不同光环境对梨小食心虫成虫寿命和繁殖的影响

为明确不同光环境对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta成虫寿命和繁殖的影响,于室内条件下测定不同光照强度（10 000、1 000、100、1和0.01 mW/m2）与不同波长光（红光630 nm、黄光575 nm、绿光510 nm、蓝光455 nm、紫光440 nm和紫外光365 nm）照射下梨小食心虫的成虫寿命、交配率、产卵前期、产卵期、单雌产卵量、卵发育历期和卵孵化率等生物学参数进行分析。结果表明,相较于10 000、1 000和100 mW/m2高光照强度处理,1 mW/m2和0.01 mW/m2低光照强度处理下,梨小食心虫雌、雄成虫寿命较短（<15 d）,单雌产卵量较低,分别为51.44粒和51.02粒;卵发育历期较长,分别为3.36 d和3.24 d;产卵前期和产卵期均以1 mW/m2处理最短,分别为3.80 d和5.19 d;交配率和卵孵化率在不同光照强度下无显著差异。相较于黄光、绿光和蓝光,红光和紫外光环境下梨小食心虫雌、雄成虫寿命缩短（<13 d）,交配率降低,分别为54.45%和65.56%;产卵前期延长（>5.5 d）,产卵期缩短（&l...     

X射线辐照对梨小食心虫成虫寿命和生殖相关参数的影响

为建立基于X射线辐照的害虫不育技术,以梨小食心虫2、5、8日龄的雄蛹为研究对象,利用X射线对其进行0（CK）、67、133和200 Gy剂量的辐照处理,明确其最适辐照蛹龄;并对最适辐照蛹龄的梨小食心虫进行X射线辐照,明确辐照处理对其羽化成虫的繁殖能力、寿命、飞行能力和交配竞争力的影响。结果表明,梨小食心虫最适辐照蛹龄为8日龄;雄蛹经67 Gy与133 Gy辐照剂量处理后,与其羽化后成虫交配后的雌成虫单雌产卵量分别为25.14粒和24.56粒,卵孵化率分别为18.21%和14.61%,寿命分别为16.80 d和15.60 d,均显著低于对照;梨小食心虫雄蛹辐照处理对其羽化成虫与雌成虫的交配次数无显著影响,但辐照处理雄蛹羽化后的雄成虫与雌成虫交配后,雌成虫的日产卵量比对照明显减少,且辐照剂量越高,日产卵量变化幅度越小,产卵期也越短;辐照处理对雄蛹羽化后雄成虫的飞行能力无明显影响,但其与雌成虫的交配竞争指数下降为0.15。     

Effects of application rate and interval on the efficacy of sprayable pheromone for mating disruption of the oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta

The efficacy of microencapsulated sprayable pheromone was evaluated at different application rates and intervals for mating disruption of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta (Busck), in apple orchards during 2002. The following treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications: (i) a low rate of pheromone (6.2 g a.i. ha⁻¹) applied at 14-day intervals, (ii) a medium rate of pheromone (12.4 g a.i. ha⁻¹) applied at 28-day intervals, (iii) a high rate of pheromone (24.7 g a.i. ha⁻¹) applied at 28- day intervals, and (iv) a non-pheromone control (insecticides only). The combination of a single insecticide application against first generationG. molesta at petal fall with one pheromone application each for the second, third and fourth generations at 12.4–24.7 g a.i. ha⁻¹ successfully controlled low populations. Pheromone-treated blocks. had significantly lower trap catches than those in the insecticide-treated control blocks. Among pheromone treatments, significantly more moths were caught in the 6.2 g compared with the 12.4 and 24.7 g rates. Fruit damage was <1% at harvest and there were no significant differences among treatments. Low rate frequent applications of sprayable formulation appeared to be effective under low pest pressure but efficacy declined with increasing populations. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach under higher pest pressure. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 13, 2005.     

