农牧交错带退耕还草对土壤有机质和氮的影响

在农牧交错带地区对退耕还草的草地进行土壤分析并与春小麦地比较,研究牧草对土壤有机质和氮含量的影响.结果表明,播种第2年(生产第1年),草地0～20 cm土壤有机质和全氮含量比小麦地有明显改善;单播和混播草地,播种第3年(生产第2年)较第2年土壤有机质和全氮含量均有增加,混播牧草改善土壤氮的效果比单播牧草更显著;老芒麦、无芒雀麦单播以及老芒麦 无芒雀麦混播可以明显改善土壤有机质;老芒麦 无芒雀麦、老芒麦 冰草3∶1的混播比例可以有效地增加土壤硝态氮含量.     

青海省环湖地区不同种植年限紫花苜蓿土壤质量初探

为了进一步研究苜蓿生长与土壤理化性状及土壤中各种营养元素的消长规律,试验以生长在海拔3 000 m以上的青海省刚察县三角城种羊场(环青海湖地区)不同生长年限的紫花苜蓿地土壤为研究材料,对2年生、3年生紫花苜蓿地和对照样地(禾本科)土壤分层(0～≤15 cm,>15～≤30 cm,>30～≤45 cm)取样,分析土样中有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及pH值的变化。结果表明:紫花苜蓿种植年限长短对土壤理化性质影响不同,总体表现是3年生紫花苜蓿对土壤理化性质影响较大;在垂直分布上,2年生、3年生紫花苜蓿地在未施任何肥料的情况下,土壤中全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量均比对照样地高,有机质整体含量比对照样地低;紫花苜蓿地表0～≤15 cm土壤pH值与对照样地相比无明显差异,>30～≤45 cm有明显差异但变化无规律。     

封育对伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地土壤养分的影响

以新疆伊犁绢蒿属荒漠草地为对象,研究了不同封育年限对草地土壤有机质、土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的影响。结果表明:随封育时间的延续,土壤有机质、全氮及碱解氮在表层基本呈先降后升趋势,且在封育9年均达到最高值;速效钾与速效磷均呈先降后升再降趋势,且在封育6年达到最大值;全钾与全磷无明显变化趋势。土壤有机质、全氮及速效养分呈现表聚现象,且土壤有机质与全量及速效养分相关性显著。     

甘肃省不同区域人工草地土壤肥力特征研究

以甘肃省不同区域人工草地土壤样品为研究对象,测定12个不同区域[民乐县(ML1、ML2)、安定区(AD)、通渭县(TW1、TW2、TW3、TW4)、宁县(NX1、NX2)、靖远县(JY1、JY2、JY3)]人工草地土壤的pH值、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效氮、速效钾。结果表明:AD的p H值最大,JY3的pH值最小;TW2有机质含量最高,AD有机质含量最低,TW2较AD提高了78.95%,在TW2种植陇东苜蓿对土壤有机质影响大;TW2、TW3速效氮含量较高,约为AD速效氮含量的3倍,在TW2、TW3种植陇东苜蓿对土壤速效氮影响大;JY2速效钾含量是AD的3倍,TW2速效钾的含量最低,在JY2种植陇东苜蓿对速效钾影响大;ML1、ML2速效磷含量较高,NX1、NX2速效磷含量较小,在NX1、NX2种植陇东苜蓿对土壤速效磷影响小;TW2全氮含量最高,较AD提高了85.07%,在TW2种植陇东苜蓿对土壤全氮影响大。综合分析结果显示,TW2土样的关联度值最大(0.787 9),综合肥力最好,为最优土样;NX2土样的关联度最小(0.500 7),综合肥力最差。     

荒漠草原土壤养分和植物群落稳定性对不同管理方式的响应

以宁夏短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,研究不同管理方式(放牧、补播改良和封育)对土壤养分及植物群落稳定性的影响,并分析土壤养分与植物群落稳定性之间的相关性.结果表明:不同管理方式对荒漠草原0～40 cm土壤养分含量影响显著,封育和补播有利于土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的积累,中等强度的自由放牧较封育降低了土壤有机质、水解氮和速效钾含量;土壤养分的垂直分布规律并不一致,土壤有机质含量和全氮含量5~15 cm土层高于表层,而速效磷含量和速效钾含量表现为0～5 cm最高.不同管理方式下的荒漠草原植物群落均处于不稳定阶段,相比之下封育5年和7年草地植物群落稳定性较高;群落稳定性与土壤速效钾含量成显著正相关关系,与其他养分含量无显著相关性.     

