B型超声妊娠诊断技术在布尔山羊胚胎移植产业化中的研究应用

应用B型超声断层扫描仪对279只布尔山羊胚胎移植受体白山羊和87只自然交配布尔山羊进行早期妊娠检查。在胚胎移植后20－100天试验羊妊娠诊断阴性（B超判断未怀孕）的准确率为100％；正常交配羊妊娠诊断阳性（B超判断怀孕）的准确率为100％；部分胚胎移植后20天左右的受体羊出现假阳性，这可能与胚胎移植后胎儿发育停止或出现流产或手术造成的粘连有关。试验证明，在胚胎移植（2－8细胞胚胎）30天以后进行B超妊娠检查，不仅可准确判断妊娠情况，而且能得到胚胎移植羊流产或妊娠中止的数据，试验说明，B超妊娠诊断是目前布尔山羊胚胎移植产业化过程中的一个重要环节。     

B型超声妊娠诊断技术在波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化中的应用

应用B型超声断层扫描仪对279只波尔山羊胚胎移植受体白山羊和87只自然交配波尔山羊进行早期妊娠检查。在胚胎移植后20-100d试验羊妊娠断阴性(B超判断未怀孕)的准确率为100％，正常交配羊妊娠诊断阳性(B超判断怀孕)的准确率为100％；部分胚胎移植后20d左右的受体羊出现假阳性，这可能与胚胎移植后胎儿发育停止或出现流产或手术造成的粘连有关。试验证明，在胚胎移植(2～8细胞胚胎)30d以后进行B超妊娠检查不仅可准确判断妊娠情况，而且能得到胚胎移植羊流产或妊娠中止的数据，试验说明，B超妊娠诊断是目前波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化过程中的一个重要环节。     

B型超声妊娠诊断技术在波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化中的研究应用

应用B型超声断层扫描仪对279只波尔山羊胚胎移植受体白山着和87只自然交配波尔山羊进行早期妊娠检查。在胚胎移植后20-100天试验羊妊娠诊断阴性（B超判断未怀孕）的准确率为100%；正常酱羊妊娠诊断阳性（B超判断怀孕）的准确率为100%；部分胚胎移植后20天左右的受体羊出现假阳性，这可能与胚胎移植后胎儿发育停止或出现流产或手术造成的粘连有关。试验证明，在胚胎移植（2-8细胞胚胎）30天以后进行B超妊娠检查不仅可准确判断妊娠情况，而且能得到胚胎稀薄标志着是流产或妊娠中止的数据，试验说明，B超妊娠诊断是目前波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化过程中的一个重要环节。     

B型超声妊娠诊断技术在波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化中的应用

应用B型超声断层扫描仪对 2 79只波尔山羊胚胎移植受体白山羊和 87只自然交配波尔山羊进行早期妊娠检查。在胚胎移植后 2 0～ 10 0天试验羊妊娠诊断阴性 (B超判断未怀孕 )的准确率为 10 0 % ;正常交配羊妊娠诊断阳性 (B超判断怀孕 )的准确率为 10 0 % ;部分胚胎移植后 2 0天左右的受体羊出现假阳性 ,这可能与胚胎移植后胎儿发育停止或出现流产或手术造成的粘连有关。试验证明 ,在胚胎移植 (2 - 8细胞胚胎 ) 30天以后进行B超妊娠检查不仅可准确判断妊娠情况 ,而且能得到胚胎移植羊流产或妊娠中止的数据 ,试验说明 ,B超妊娠诊断是目前波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化过程中的一个重要环节。     

B型超声妊娠诊断技术在波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化中的研究应用

应用B型超声断层扫描仪对279只波尔山羊胚胎移植受体白山羊和87只自然交配波尔山羊进行早期妊娠检查。在胚胎移植后20～100天试验羊妊娠诊断阴性(B超判断未怀孕)的准确率为100%;正常交配羊妊娠诊断阳性(B超判断怀孕)的准确率为100%;部分胚胎移植后20天左右的受体羊出现假阳性,这可能与胚胎移植后胎儿发育停止或出现流产或手术造成的粘连有关。试验证明,在胚胎移植(2-8细胞胚胎)30天以后进行B超妊娠检查不仅可准确判断妊娠情况,而且能得到胚胎移植羊流产或妊娠中止的数据,试验说明,B超妊娠诊断是目前波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化过程中的一个重要环节。     

