基因型在胚珠继代培养过程中对棉纤维发育的影响

比较了 1 2个基因型在胚珠继代培养过程对棉纤维发育的影响 ,结果表明 ,纤维干重和纤维长 度、精细、胞壁厚度等指标因基因型的不同而存在显著差异。其中 ,长德 1 84和肖县 1 3 3的纤维长度、显著大于其他基因型的 ,分别为 3 1 . 5、3 0 . 7mm;中棉所 2 3、湘 88-2 3 8、长德 1 84的细胞壁厚度显著大于其他基因型的 ,分别为 3 . 2 5、3 . 2 3、3 .2 1μm;湘 83 -2 3 8、长德 1 84的纤维成熟度分别为2 . 1 1、1 . 94。因此 ,可根据研究目标选用适当的基因型。文中还归纳出棉胚珠继代培养纤维体系的示意图     

棉花4个栽培种纤维初始发育的比较研究

利用扫描电镜技术,对棉花4个栽培种陆地棉（泗棉3号）、海岛棉（海7124）、亚洲棉（定远小花）以及非洲棉（A_1-50）开花前后的胚珠进行比较观察,并探讨延迟授粉对各棉种纤维初始发育的影响。结果表明,在南京大田气候条件下,除亚洲棉外其他3个棉种均在开花前1 d出现纤维细胞突起。在开花当天和开花后1 d,所有棉种的纤维突起（或伸长）密度均在珠柄顶部的脊突处最大,合点端和胚珠中部其次,珠孔附近最小。除陆地棉外,其他棉种在开花后1 d的纤维伸长密度均低于开花当天的纤维突起密度。说明随着棉胚珠体积的膨大,其他3个棉种胚珠表面的纤维细胞“稀释”程度大于陆地棉。在棉纤维初始发育阶段,纤维密度不仅受气象因子如温度的影响,而且与授粉时柱头的生活力密切相关;延迟授粉对纤维初始发育的影响以非洲棉较大,海岛棉较小,亚洲棉和陆地棉最小。本研究为理解棉纤维的分化和发育机理, 探讨4个栽培棉种纤维发育的亲缘关系,及人工授粉棉纤维的杂种优势利用提供了一定的理论依据。     

碳源和基因型对棉花未受精胚珠纤维离体发育的影响

本文比较分析了蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖６种碳源和１７种基因型对棉花未受精胚珠纤维离体诱导和生长发育的影响。研究结果表明，０．２ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１葡萄糖是诱导棉花未受精胚珠纤维离体发育合适的碳源。在亲本中珂字棉３１２和超鸡脚叶棉未受榆胚珠的离体纤维的诱导效果最好，诱导率分别为７５．４％和７９．２％。在杂种Ｆ１中，棕絮棉×绿絮棉Ｆ１，珂字棉×棕絮棉Ｆ１和棕絮棉×珂字棉Ｆ１的未受精胚珠的离休纤维诱导率和纤维生长量都较好。在沟棉３号×中６２１Ｆ１和泗棉３号×豫棉４２２Ｆ１中，前者的纤维诱导率在所有基因型中为最高，后者的纤维生长量则在所有的处理中为最大。未试验结果表明，离休诱导棉花未受精胚珠的纤维发育要有合适的培养基和基因型。     

光照对棉花胚珠纤维离体发育的影响

分析了光照和黑暗条件下，对培养棉花胚珠纤维离体发育的影响。表明在其它条件相同时，纤维离体发育在基因型之间有很大的差异，光照对纤维的发育起了明显的抑制作用。无论受精胚珠还是未受精胚珠，在光照条件下其胚珠成活率、纤维诱导率、纤维生长量、胚珠鲜重均低于在黑暗条件。尤其是未受精胚珠，在光照条件下珂３１２ 与ＴＭ－ １虽能诱导产生纤维，但纤维诱导率很低，仅有８．１９％ 和４．９６％ ，纤维生长量为０．１６３７和０．１１３２，而浙５０６、罗甸铁子和徐州１４２无絮突变体均不能产生纤维。本试验表明：只有在黑暗条件下才适合纤维离体发育。     

绿色棉胚珠离体培养体系优化及光照对纤维生长发育的影响

在优化绿色棉离体培养体系的基础上,以绿色棉品种绿絮棉1号、白色棉品种泗棉三号(对照)为材料,比较了光培养和暗培养对鲜胚珠质量、纤维长度、纤维素含量等生理生化指标影响,来探讨光照对绿色棉纤维生长发育的影响。结果表明:花后2 d的绿色棉胚珠较适宜离体培养,其适宜的消毒方式为75%的乙醇10min+0.1%升汞10min;离体培养的适宜激素及其浓度为GA31.0μmol·L-1+IAA 5.0μmol·L-1+ZR 2.5μmol·L-1,3种激素对胚珠鲜质量和纤维伸长影响大小的顺序为ZRIAAGA3。光培养能够抑制纤维的伸长、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性和培养前期的纤维蔗糖合成酶活性;但能够促进胚珠的生长、纤维素的合成、纤维PAL活性和培养后期的纤维蔗糖合成酶活性,提高黄酮含量。可见,光照能够对绿色棉纤维生长发育产生一定的影响。     

