含不同比例梅山猪血缘杂交肉猪胴体品质研究

选不同比例梅山猪血缘 (梅山猪血缘比例为 0 ,1 / 8,1 / 4 ,3 / 8,1 / 2 ,1 )的杂交仔猪 68头 ,采用单因子试验设计 ,在同一营养水平 (DE :前期 1 4.2 1兆焦 /千克 ,后期 1 3 .79兆焦 /千克 ;CP :1 5 % ,1 3 % ;Lys:0 .75 % ,0 .65 % )下 ,研究不同梅山猪血缘比例对不同体重阶段生长肥育猪胴体品质 (平均膘厚、眼肌面积、瘦肉率等 )的影响。结果表明 :梅山猪与国外猪种杂交后 ,1 / 2梅山 ,1 / 4梅山 ,1 / 8梅山杂交猪的胴体品质显著高于 (P <0 .0 1 )纯种梅山猪。在同一体重下 (1 1 0kg) ,3 / 8梅山 ,1 / 2梅山和纯种梅山猪的平均膘厚显著高于其它血缘组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,1 / 8梅山 ,1 / 4梅山和杜×大杂交猪间差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;瘦肉率和眼肌面积随梅山猪血缘比例增加 ,逐渐下降 ;同一血缘不同体重阶段生长肥育猪随体重 (或饲养天数 )增加 ,平均膘厚、眼肌面积、瘦肉率呈显著二次曲线变化 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,肥育猪在适宜体重下屠宰 ,改善胴体品质     

含不同比例梅山猪血缘杂交猪肥育性能的比较研究

选不同比例梅山猪血缘 (梅山猪血缘比例为 0 ,1 /8,1 /4,3 /8,1 /2 ,1 )的杂交仔猪 68头 ,采用单因子试验设计 ,在同一营养水平 (DE :前期 1 4.2 1兆焦 /公斤 ,后期 1 3 .79兆焦 /公斤 ;CP :1 5 % ,1 3 % ;Lys :0 .75 % ,0 .65 % )下 ,研究不同梅山猪血缘比例对不同体重阶段生长育肥猪肥育性能 (平均日增重、饲料 /增重 )的影响。结果表明 ,梅山猪与国外猪种杂交后 ,1 /2梅山 ,1 /4梅山 ,1 /8梅山杂交猪各阶段肥育性能显著高于纯种梅山猪 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;与杜洛克×大白 (下称杜×大 )杂交猪相比 ,试验前期 (2 0—5 5kg)的差异小于试验后期 (5 5—屠宰 ) ;整个试验期 ,杜×大杂交猪的肥育性能与纯种梅山及其杂交猪差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,随梅山猪血缘增加 ,杂交猪的肥育性能逐渐降低 ;同一血缘不同体重阶段生长育肥猪随体重 (或饲养天数 )增加 ,饲料利用效率 (F/G)呈三次曲线变化 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,平均日增重 (ADG)则呈二次曲线变化 (P <0 .0 1 )。     

母猪繁殖力与仔猪生产效益研究

选不同比例梅山猪血缘（1／4，3／4，1／2，1）杂种母猪和大白母猪共131头，在同一饲养条件下，对母猪的繁殖力和饲料消耗连续测定5个繁殖周期，研究母猪繁殖力高低对仔猪生产效益的影响，结果表明，梅山猪及其杂种母猪产仔数，断奶仔猪数显著高于大白母猪（P＜0．01），经产1／4梅山，3／4梅山，1／2梅山，梅山的产全数分别比大白母猪多1．5，1．9，4．5，4．1头，断奶仔猪数分别多1．9，1．8，3．5，2．7头；梅山猪及其杂种母猪繁殖周期总耗料比大白猪少（P＜0．01），梅山和1／2梅山母猪的仔猪生产成本最低，产仔数和断奶仔猪与母猪繁殖周期耗料呈线性变化，与仔猪每头分摊耗料呈倒数曲线变化。     