需引起警惕的棕榈科植物入侵害虫—椰子织蛾

椰子织蛾是为害棕榈科植物的重要食叶害虫之一,2013年8月在我国海南首次发现。本文报道了该害虫各发育阶段的外部形态、COⅠ/cox1测序和比对的分子鉴定结果、寄主及为害情况。序列比对显示,目标样本430bp的cox1序列与NCBI中已提交的Opisina arenosella的线粒体COⅠ条形码序列覆盖率为100%,一致性达99.8%,表明分子遗传数据支持形态鉴定结果。调查发现,椰子织蛾寄主主要为椰子、王棕和林刺葵,已在海南9个市县发生,局部地区为害严重。椰子织蛾已在海南定殖、扩散,并形成经济和景观危害,其入侵将对我国南方热带、亚热带地区棕榈科植物的安全生产和生态环境构成重大威胁,需提高警惕,加强检疫,防止其扩散蔓延,并开展防治研究。     

膏体迷向剂对苹果园梨小、桃小食心虫的防效

2013年在宁夏苹果园进行了复合膏体迷向剂对梨小、桃小食心虫防效的进一步试验,试验设3个处理(涂抹高度3.5m、3.5m/4.5m交叉涂抹、交叉涂抹空白区域)、1个对照,2种膏剂附着方式(树干附着、膏剂填装塑料瓶悬挂)。通过监测全年诱蛾量、调查果实膨大期与成熟期蛀果率分析防控效果。结果显示,复合式膏体迷向剂可有效防止梨小食心虫对果实的为害,涂抹高度3.5m时,梨小食心虫诱蛾量下降76.68%;交叉涂抹时,下降70.8%;交叉涂抹空白区域下降36.8%。3个处理成熟期蛀果率分别下降84.88%、91.39%、24.19%。由于试验区桃小食心虫种群密度小,试验无法确定该迷向剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果。     

暗黑赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生作用

为检验暗黑赤眼蜂Trichogramma pintoi Voegele对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)卵的寄生效果,在室内条件下,以松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura为对照,比较暗黑赤眼蜂对其自然寄主棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)和非自然寄主梨小食心虫的寄生效果。暗黑赤眼蜂与松毛虫赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生率和在被寄生卵中的羽化率差异均不显著。暗黑赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生率显著高于对棉铃虫卵的寄生率;在15、45、60和75粒卵/管条件下,暗黑赤眼蜂寄生梨小食心虫和棉铃虫卵后羽化率差异不显著,但在30和90粒卵/管条件下,羽化率差异显著。拟合分析显示,暗黑赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂对梨小食心虫卵的寄生符合Holling-Ⅱ型功能反应圆盘方程,说明暗黑赤眼蜂是一种防治梨小食心虫的潜在寄生蜂。     

梨小食心虫谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因序列分析及其与吡虫啉的相关性

为明确梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）对吡虫啉的代谢作用,基于不同亚致死浓度吡虫啉处理的梨小食心虫转录组数据库进行筛选,并通过生物信息学分析、系统发育树构建、保守位点序列比对、分子对接和表达谱分析来确定梨小食心虫代谢吡虫啉过程中的关键GST。结果显示,共筛选到梨小食心虫的17个GST基因,其中GmGSTS1、GmGSTD2、GmGSTE5和GmGSTE4基因编码的蛋白与苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella的GST蛋白有较高的相似性,相似度达69.12%～89.66%。梨小食心虫GmGSTD2蛋白G位点和H位点的保守氨基酸与褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens及烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci代谢吡虫啉相关GST氨基酸序列完全一致。吡虫啉与梨小食心虫GmGSTD2蛋白G位点的ARG-66和H位点的TYR-112可以形成稳定的氢键;与GmGSTE3蛋白G位点的LEU-45和H位点的LYS-123可以形成稳定的氢键。在吡虫啉处理后,梨小食心虫体内GmGSTD2和GmGSTE3基因的表达量显...     