B型超声妊娠诊断技术在波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化中的应用

应用B型超声断层扫描仪对279只波尔山羊胚胎移植受体白山羊和87只自然交配波尔山羊进行早期妊娠检查。在胚胎移植后20～100d试验羊妊娠断阴性(B超判断未怀孕)的准确率为100%,正常交配羊妊娠诊断阳性(B超判断怀孕)的准确率为100%;部分胚胎移植后20d左右的受体羊出现假阳性,这可能与胚胎移植后胎儿发育停止或出现流产或手术造成的粘连有关。试验证明,在胚胎移植(2～8细胞胚胎)30d以后进行B超妊娠检查不仅可准确判断妊娠情况,而且能得到胚胎移植羊流产或妊娠中止的数据,试验说明,B超妊娠诊断是目前波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化过程中的一个重要环节。     

奶牛B超妊娠诊断应用研究

对126头奶牛在配种20～60d进行B超妊娠检查，结果显示20～22d、23～25d两个时间段的诊断准确率比较低，分别是47．62％、76．19％；在26～28d诊断准确率较高，为9048％，诊断怀孕准确率100％，诊断空怀准确率90．91％；29～31d、32～60d诊断准确率均为100％。因此得出中等性能B超早期妊娠诊断的最佳时间段为29～31d。在20～28dB超早期妊娠诊断效果青年牛要好于经产牛。同时，还对B超妊娠诊断的判断标准、注意事项以及B超误诊原因进行了分析讨论。     

应用“猪妊娠诊断试剂”早期妊娠诊断

用“猪妊娠诊断试剂”对配种后１８天的１８５头母猪进行早期妊娠诊断试验，以产仔做为判断妊娠的依据，检出妊娠和空怀的准确率分别为９６．７％和１００％，任选其中５６头另用超声波诊断法进行早期妊娠诊断，检出妊娠和空怀的准确率分别为１００％和１８．２％，说明激素法诊断空怀的准确性优于超声波法。上外，激素法未引起母猪流产，并能诱导发情，而且操作简便，因此具有推广应用前景。     

诊断海狸鼠妊娠方法

经１９９１－１９９３年对海狸鼠妊娠诊断方法的研究，摸索出一套适用性强，准确率高的妊娠诊断方法和关键性技术环节，受检母鼠４００只，触摸法妊娠诊断准确率８８．３％，药物凝集法妊娠诊断准确率９４．４％，提前２５－３０天早期妊娠诊断，采用综合妊娠诊断海狸鼠全群受胎率达９８％，年均产仔１．９３窝。     

奶山羊妊娠早期的B超诊断

自从1976年Lindahl首次将B超用于绵羊妊娠诊断以来，国内外学者先后在该领域进行了广泛的探索。他们将B超诊断绵羊早期妊娠的日期提前到配种后18～19d．使B超诊断绵羊妊娠的准确率达到或接近100％，其中对单胎的诊断准确率达84％～97％，对多胎的诊断准确率达95％～100%。     

Cytologic evaluation of inflammation in canine liver aspirates

Abstract: Liver aspiration cytology has been used routinely for more than a decade for the evaluation of canine and feline liver disease. However, the value of liver cytology in detecting inflammatory liver disease is poorly defined. We retrospectively reviewed 51 canine liver cytology reports and compared the conclusions with those from concurrent surgical biopsy reports. Overall sensitivity of cytology for diagnosis of inflammatory liver disease was 93% and specificity was 96%. For suppurative hepatitis (n = 14), the sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis was 100% and the specificity was 95%. For chronic active hepatitis (n = 13), the sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis was 100% and the specificity was 93%. For lymphocytic hepatitis (n = 3), the sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis was 33% and the specificity was 100%. We conclude that canine liver aspiration cytology is a highly sensitive test for the detection of suppurative and chronic active inflammation; however, it is insensitive for the detection of lymphocytic hepatitis.     

Clinical application of a polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of leptospirosis in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay on urine samples for diagnosis of leptospirosis in dogs. DESIGN: Prospective case study. ANIMALS: 132 dogs with clinical signs suggestive of leptospirosis and 13 healthy dogs. PROCEDURE: PCR testing was performed on urine samples to detect leptospiral DNA; results were compared with results of conventional criteria for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. RESULTS: Leptospirosis was diagnosed in 8 dogs via established criteria; all these dogs had positive results of PCR assay, including 1 dog with positive results before seroconversion developed. A positive PCR assay result was also obtained in 16 dogs that did not have a confirmed diagnosis of leptospirosis. In the 8 dogs that had a confirmed diagnosis of leptospirosis, serovars pomona (n = 3 dogs), grippotyphosa (2), canicola (2), and bratislava (1) were identified serologically. The remaining 121 dogs all had a diagnosis other than leptospirosis or were healthy. For PCR testing on urine, sensitivity was 100%, specificity was 88.3%, positive predictive value was 33%, and negative predictive value was 100%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Positive PCR test results prior to seroconversion may have value in establishing an early diagnosis. Positive results in dogs that had signs consistent with leptospirosis despite failing to meet established criteria for leptospirosis raise questions regarding the sensitivity of serologic testing in diagnosis of leptospirosis. Serovars pomona, grippotyphosa, and canicola were most common.     

