亦无显著差异。     

巴基斯坦棉花主要害虫及其综合治理

棉花是巴基斯坦重要的经济作物,棉花产品出口是该国外汇收入的主要来源。在过去10年中巴基斯坦棉花种植面积大幅减少,棉花产量也从2011年的261万t下降至2021年的154万t。烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci及其传播的棉花曲叶病和棉红铃虫Pectinophora gossypiella等有害生物危害是棉花产量下降的主要原因之一。目前,棉花害虫的防治主要依靠背负式喷雾器或机车式喷雾器喷施杀虫剂,无人机施药的政策及大规模推广应用尚处于起始阶段。害虫对杀虫剂抗性上升是目前害虫治理的主要问题。由于信德省和旁遮普省等传统植棉区棉花害虫发生比较严重,巴基斯坦政府计划在俾路支省和开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省扩大棉花种植面积。为了恢复棉花的生产,政府制定了一系列计划来提高害虫综合治理水平,如研发生物杀虫剂、转基因品种等。针对当前棉花生产过程中所面临的虫害问题,未来应更新害虫治理策略,加强对农业部门技术人员的培训,为巴基斯坦棉花的可持续生产提供技术支持。     

辽宁花生病虫发生危害及种类鉴定

近年来辽宁花生产业迅猛发展,病虫害发生日趋严重.2011年对辽宁花生主产区系统调查发现病虫害共27种,其中病害10种,虫害17种.危害较严重的病虫害分别是花生网斑病、褐斑病、疮痂病、蛴螬、双斑长跗萤叶甲、尺蠖.     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 2. Stem-base diseases of winter wheat

In the period 1974–1986, ca. 100 commercial winter wheat fields were surveyed annually for stembase diseases. In these years, on average 6% of the tillers was infected with eyespot in spring at the first-second, node stage. Eyespot intensity in spring was high in years with high temperature during winter. Eyespot, intensity in the milky-ripe stage in July, averaged 13% of the culms and was high in years with high temperature in April and high precipitation in March, April and May. These data may improve forecasts.In the milky-ripe stage, 2% of the culms were infected with sharp eyespot, but its intensity has gradually increased during the survey years. No significant correlation of sharp eyespot intensity with dry periods in autumn, spring or summer was found.Symptoms of take-all were found on 0.2% of the stem-bases during ripening. Its intensity was low in years with high precipitation in March, April, May and June and high temperature in May and June.Samenvatting Een honderdtal percelen wintertarwe werd in 1974–86 jaarlijks op voetziekten geïnventariseerd. In het voorjaar, tijdens het, eerste en tweede knoopstadium van het gewas, was gemiddeld 6% van de spruiten aangetast door oogvlekkenziekte. De intensiteit van de ziekte was hoog in jaren met een hoge gemiddelde wintertemperatuur. Tijdens het melkrijpe stadium, in juli was gemiddeld 13% van de halmen aangetast door oogvlekkenziekte. De aantasting in juli was hoog in jaren met een hoge temperatuur in april en veel neerslag in de maanden maart, april en mei. Met deze gegevens kunnen adviessystemen worden verbeterd.Scherpe oogvlekkenziekte was op gemiddeld 2% van de halmen in juli aanwezig. De ziekte nam geleidelijk met de jaren toe. De jaarlijkse intensiteit was niet gecorreleerd met droge perioden in de herfst, voorjaar of zomer.Symptomen van halmdoder waren op gemiddeld 0.2% van de halmen aanwezig. De intensiteit van de ziekte was hoog in jaren met weinig neerslag in maart, april, mei en juni en met een lage temperatuur in mei en juni.     

泰安市核桃园主要病虫害发生情况及其化学防治用药流程

为明确山东省泰安市核桃园主要病虫害的发生情况及其化学防治的用药流程,于2017—2018年采用田间调查法进行主要病虫害的调查,于2019年采用常规喷雾法对不同防治对象进行化学防治,研究不同用药时间及用药次数下3种农药对核桃的保果效果及对主要病虫害的防治效果,确定用药流程。结果表明,2017年泰安市核桃园主要病虫害以核桃细菌性黑斑病、核桃炭疽病和核桃举肢蛾Atrijuglans aristata为主,造成的病虫果率达83.25%。5月中旬至6月下旬,以核桃细菌性黑斑病和核桃举肢蛾单独发生为主;7月上旬至8月上旬,以核桃细菌性黑斑病和核桃炭疽病单独发生为主;8月中旬至下旬,以核桃炭疽病单独发生和核桃炭疽病+核桃细菌性黑斑病共同发生为主。2018年3种病虫害造成核桃的总体落果率为79.84%,共出现2次落果高峰,即在6月下旬以核桃举肢蛾造成的落果和在8月下旬以核桃炭疽病单独发生和核桃炭疽病+核桃细菌性黑斑病共同发生造成的落果。针对以上3种主要病虫害,在核桃生长期应至少喷药6次,其总体的保果效果和防治效果分别达到96.58%和93.70%,分别显著高于喷药4次的83.72%和70.56%,与喷药8次处理差异不显著。在实际生产中,建议对核桃细菌性黑斑病自5月上旬至8月上旬,每15~20 d用药1次,至少用药6次;对核桃炭疽病自6月下旬至8月上旬,每15~20 d用药1次,至少用药4次;对核桃举肢蛾在5月下旬和7月下旬各用药1次。     