复合式膏体迷向剂对梨小、桃小食心虫的防控效果

2012年在宁夏苹果园试验研究了复合式膏体迷向剂对梨小、桃小食心虫防控效果。试验设3个处理（涂抹高度2 m与3.5 m以及常规药剂防治）,1次重复,通过监测全年诱蛾量、调查果实膨大期与成熟期蛀果率来分析防控效果。结果显示,复合式膏体迷向剂有效控制了梨小食心虫的危害,涂抹高度3.5 m时,梨小食心虫诱蛾数下降94.8%,涂抹高度2 m时,下降84.6%,两处理区成熟期蛀果率分别下降86.5%和63.9%。由于试验区桃小食心虫种群密度较小,本次试验尚无法确定该迷向剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果。     

梨小食心虫雄成虫、蛹和幼虫的转录组比较分析

为挖掘杀虫剂靶标及解毒代谢和抗药性相关基因,利用高通量测序技术对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta雄成虫、蛹和幼虫进行转录组测序和数据组装,并对转录组数据进行功能注释和比较分析。结果表明,对梨小食心虫雄成虫、蛹和幼虫测序所得高质量reads组装得到195 473个转录本,含有158 206条unigene,其中有71 762条unigene在至少1个数据库中能获得功能注释,有8 186条unigene在所有数据库中均能获得注释,分别占unigene总数的45.36%和5.17%。在GO数据库中共有45 810条unigene的注释划分到56个不同功能区中,鉴定到240个与解毒代谢相关的基因,包括61个羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterases,CarE）基因、38个谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferase,GST）基因、92个细胞色素P450酶基因和49个ABC转运蛋白基因。雄成虫和蛹之间共注释到262个代谢通路,包括42 143个基因,其中差异表达基因有1 561个;蛹和4龄幼虫之间共注释到232个代谢通路,包括39 127个基因,其中差异表达基因有1 095个;雄成虫和4龄幼虫之间共注释到235个代谢通路,包括41 436个基因,其中差异表达基因有1 582个。选择ABC转运蛋白基因进行深入分析,可划分为8个亚家族;对6个ABC转运蛋白基因进行实时荧光定量PCR验证,显示其表达情况与转录组分析结果基本一致,表明转录组分析结果可靠。     

不同苹果品种对桃小食心虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探索苹果不同品种对桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii生长发育和繁殖的影响,在温度25±1 ℃、相对湿度(70±5)%、光周期L:D=16 h:8 h的室内条件下,测定了桃小食心虫在红富士、国光、新红星、金冠4个品种上的发育历期、存活率和产卵量,并组建了其生命周期表.结果显示,4个品种之间,除雌成虫外,桃小食心虫的卵、幼虫、蛹和雄成虫的发育历期差异均不显著;单雌总产卵量以金冠种群最高,为285.07粒,新红星种群最低,为145.25粒;总成活率以金冠种群最高,为17.23%,而红富士种群仅为6.55%;内禀增长率最高的是金冠种群,之后依次为国光、新红星、红富士种群.表明4个试验品种中金冠是桃小食心虫最适宜的寄主品种.     

Effect of six sanitation treatments on leaf litter density, ascospore production of Venturia inaequalis and scab incidence in integrated and organic apple orchards

A two-year study was conducted to determine the effect of six sanitation treatments on leaf litter density (LLD), relative ascospore production of Venturia inaequalis and scab incidence on spur-leaf clusters, leaves and harvested fruits, on two cultivars with low and high scab susceptibilities, in Hungarian integrated and organic apple orchards. The following sanitation treatments were used: sprays of lime sulphur in autumn, collecting fallen leaves in autumn, straw mulch cover in late winter, sprays of lime sulphur followed by mulch cover, collecting fallen leaves followed by mulch cover, collecting fallen leaves followed by covering the orchard floor with plastic foil, and non-sanitized control. LLD decreased continuously in all treatment plots by 0–23% by mid-May in both orchards and years; however, LLD reduction was 1.4–4.2 times higher in the organic orchard compared to the integrated one. All treatments, except for the lime sulphur treatment, resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reduction of LLD and ascospore production in both the integrated and organic apple orchards compared to non-sanitized plots. The most efficient treatment was leaf collection combined with plastic foil cover, followed by leaf collection combined with mulch cover, leaf collection alone, mulch cover alone, and lime sulphur spray combined with mulch cover, with a reduction in the ascospore production of >95, 72–92, 56–79, 24–38, and 27–46%, respectively, in the mean of both orchards and years. However, only treatments of leaf collection applied alone, or in combination with mulch or with plastic foil cover reduced significantly (P < 0.05) leaf and/or fruit scab incidence by 18–57% compared to non-sanitized plots. These three leaf collection treatments are recommended in both integrated and organic orchards and the possibilities of successfully incorporating these methods into orchard management practices are interpreted.     