苜蓿、无芒雀麦单播与混播对土壤有机质和速效养分的影响

2003年5月在内蒙古自治区通辽市内蒙古民族大学试验农场建立试验小区,研究科尔沁地区不同生长年限的甘农1号杂花苜蓿(Medicago varia Martin. cv.Gannong No.1)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis Leyss.)单播与混播草地土壤有机质、速效氮和速效钾含量动态,旨在为该地区人工草地管理和生态恢复提供理论依据。结果表明:随着牧草生长年限延长,土壤有机质、速效钾含量呈递增趋势,速效氮含量仅在0~10cm土层呈增长趋势,而在10~30cm土层呈下降趋势;草地类型对土壤有机质、速效氮和速效钾积累有明显影响;无芒雀麦单播草地土壤有机质和速效钾平均含量最高,速效氮平均含量最低,混播草地则更有利于土壤速效氮的积累。     

农牧交错带退耕还草对耕作层土壤磷、钾含量的影响

在农牧交错带以小麦为对照,研究退耕还草对土壤磷、钾含量的影响。结果表明,退耕还草后,土壤0～20cm速效磷、钾含量均高于小麦地。冰草和无芒雀麦能较好地提高土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量。老芒麦与无芒雀麦混播(3:1)可以明显提高土壤速效磷含量。无芒雀麦与冰草混播(3:1)可以较好地提高土壤速效钾含量。     

古尔班通古特沙漠草方格沙障对土壤养分的影响

以古尔班通古特沙漠引水工程沿线草方格沙障设置区域为研究对象,分析了不同铺设年限草方格沙障对表层土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾的影响。结果表明,铺设草方格沙障可提高土壤有机质、速效氮、速效钾的含量,其中速效氮和速效钾含量增加趋势最显著(P<0.05),但对速效磷含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。土壤养分含量随草方格沙障铺设时间延长而逐渐增加,但达到一定阶段后趋于平缓。本研究结果说明,草方格沙障对土壤定向培育呈现为正向反馈,为采用草方格促进工程沿线生态恢复和重建提供了理论支撑。     

不同生长年限老芒麦根际土壤肥力特征

【目的】探讨生长年限对老芒麦根际土壤肥力的影响，为老芒麦种植提供土壤养分管理和施肥参考。【方法】以种植于青海省海晏县“青牧1号”老芒麦根际土壤为研究对象，连续2年（2018年和2019年）监测不同生长年限3个样地（样地1:3龄到4龄；样地2:4龄到5龄；样地3:7龄到8龄）老芒麦根际土壤化学特征变化规律。【结果】2019年3个样地pH值分别较2018年降低了2.77%、2.25%和2.24%，速效钾含量分别减少了18.08%、48.24%和41.32%。2年之间样地2和样地3有机质变化差异不显著，而全钾分别较2018年升高了11.36%和10.78%。样地1和样地2全磷含量均降低，但样地3含量升高了33.59%。样地3全氮降低显著且较2018年减少了30.65%;3个样地老芒麦根际土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性随生长年限增加均呈显著降低趋势（P<0.05），而土壤脲酶活性则明显增加了29.70%、13.41%和118.08%。【结论】主成分分析表明，3龄和4龄老芒麦根际土壤肥力较高，全氮和蔗糖酶对老芒麦根际土壤质量贡献最大。     

苜蓿与禾草混播对海流图盐碱地土壤改良效果研究

为探求不同混播组合和混播比例对盐碱土壤的影响，筛选最适合海流图盐碱地的混播方式，本研究以杂花苜蓿(Medicago varia)分别与新麦草(Psathyrostachys juncea)、缘毛雀麦(Bromus ciliatus)和长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata)混播建植草地，连续三年测定土壤养分含量和pH,结果表明，建植混播草地对土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾积累都有显著促进作用，降低土壤pH效果显著。苜蓿与新麦草混播最有利于土壤速效钾的积累，苜蓿与缘毛雀麦混播最有利于土壤有机质、氮素、速效磷的积累，苜蓿与长穗偃麦草混播降低土壤pH效果最显著。对于该地区同类型盐碱地综合改良效果而言，短期以苜蓿-长穗偃麦草1∶2混播土壤改良效果最好，长期以苜蓿-缘毛雀麦1∶2混播土壤改良效果最好。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.