日粮代谢能、粗蛋白水平对活体拔毛鹅生产性能的影响

144只6周龄豁鹅随机分为36组，采用3×3析因设计，表观代谢能（AME）三个水平─10.87、11.70、12.54MJ／kg，粗蛋白（CP）三个水平─14％、16％、18％，共九个处理（每处理4个重复），在12、18周龄末手工活体拔毛，结果表明：①日粮AME水平间、CP水平间二次活体拔毛豁鹅的绒毛量含绒率均没有显著差异（P＞0.05）；②第二次活体拔毛的羽毛量三个AME水平间以11.70MJ/kg组最高，10.87MJ／kg组次之，均显著高于12.54MJ/kg组（P＜0.05）；③日粮CP水平不影响活体拔毛羽毛产量（P＞O.05）；④在6─12周，日增重以AME10.87MJ/kg、CP16％为最好（P＜0.05）；⑤整个试验期，各组间料肉比均无显著差异（P＞O.05）；⑥豁鹅通过采食量保持AME进食量平衡的能力有限，随日粮AME水平提高，每g代谢体重日AME进食量亦高（P＜0.05）。     

梅山猪及其杂交种的红肉比例

据说梅山猪与欧美品种相比,产肉性能差,为此对梅山猪及其杂交种进行肌肉分离,调查红肉比例。共屠宰待调查的猪25头,其中梅山猪(M)5头,杂种一代(ML,LM)11头,回交杂种猪(ML×LLM×L)9头,屠宰体重约90千克。从红肉比例看,梅山猪、杂种一代和回交杂种依次为37.9％、44.3％和53.4％,随着梅山猪血液的减少,红肉比例升高。生物统计结果表明,梅山猪与杂种一代之间红肉比例的差异显著(P<0.05),杂种一代与回交杂种之间差异极显著(P<0.01)。梅     

太湖猪子宫和输卵管冲洗液的葡萄糖含量

用Ｈａｇｅｄｏｒｎ－Ｊｅｎｓｅｎ二氏定糖法分别测定梅山猪、二花脸猪和梅山×大白杂一代在性周期不同阶段子宫和输卵管冲洗液的葡萄糖含量，以探讨太湖猪多胎机理。结果表明：二花脸猪输卵管和子宫冲洗液的葡萄糖平均含量高于梅山猪和杂种猪（０．０５＜Ｐ＜０．１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；在性周期不同阶段，输卵管冲洗液中的葡萄糖含量：梅山猪黄体后期、二花脸猪黄体早期均显著高于卵泡期（Ｐ＜０．０５），猪种内其他各期比较差异不明显，但不同猪种间比较，杂种猪黄体早期显著低于其他二品种（Ｐ＜０．０１）。子宫冲洗液的葡萄糖含量；猪种内及猪种间各期比较有一定差异（０．０５＜ｐ＜０．１）。试验亦表明，二花脸猪输卵管和子宫及其梅山猪输卵管冲洗液葡萄糖含量呈较明显的周期性变化。     

小型梅山猪的部分种质性状研究现状

本研究分析了2007～2011年间小型梅山猪种猪生长发育、繁育及肉猪的屠宰测定记录等资料,结果表明:(1)经选育后小型梅山猪体型更趋整齐细致,成年公母猪腿臀围提高了12.3％和16.7％(P＜0.05)；(2)经产母猪窝平均产仔数为14.43±3.04头；(3)肥育期日增重为小型梅山猪324.4g,约×梅546.1g(P＜0.05),长×梅553.7g(P＜0.05),长×约×梅达622.2g(P＜0.01);(4)胴体瘦肉率,小型梅山猪达46.23％,长×梅达54.79％,长×约×梅达57.83％.     