光周期对橘小实蝇表型、肠道菌群及免疫的影响

为了解光周期对橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的生态影响,于室内测定全光（24 L∶0 D）、全暗（0 L∶24 D）和对照（14 L∶10 D）这3种光周期处理下橘小实蝇的表型、肠道菌群以及免疫变化。结果显示,全光和全暗处理后橘小实蝇幼虫的发育历期分别为5.51 d和5.40 d,单头蛹重分别为14.47 mg和10.82 mg,均较对照显著降低;全光和全暗处理后橘小实蝇雌成虫的卵巢面积分别较对照显著减小;全光和全暗处理后橘小实蝇肠道微生物Shannon指数、Ace指数和Chao指数分别较对照显著降低,而Simpson指数分别较对照显著增加;3个光周期处理后橘小实蝇肠道微生物共有36个门,处理后橘小实蝇肠道微生物物种组成较对照减少;3个光周期处理后橘小实蝇肠道微生物样本组内集中,组间无重叠,全光样本、全暗样本均与对照样本距离较远;全光和全暗处理后橘小实蝇肠道微生物类群分别与对照组有明显差异;全光和全暗处理后橘小实蝇被线虫侵染的死亡率显著增加,分别为80%和90%。     

光周期对黏虫生长发育和生殖的影响

为明确光周期对黏虫Mythimna separata(Walker)生存繁殖的影响,于室内研究了5种不同光周期对其世代生长发育和生殖的影响。结果显示:不同光周期对黏虫孵化率、1～4龄幼虫历期以及蛹重没有显著影响,对卵期、幼虫期以及蛹期的影响相对较小;对幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、成虫存活率以及成虫期影响显著,且随着光照时数的增加均呈现单峰趋势,光照时数为12 h时均达最高,全黑暗条件下最低;当光照时数大于8 h时,随着光照时数的增加,黏虫产卵前期逐渐降低。光周期为12 L∶12 D时黏虫世代发育历期最长,为49.4 d,存活率最高,为86.5%;全黑暗和全光照条件下的世代发育历期最短,分别为37.2 d和37.7 d;全黑暗条件下的世代存活率最低,只有6.4%,全光照条件下为25.3%。在5种光周期下黏虫均没有出现生长发育停滞现象,但全黑暗和全光照条件下黏虫出现了明显的死亡现象。研究表明光周期为12 L∶12 D为室内饲养黏虫种群最适光周期,全黑暗和全光照对其生长发育和生殖影响显著。     

虱螨脲亚致死浓度对小菜蛾保护酶系和解毒酶系活力的影响

为阐明虱螨脲对小菜蛾亚致死效应的生化机制,采用室内生物测定法测定了LC_(10)和LC_(25)亚致死浓度处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫1、6、12、24、48和72 h后其体内保护酶系和解毒酶系的活力变化。结果表明:虱螨脲LC_(10)处理对小菜蛾幼虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力表现为早期诱导、后期抑制的作用,而对过氧化物酶(POD)则表现为先抑制后诱导的作用,对过氧化氢酶(CAT)仅在72h时具有诱导作用;LC_(25)处理对SOD表现为诱导-抑制-诱导-抑制的作用,对POD具有抑制作用,而对CAT具有诱导作用。经虱螨脲亚致死浓度处理后,小菜蛾幼虫体内酯酶和多功能氧化酶活力被明显抑制,且基本表现为浓度越高抑制作用越强;而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活力仅在处理后1 h被诱导,之后被显著抑制。表明虱螨脲进入小菜蛾幼虫体内后,初期可诱导SOD、CAT和GST活力升高,以适应外界毒害的影响;但随着时间的延长,3种解毒酶活力被抑制,使其难以代谢,从而增强了对小菜蛾的毒性。     