Comparison of clinical and pathological diagnoses in dogs

Clinical and pathological diagnoses were compared in a prospective study of 145 dogs. A diagnostic work up had been performed on all dogs of which 36 (24.8%) died and 109 (75.2%) were euthanatized. In 119 dogs (82.1%) both a clinical and patholical diagnosis was made, in 20 dogs (13.8%) no pathological diagnosis could be made and in 6 dogs (4.1%) no clinical diagnosis was established. In the 119 dogs the agreement level between clinical and pathological diagnosis was scored by the referring veterinarian together with a pathologist. Total agreement was found in 61 cases (51.3%) and disagreement in 31 cases (26.0%). In the remaining cases (27=22.7%) the pathological diagnosis further specified the clinical diagnosis. Consecutive submission appeared difficult to achieve by the participating veterinarians. However, no major differences in agreement level was present between the veterinarian which succeeded in almost consecutive submissions and the other veterinarians. At necropsy 42 cases were diagnosed as neoplasia, of which 52.4% had been diagnosed clinically. As to infectious diseases 55.0% of these diseases diagnosed at necropsy had been diagnosed clinically. In about 20% of the cases the differences were of clinical significance according to the referring veterinarians. In addition, it was indicated by the clinicians that about 50% of the necropsies revealed findings which could amend future patient care. The results of the study stress the relevance of postmortem examination as crucial part of continuing education and of quality monitoring and assurance in veterinary medicine.     

The accuracy of intraoperative cytopathological diagnosis compared with conventional histopathological diagnosis

To determine the accuracy of intraoperative cytopathological diagnosis compared with conventional histopathological diagnosis, the authors obtained 100 specimens from masses of various organ systems chosen randomly from 65 dogs, 30 cats, and five exotic animals. Of the 100 specimens, a specific diagnosis was obtained in 42%, the correct pathological process (i.e., mesenchymal neoplasia, epithelial neoplasia, round cell neoplasia, or inflammation) was identified in 41%, in 1% the diagnosis was deferred, and in 16% an incorrect diagnosis was obtained. The overall accuracy rate of intraoperative cytopathological examination was 83%, which increased to 90% by the exclusion of splenic masses. The accuracy rate of diagnosing neoplasia was 87%, with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 100%. Intraoperative cytopathological examination is an accurate diagnostic method with good sensitivity and specificity for the identification of neoplasia.     

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RENAL HYPOECHOIC SUBCAPSULAR THICKENING AND LYMPHOSARCOMA IN CATS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between renal hypoechoic subcapsular thickening observed ultrasonographically and the presence of renal lymphosarcoma in cats. The ultrasonography database was retrospectively searched for cats that underwent ultrasound examination and ultrasound guided needle renal aspirate, renal biopsy, or necropsy. One radiologist unaware of the final diagnosis evaluated the images for the presence of hypoechoic subcapsular thickening and other abnormal findings. Fifty-four cats met the inclusion criteria. Hypoechoic subcapsular thickening was found in 21 cats of which 17 had lymphosarcoma; the remaining four cats had a different diagnosis. Eleven out of 33 cats without hypoechoic subcapsular thickening were positive for lymphosarcoma, and the rest had a different diagnosis. There was a significant association between hypoechoic subcapsular thickening and renal lymphosarcoma (P = 0.001). The positive predictive value of hypoechoic subcapsular thickening for lymphosarcoma was 80.9% and the negative predictive value was 66.7%. The sensitivity and specificity of hypoechoic subcapsular thickening for the diagnosis of renal lymphosarcoma were 60.7% and 84.6%, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the presence of hypoechoic subcapsular thickening in feline kidneys is associated with renal lymphosarcoma.     