植物生长调节剂对彩色棉胚珠离体培养纤维发育的影响

天然彩色棉是理想的绿色、环保、健康纺织原料。本研究以棕1-61、RT白絮、绿棉CC28为材料,采取不同浓度的植物生长调节剂处理胚珠,在离体培养30 d后观察纤维显色状况,测量纤维长度并称取胚珠鲜重、纤维干重和胚珠干重。采用新复极差法进行多重比较。结果表明,水杨羟基肟酸和氟啶酮处理下,棕色棉和绿色棉纤维颜色均变淡,且浓度越高颜色越浅;添加低浓度尿素、氯霉素和芸薹素唑可以使棕色棉显色明显,但对绿色棉纤维色泽显现影响不大;添加氯化钴后,棕色棉纤维色泽变淡,而对绿色棉纤维色泽影响不大;另外氯化钴还抑制愈伤组织的生成;添加苯丙氨酸解氨酶抑制剂或4CL抑制剂后棕色棉和绿色棉纤维颜色变浅,浓度越高,颜色越淡;水杨羟基肟酸、芸薹素唑、氟啶酮、氯化钴、苯丙氨酸解氨酶抑制剂或4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)抑制剂的添加均导致纤维长度、胚珠鲜重、纤维干重和胚珠干重等降低。本文筛选出参与调控彩色棉纤维发育和色素合成的植物生长调节剂,为彩色棉纤维色泽改良提供一定的理论基础。     

培养基、胚龄和激素配比对棉花胚珠离体培养纤维生长发育的影响

 为建立适合棉花胚珠离体培养纤维生长发育的实验体系，以中棉所49为材料，比较研究了培养基类型、激素种类和配比、胚龄等因素对棉花胚珠培养纤维生长发育的影响，以及棉花胚珠离体培养的基因型差异。结果表明：BT基本培养基较适合于棉花胚珠离体培养；液体培养和固体培养均能诱导棉花离体胚珠产生纤维，但液体培养效果优于固体培养；开花前后的胚珠均能诱导离体纤维的生长，但以开花当天的胚珠为外植体的效果最好。外源激素对于棉花胚珠离体培养纤维生长是必不可少的，GA₃、IAA、NAA、Ethylene和BR均促进离体培养胚珠纤维的生长，且GA₃效果最好；2种激素配合使用效果优于单一激素处理，其中5.0 μmol·L^-1 IAA+5.0 μmol·L^-1 GA₃激素配比效果最佳。棉花胚珠离体培养的纤维生长发育存在显著的基因型差异，不同棉花基因型的最适激素种类及配比具有一定的差异。     

内源及外源植物激素对陆地棉无絮突变体胚珠纤维初始发育诱导效应的研究(英文)

采用陆地棉徐州１４２无絮突变体（ＦＬ）与其正常品种（ＷＴ）比较,研究了外源激素对离体胚珠纤维的诱导作用以及纤维初始发育过程中胚珠内源激素（ＩＡＡ,ＧＡ,ＡＢＡ和ｉＰＡ）含量的变化。结果表明,ＧＡ能够诱导离体的正常和突变体未受精和受精胚珠产生出纤维,开花前２ｄ～３ｄ的胚珠培养到天然开花日之后纤维方才突起。开花当天内源ＩＡＡ含量的急剧上升可能是胚珠表皮细胞迅速伸长的一个重要原因。开花前４ｄ到开花后４ｄ突变体胚珠内高水平的ｉＰＡ阻碍其纤维发生。     

彩色棉纤维分化及色素沉积过程观察

以棕絮1号、陇绿棉2号和对照品种普通白色棉鲁棉研28为试验材料,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜,观察彩色棉胚珠表皮细胞的形态变化、纤维的早期发育及色素沉积过程,旨在明确彩色棉与普通白色棉的纤维分化发育差异及彩色棉纤维色素的沉积过程。结果表明：各供试材料胚珠中部的部分表皮细胞均于开花前1 d开始分化;开花当天,胚珠纤维细胞均有突起;开花后1 d,纤维细胞突起增多,体积增大,其中鲁棉研28的纤维细胞已有伸长的态势;开花后3 d,纤维细胞均已伸长。除分化程度在各供试材料间差异不显著外,突起数量、发育和伸长程度,均以鲁棉研28最优,棕絮1号次之,陇绿棉2号最差。在纤维发育过程中,棕絮1号与陇绿棉2号纤维色素的形成时间及在纤维内的沉积部位均存在差异。陇绿棉2号的纤维色素形成时间较棕絮1号早,且沉积于纤维中腔和次生壁内层,而棕絮1号仅沉积在纤维中腔内。上述结果表明棕絮1号和陇绿棉2号的纤维品质差,可能与彩色棉纤维早期发育过程中,胚珠表皮细胞的突起时间相对较迟、数量相对较少和色素在纤维中沉积密切相关。     

5个棉花纤维突变体胚珠和纤维的离体诱导

离体诱导不同类型的纤维突变体胚珠纤维发育 ,研究纤维突变体离体纤维发育的情况。结果表明 :不同基因型突变体的纤维离体发育各不相同 ,纤维诱导率和纤维生长量均较对照差。纤维突变体诱导产生棉纤维的能力依次是 TM- 1 >Li>N1>T- 5 86>H10 。无絮突变体在 Bt培养基上能产生绒状细胞团 ,很少有单细胞纤维的生长。离体培养纤维以同时含 GA3和 IAA的 Bt培养基生长较好 ,一般以 5μmol· L- 1IAA + 0 .5μmol· L- 1GA3的 Bt培养基较合适。不同突变体对 GA3和IAA的浓度组合有特殊性。 GA3对胚珠膨大的作用大于 IAA,并易产生愈伤组织。以 fl、T- 5 86愈伤组织的发生频率较高 ,并以 Bt+ 0 .5μmol· L- 1IAA+ 5μmol· L- 1GA3培养基产生愈伤组织频率最高。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.