添加助剂对植保无人飞机低容量喷雾在矮化密植苹果园中雾滴沉积分布及苹果黄蚜防治效果的影响

为明确助剂在农药减施增效中的作用,于室内利用自动界面张力仪、接触角仪、激光粒度仪、药液润湿性测试卡测定药液中添加助剂对溶液性质的影响,并结合田间试验探究药液中添加助剂对矮砧纺锤形栽培模式苹果园果树冠层喷雾雾滴沉积分布及苹果黄蚜Aphis spiraecola防治效果的影响。结果表明,植保无人飞机低容量喷雾常规用量毒死蜱乳油时,添加体积分数为0.5%的助剂后,溶液性质相比蒸馏水发生了显著变化,溶液的表面张力由71.2 mN/m下降到31.7 mN/m,下降了55.5%;喷雾20 s后在苹果叶片上的接触角减小到13.8°,比蒸馏水在苹果叶片上的接触角减少了74.3%;雾滴体积中径由蒸馏水的122.4μm显著增加到142.2μm;药液的铺展系数是蒸馏水的4.0倍。添加助剂后可以有效减少雾滴漂移,增加雾滴在苹果叶片上的铺展。田间使用植保无人飞机喷施40%毒死蜱乳油的沉积量均值为0.79μg/cm~2,7 d后对苹果黄蚜的防治效果为72.9%;农药减施20%后的沉积量均值为0.70μg/cm~2,7 d后对苹果黄蚜的防治效果为71.5%;而在这2个处理中添加0.5%助剂后农药沉积量均值分别增加至1.89μg/cm~2和1.14μg/cm~2,7 d后对苹果黄蚜的防治效果分别为83.8%和77.0%。表明添加助剂可显著增加农药在果树上的沉积量及对苹果黄蚜的防治效果;即使在农药减量20%应用中添加助剂后,药液在果树冠层的沉积量以及对苹果黄蚜的防治效果依然高于农药常规用量处理。     

Impact of defoliation by the pine processionary moth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Thaumetopoea pityocampa</Emphasis>) on radial,height and volume growth of calabrian pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus brutia</Emphasis>) trees in Turkey

An outbreak of the pine processionary moth (PPM),Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), began in spring 1998 and lasted 5 years in aPinus brutia Ten. (Calabrian pine) stand. Tree volume and volume elements increments were examined throughout a PPM outbreak cycle from 1981 to 2003, for an even aged, pure, undisturbed, young Calabrian pine stand. Tree ring chronologies of ‘control’ Calabrian pine, which was not defoliated by PPM during the period of 1998–2003, were used to estimate potential growth characteristics in the ‘host’ Calabrian pine (moderate and high defoliation groups) for current and past outbreaks. Increment cores were collected from 70 host and 78 control dominant or co-dominant trees and annual radial growth indices from 1981–2003 were calculated for each defoliation group in a 41 point sampling. Growth functions were defined as the cumulative sum of radial, height, and volume increment, and graphically compared between host Calabrian pine (3 moderate and one high), four control Calabrian pine and one host Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) sample trees. At least three severe outbreak periods were identified (from 1981–86; 1992–97; and 1998–2003), much of the study area being severely affected by PPM. Tree ring evidence suggests that large scale (in 1981, 1992, 1998) and partial (in 1988) outbreaks occurred in the study area. Negative inflections of host radial growth curves relative to control height and volume indicated PPM activity. The periodic average diameter growth reductions (in %) in 1981, 1988, 1992 and 1998, respectively, were 0, 13, 5 and 0 for control, 12, 8, 7 and 2 for moderate, and 18, 5, 0 and 7 for high defoliation groups. Outbreaks appear to be associated with dry winter and spring weather prior to the autumn and winter in which feeding occurs. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.