Cytological Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in the Diagnosis of Spontaneous Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs: A Retrospective Study

Results of cytological analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAD fluid were compared with clinical diagnoses in dogs that presented with signs of respiratory disease to referral hospitals. Of 68 dogs in which a clinical diagnosis was possible, BAL cytological findings were considered definitive for the diagnosis in 17 cases (25%), supportive of the diagnosis in 34 cases (50%), and not helpful in 17 cases (25%). Findings were most often considered supportive of or definitive for the clinical diagnosis in dogs with alveolar or bronchial radiographic patterns, or the presence of pulmonary masses. BAL results among lung lobes differed in 23 of 63 dogs (37%) with diffuse radiographic patterns. Tracheal wash cytology differed from BAL fluid cytology in 45 of 66 dogs (68%). Bronchoalveolar lavage was a clinically useful procedure for the diagnostic evaluation of dogs with signs of respiratory disease.     

Reassessment of the herd consultation in facilities with accumulated abortions in cattle

One hundred and ninety-eight dairy herds in which an abortion problem had been investigated by laboratory examination alone or in conjunction with a farm visit were reassessed via a questionnaire at least 1 year after the initial investigation. The overall response rate to the questionnaire was 78%, but more owners responded after a farm visit. One hundred and twenty-five questionnaires (63%) could be evaluated. Significantly more (p = 0.01) complete or tentative diagnoses were made in herds that were visited. The abortion problem had resolved in 88%, 79% and 88% of herds with a complete, a tentative and no diagnosis, respectively. In 65% of herds, the suggested control measures were followed by the attending veterinarian or the owner. Resolution of the abortion problem was more common in herds in which the proposed control measures were followed, in herds in which a complete diagnosis had been made, and in herds that had been visited during the initial investigation. The success in resolving the abortion problem, that could be attributed to the initial investigation, was 21% when a complete diagnosis had been made and 11% when only a tentative diagnosis had been made. Most (67%) herd owners would favour an accompanying farm visit, as opposed to laboratory examinations alone, if another abortion problem occurred, but only if a considerable portion of the cost could be deferred.     

Influence of sampling time on bacteriological diagnosis of goat intramammary infection

Intramammary infection in seven commercial goat herds was studied using premilking and postmilking samples for purposes as bacteriological diagnosis. Using a positive result on both premilking and postmilking samples as the definitive diagnosis, we compared the efficacy of single samples collected either premilking or postmilking. With this aim, 2268 bacteriological culture results were compared. The kappa values (0.60) showed moderate agreement between the two samples. Specificity and positive predictive value were higher for postmilking samples than for premilking samples. Specificity of postmilking samples was 99.4% for coagulase-negative staphylococci, 99.9% for Gram-negative bacilli, 100% for streptococci, 99.9% for corynebacteria and 100% for mixed cultures. Premilking samples specificity was 96.6, 99.5, 99.7, 99.8 and 99.8%, respectively. False positive diagnoses were more frequent for premilking samples. The results suggest that postmilking samples should be used to diagnosis of goat intramammary infection.     

Squash-prep cytology in the diagnosis of canine and feline nervous system lesions: a study of 42 cases

BACKGROUND: The increased sophistication of imaging techniques in veterinary medicine allows the detection of a wide variety of intracranial and intraspinal lesions; however, imaging often does not provide a definitive diagnosis for nervous system (NS) lesions. Cytology is emerging as a useful diagnostic tool for obtaining a fast and accurate assessment of NS lesions, but little information is available for dogs and cats. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of cytologic evaluation of squash samples from NS lesions in dogs and cats and to consider cytology-based diagnostic guidelines and sources of misdiagnosis. METHODS: Cytologic specimens from masses localized in the central and peripheral NS taken during surgery or postmortem examination were classified into 3 groups according to the final histopathologic diagnosis: Group 1 = completely correct diagnosis, when the cytologic diagnosis and final histologic diagnosis were exactly correlated; Group 2 = partial correlation, when the cytologic diagnosis only partially correlated with the final histologic diagnosis, and Group 3 = no correlation, when the cytologic diagnosis was incorrect and there was no correlation with the general histologic type of lesion. The diagnostic accuracy of cytopathology was calculated by considering the histopathologic diagnosis as the "gold standard," and calculating a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: A total of 42 animals (33 dogs and 9 cats) were included in the study. The cytologic diagnoses were classified in Group 1 for 32 cases (76%; 95% CI 0.63-0.89), in Group 2 for 6 cases (14%; 95% CI 0.04-0.25), and in Group 3 for 4 cases (10%; 95% CI 0.006-0.18). Considering both complete and partial correlation as an adequate result, cytologic diagnosis was satisfactory in 90% of biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Although the current series of cases is relatively small, cytologic evaluation of squash preparations can be considered a fairly accurate and reliable tool in the diagnosis of NS lesions.