转BT基因抗虫棉棉田主要病虫害的发生与综合治理

本文分析了转BT基因抗虫棉棉田主要病虫害的发生特点,指出棉花品种及田间栽培管理技术的变化和气候条件的改变是引起病虫害发生变化的主要原因,提出在认真做好棉田病虫害监测的前提下,优先实施农业防治措施,因地制宜选用物理机械防治措施,适时用药开展化学防治的综合治理措施。     

广西火龙果园病虫草害种类及主要病虫消长规律研究

【目的】查明广西火龙果园病虫草害种类,探究火龙果主要病虫害的发生规律。【方法】火龙果病虫害种类调查采用了普查法和实地估测法,而主要病虫害的发生动态均采用五点取样调查法。【结果】调查表明,广西火龙果园的主要病虫草害及其天敌种类共有99种,其中害虫及有害动物有17种,病害有12种,杂草43种,昆虫天敌27种;在广西种植的火龙果品种中,金都1号、美龙、越南金边在同一年内发生3次炭疽病高发期,分别在3月、4月和7月,其中金都1号抗炭疽病性较好;溃疡病在同一年内出现2次高发期,分别在4月、7月,其中金都1号抗溃疡病较好;斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫以及绿象甲在同一年内的种群数量变化均出现双峰型,年内2次高峰期发生在5月和7月,其中5月发生量较大。【结论】上述研究结果可提高人们对火龙果的病虫草害种类及主要病虫害发生规律的认识,为制订火龙果主要病虫草害综合防治方案奠定基础。     

Integrated crop management, the basis for environment friendly crop protection of potatoes

Relatively large amounts of pesticides are needed to control diseases and pests in modern, intensive potato production. Integrated crop management offers a way of reducing the need for pesticides. It aims to reduce costs and improve the quality of the product and of the production methods, while maintaining soil fertility and the quality of the environment. The components of integrated crop management are described. Prevention of diseases and pests has high priority. If diseases or pests are present, non-chemical control methods are preferred and chemical control is based on economic criteria and the monitoring of the soil and crops. The contribution of integrated crop management to the control of two important fungal diseases, late blight (Phytophthora infestans), and stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani) and of one pest, potato cyst nematode (Globodera spp..) is described. The prospects for further development of integrated crop protection are discussed.     

Powdered neem seed and cake for management of the banana weevil,cosmopolites sordidus, and parasitic nematodes

Field trials were conducted in Kenya with ‘Nakyetengu’, an East African highland banana cultivar (AAA-EA), highly susceptible to banana pests. Regardless of soil fertility levels, incorporation around the plant base of powdered neem(Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed or cake at 60-100 g/mat at 4-month intervals, gave better control of the banana weevil,Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar), and of parasitic nematodes, than that achieved with soil application of Furadan 5G (carbofuran) at 60 g/mat at 6-month intervals. Compared with untreated control, fruit yield in most of the neem treatments was significantly higher, particularly during the second cycle of crop production. Neem application conferred a net economic gain, whereas Furadan application proved uneconomical. Application of powdered neem seed or cake at higher rates (200–400 g/mat) at 6-month intervals caused phytotoxicity, resulting in drying up of banana plants before fruiting, or in ‘chokethroat’,i.e., inflorescence emergence failure.     

Differentiation ofVerticillium dahliae populations on the basis of vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity on cotton

Complementary auxotrophic nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants were used to investigate vegetative compatibility within 27 strains ofVerticillium dahliae isolated from several hosts originating from Africa, Asia, Europe and the United States. Using about 500nit mutants generated from these strains, three vegetative compatibility groups, 1, 2 and 4, were identified. Simultaneously, virulence of each strain was assessed on cultivars ofGossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense andG. arboreum, based upon Foliar Alteration Index (FAI) and Browning Index (BI) estimation. The strains in VCG1 were of both the cotton-defoliating pathotype and race 3 (on cotton) but were non pathogenic on tomato; those in VCG2 and VCG4 were of the nondefoliating pathotype and belonged to different races on cotton and on tomato. Hyaline mutants deriving from parental wild-type strain showed differences in pathogenicity but were always assigned to the parental VCG. A relationship was established between VCGs and the taxonomic position of host plants. Data fromnit pairings indicated that the sub-populations ofV. dahliae (VCGs) may not be completely isolated genetically.     

抗虫杂交棉新组合筛选及杂种优势评价

为了研究抗虫杂交棉的杂种优势和筛选高优势杂交组合，用一组转基因抗虫棉为供体亲本，与一组常规丰产、抗病、抗虫品种(系)杂交，培育了一批抗虫杂交棉新组合，在田间进行了经济性状、农艺性状和早熟性等方面的鉴定，在网室进行了抗红铃虫鉴定。结果表明，抗虫杂交棉在产量上有明显的竞争优势和超亲优势，皮棉增产幅度分别为11．7％～54．6％和0．0～36．9％；各组合的纤维品质一般优于对照品种鄂棉18，有些纤维品质指标也优于亲本，具有一定的超亲优势；在抗红铃虫方面，杂交棉的抗虫性与抗虫供体亲本相当，并明显优于对照品种鄂棉18，其抗虫性达高抗或抗级水平，具有很强的竞争优势。