不同能蛋水平日粮对生长猪生产性能的影响

为了研究不同能蛋水平日粮对猪生长性能的影响,试验选取35kg左右杜长大三元杂交猪180头,分为9个组,设计了3个粗蛋白水平(18%、15%、14%)、3个能量水平(13.81,13.39,12.97MJ/kg)。结果表明:平均日增重以能量13.39MJ/kg组最高,降低蛋白水平对其无影响(P0.05);平均日采食量以粗蛋白18%、能量13.39MJ/kg组最好,与其他几组差异极显著(P0.01);料重比则以粗蛋白14%、能量13.39MJ/kg组最好,与其他组差异极显著(P0.01)。能量与蛋白对猪的各养分消化率均有影响。证明饲喂能量13.39MJ/kg、粗蛋白15%水平日粮可以使猪的生产性能达到最佳。     

不同铜源和水平对生长猪组织铜含量和含铜酶的影响

选用54头体重约17 kg杜长大生长猪进行试验,研究日粮中添加不同铜源、不同水平铜对猪血液生化指标及组织铜沉积的影响。试验猪随机分为9个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复2头。各处理日粮分别为基础日粮添加以氨基酸铜（Cu-AA）、硫酸铜(CuSO4)和碱式氯化铜(TBCC)为铜源的铜10、150和250 mg/kg的日粮。研究结果表明：添加不同铜源、不同剂量铜,猪日增重和料重比均无显著差异(P＞0.05);肝、肾铜含量随铜添加水平的升高而显著升高(P＜0.01),在心肌铜含量方面,添加250 mg/kg铜水平显著高于添加10和150 mg/kg铜水平(P＜0.01); 高剂量铜可显著提高血清铜兰蛋白活性(P＜0.01),添加150 mg/kg铜可显著提高血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性(P＜0.05);硫酸铜源可显著降低肌肉铜含量(P＜0.01),氨基酸铜源可显著提高血清铜兰蛋白活性(P＜0.01)。     

甜菜碱对生长肥育猪体脂重分配的作用及机理研究

通过48头20～65　kg生长猪和60头60～95　kg肥育猪（Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire）饲养、屠宰试验和有关生化指标分析，探讨了甜菜碱对生长肥育猪皮下脂肪沉积、胴体脂肪率和肌内脂肪含量的影响及其作用机理。48头生长猪和60头肥育猪分别分成对照和试验2个处理组，每个处理含3个重复，生长猪和肥育猪的试验组分别饲喂含1000　mg／kg和1500　mg／kg甜菜碱的饲粮。结果表明添加甜菜碱，提高了生长猪的日增重13.20％（P＜0.05），降低了料重比7.93％（P＜0.05）；分别降低生长猪和肥育猪的背膘厚14.82％（P＜0.05）和14.93％（P＜0.05）、脂肪率5.76％（P＞0.05）和11.51％（P＜0.05）；分别提高背最长肌肌内粗脂肪含量36.00％（P＜0.05）和17.66％（P＜0.05）。血清生化指标分析表明甜菜碱分别提高生长猪和肥育猪脂肪酶活性10.49％（P＜0.05）和7.50％（P＝0.06），分别提高了血清游离脂肪酸含量20.16％（P＜0.05）和13.43％（P＜0.05），显示甜菜碱加强了猪体脂动员。进一步研究表明，饲喂甜菜碱的生长猪和肥育猪肝脏游离肉碱含量分别提高了20.68％（P＜0.05）和23.53％（P＜0.05），肥育猪背最长肌中酸不溶肉碱含量以及酸不溶肉碱和游离肉碱比例分别提高了48.59％（P＜0.01）和38.24％（P＜0.01），结果揭示甜菜碱似通过提供肉碱合成所必需的甲基以提高生长肥育猪肝脏游离肉碱的含量，促进长链脂肪酸进入肌肉线粒体进行β-氧化，在减少体脂（主要是皮下脂肪）同时，适度增加肌肉脂肪含量，从而发挥着重新分配体脂的作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein