秸秆与氮肥调节C/N比对潮土CH_4,CO_2和N_2O排放/吸收的影响

为了探讨秸秆还田与氮肥配施对砂质潮土CH_4,CO_2和N_2O排放/吸收规律及土壤碳、氮含量的影响,采用恒温培养的方法,在土壤中添加定量秸秆情况下,通过尿素调节不同C/N比(分别为9、12.5、25、40、71),并设单施氮肥处理(N),同时以原土(不施肥)为对照(CK),研究了玉米秸秆与氮肥调节C/N比对砂质潮土不同形态碳、氮含量的变化以及对CH_4,CO_2和N_2O等温室气体动态排放特征。结果表明,培养结束时,随着配施C/N比的增加,土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)呈先增加后降低趋势,以C/N比为25时最高,可溶性有机氮(DON)呈增加趋势,以C/N比为9时最高;秸秆添加后对土壤NH_4^+-N和NO_3^--N含量具有一定的抑制作用,但随着配施氮肥量的增加NH_4^+-N和NO_3^--N含量呈增加趋势。同时发现,在37 d室内培养试验中,各处理土壤整体表现为对CH_4的吸收,单施N肥较CK对CH_4的排放无显著影响,C/N比为71(单独添加秸秆)促进了CH_4的吸收,而秸秆与氮肥配施抑制了土壤对CH_4的吸收。CO_2排放通量整体上随时间呈现出"上升-下降-稳定"的过程;各处理均在培养的第3 d达到排放峰值,且在添加秸秆情况下C/N比越小CO_2排放通量越高,最高达5.47mg kg^-1h^-1。不同处理N_2O的排放通量随时间变化具有不同的变化趋势,C/N比为71、40和25的3个处理在培养第1 d即达到排放最大值,而C/N比为12.5和9及单施N等3个处理排放峰值则出现在培养的第3 d,且排放峰值随氮肥用量的增加而增高,C/N比为9时达到最高,为2.64滋g kg^-1h^-1。CO_2和N_2O累积排放量最大的处理为C/N比为9,分别为1551.3 mg kg^-1和240.5 mg kg^-1。由此得出,秸秆与氮肥的配施促进了砂质潮土CO_2和N_2O的排放以及对CH_4的吸收,随着配施C/N的减小,砂质潮土对CO_2和N_2O的排放以及CH_4的吸收增强。     

不同施肥处理土壤及不同C/N比有机物料中有机N的矿化进程

采用室内恒温控湿好气培养试验研究长期不同施肥制度培育的土壤有机N库的供氮能力及不同C/N比有机物料掺混土壤后有机N的矿化特征与进程。结果表明:长期不同施肥制度培育的土壤有机N库的供氮能力各不相同,与不施肥处理相比,长期施用化肥或有机肥均能提高土壤的供氮能力,二者相结合可明显提高土壤供氮力;不同C/N比有机物料掺混土壤后有机N的矿化特征与物料的C/N比密切相关,有机N的矿化进程可区分为前期的快速分解和后期的缓慢分解。     

溶磷微生物及其对植物促生作用的研究进展

磷是植物生长发育的必需营养元素之一,主要以难溶性磷化物形式存在于土壤中,难以被植物直接吸收利用。溶磷微生物作为土壤磷循环中的重要组成一员,能通过酸化、酶解等作用将难溶性磷转化分解为可供植物吸收利用的可溶性磷素,进而提高植物对土壤磷素的利用率,被普遍认为是能促进植物生长的一类重要有益微生物。对溶磷微生物的种类、生态分布特征、溶磷能力检测、溶磷影响因素、溶磷机制以及促生应用现状进行了系统综述,并结合目前溶磷微生物在实际应用中存在的问题,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

沙地土壤C∶N∶P比对早期植物群落物种多样性的影响

为揭示土壤碳∶氮∶磷(C∶N∶P)比对植物群落物种多样性的影响,以宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区内沙地植物群落(沙柳群落和油蒿群落)为研究对象,调查计算了沙地植物群落的物种多样性,测定了群落中土壤C、N、P含量,分析讨论了土壤C∶N∶P比与沙地植物群落物种多样性之间的关系。结果表明,分布于流动、半固定沙地的沙柳群落其土壤C∶N∶P比对物种多样性的影响不显著,而分布于半固定、固定沙地的油蒿群落其土壤C∶N∶P比对物种多样性的影响显著。这说明沙地植物群落生物量不断增大的同时,枯枝落叶增多,土壤C、N、P显著增多,较大的土壤C∶N比与N∶P比与不断增大的物种多样性有趋同变化,因此,土壤的C∶N∶P比能够影响沙地植物群落的物种多样性。     

不同C N比堆肥碳素物质变化规律研究

针对堆肥化过程中常伴有少量CH4等温室气体排放造成环境污染等问题,采用密闭堆肥化装置,进行了不同碳氮比和通气条件下,堆肥过程中的气体释放规律、影响因子及其对堆肥理化性质的影响研究。结果表明,C/N=25、30堆肥处理的有机物降解率高于低碳氮比处理;全氮含量随着有机物的降解而浓缩,随着堆肥的进行而不断提高,到堆肥结束时,C/N=15、20、25和30处理的全氮含量分别为23.5、24、27.8 g.kg-1和28.4 g.kg-1;堆肥过程中,C/N=15、20、25和30的堆肥处理CH4累积排放为0.67、0.95、2.25g.kg-1和1.80 g.kg-1,损失比例占初始碳物质的0.39%、0.5%、1.24%和0.92%,并且CH4气体的排放主要集中在高温前期,高温期越长,排放的温室气体越多。高温期适当增大通气量,对于控制堆肥温度和减少温室气体生成有双重作用。     

溶磷微生物菌剂对土壤营养元素及玉米生长的影响

为比较不同溶磷菌剂在田间应用效果,通过田间小区试验,研究3种菌剂草酸青霉I1(I1)、黑曲霉H1(H1)和巨大芽孢杆菌BM(BM)对土壤营养元素动态变化以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:施用3种菌剂,土壤有效磷含量显著提高,在不同磷水平下,土壤有效磷含量比对照提高6.47%~37.13%。在P2O592 kg·hm-2水平下,在玉米生长前期,施用3种菌剂,土壤pH值显著降低,土壤交换性Ca、Mg和有效性Fe、Cu、Zn含量以及玉米叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性显著增加,而有效Mn的含量降低;总体上,各处理间提高土壤交换性钙、镁和有效锌的能力为H1I1BM,提高土壤有效铁能力为H1≥BMI1,提高土壤有效铜能力为BMH1I1。不同磷水平下,施用3种菌剂后,玉米产量显著提高,在P2O592 kg·hm-2水平下,施用微生物菌剂玉米产量比CK增加8.2%~12.1%,总体上,增产效果为I1H1BM。     

一株溶磷细菌的分离、鉴定及其溶磷特性研究

从作物根际土壤样品中筛选到一株溶 P 能力强的菌株 GJT-1,结合生理生化指标和16S rDNA 序列分析鉴定其为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.).菌株 GJT-1 对磷酸三钙、磷酸铝、磷酸铁有一定的溶解能力,28℃培养到第 3 天对磷酸三钙液体培养基的溶 P 量可达 224.51 mg/L.该菌对开阳磷矿粉和宜昌磷矿粉的溶 P 量分别为 194.25 mg/L 和 120.59 mg/L.通过扫描电镜观察到接种活菌处理的磷矿粉表面凹凸且有黏性物质附着,表明菌株 GJT-1 可利用磷矿粉.     

C/N对蓝藻好氧堆肥腐熟及无害化进程的影响

为探索和优化脱水蓝藻藻泥好氧堆肥无害化处理工艺参数,利用堆肥反应器,研究了C/N分别为5（T1）、15（T2）和25（T3）的处理对蓝藻藻泥腐熟进程及微囊藻毒素（MC）降解速率的影响。结果表明,堆肥过程中各处理间的pH、总碳量及其形态、总氮量及其形态、总磷含量、总钾含量、种子发芽指数差异显著。与蓝藻自然堆置相比,添加辅料增加堆体C/N可提高蓝藻的腐熟速度。堆肥35d后,T2和T3处理的堆肥成品均已满足有机肥行业标准,种子发芽指数均高于80%;但MC-LR和MC-RR仍有较大的降解潜力,从无害化的角度考虑,蓝藻高温堆肥时间不应少于50d。C/N过高增加了氮素的损失,如何进一步降低氮素的损失,提高堆肥过程中MC的降解将是今后蓝藻堆肥研究的重点。     

红壤溶磷菌的筛选及溶磷机制

采用以磷酸铝为磷源的蒙金娜(PVK)液体培养基研究了从红壤土中筛选出的4种溶磷菌的溶磷效果,选出其中的优势菌株B1,并对其溶磷机理做出初步探讨。结果表明,所筛选出的4株溶磷菌在液体培养条件下均有显著的溶磷效果,其中菌株B1在培养4 d后有效溶磷量最大,达到292.8 mg L-1。各处理培养液pH在培养期间均有显著下降,pH从7.0下降至3.2~4.7。高效液相色谱测定发现,各菌株培养液中有机酸的种类与含量随培养时间变化而不同,其中菌株B1主要分泌草酸和苹果酸,培养1 d后有机酸总量可达到5 mmol L-1;通过添加有机酸对磷酸铝活化的试验表明,分泌有机酸溶磷仅是菌株B1溶磷机制之一,可能还存在其他溶磷机制。菌株B1生长的适宜pH范围为5~9,最适培养温度为30℃,100 ml三角瓶的最适装液量为30~40 ml。经鉴定,菌株B1与苏云金芽孢杆菌有99.9%的相似性。     

剩余污泥厌氧发酵混合物提高低C/N污水处理效果

为了避免剩余污泥厌氧发酵液利用时泥液难分离的问题,探讨了直接将发酵混合物用作外加碳源处理低碳氮比(C/N)污水的可行性。为此,首先对比了酸性(pH值=4.0±0.2)、中性(不控pH值)、碱性(pH值=10.0±0.2)条件下长期运行的剩余污泥厌氧发酵混合物的特性;其次,分别考察了碱性厌氧发酵混合物的不同投加量(0、10、20、30、50、100、200 mL),在反硝化及释磷过程中的利用。结果表明:碱性条件下溶解性化学需氧量(soluble chemical oxygen demand,SCOD)和短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)产量要远高于酸性和中性条件的,其中C/N比和C/P比分别高达18.9和57.0,更适合作为外加碳源利用。反硝化过程中,当初始NO_3~--N=(15.0±0.5)mg/L时,最佳投加量为30 mL,此时NO_3~--N去除率为100%;释磷过程中,最佳投加量为20 mL,此时最大净释磷量为22.8 mg/L。剩余污泥碱性厌氧发酵混合物用作外加碳源是可行的,既解决了碳源不足及剩余污泥处理的双重问题,又简化了传统发酵液利用时泥液分离的操作步骤,适用于处理低C/N比乡镇生活污水。     

Fungal solubilization of rock phosphate is enhanced by forming fungal-rhizobial biofilms

Biosolubilization of rock phosphate (RP) using a Penicillium spp., an Aspergillus spp., Pleurotus ostreatus, Bradyrhizobium elkanii SEMIA 5019 and their fungal-rhizobial biofilms was investigated. Eppawala Rock Phosphate (ERP, total P concentration 17.6%), a RP from a deposit in Sri Lanka was used. Penicillium spp.-B elkanii SEMIA 5019 biofilm released the highest amount of P from the ERP with the highest P release-to-P uptake ratio. The P release of Penicillium spp. alone was significantly lower than that of its biofilm. Similarly, P. ostreatus-B. elkanii SEMIA 5019 biofilm showed a higher P release than P. ostreatus alone. However, P. ostreatus alone or its biofilm showed lower P release-to-P uptake ratios indicating relatively higher P uptake compared to the P release. The Aspergillus spp., showed a moderate P release. Large bradyrhizobial cell clusters attached to the mycelial mat of Penicillium spp. and P. ostreatus were observed under light microscope after 12 and 25 days of incubation, respectively. The present study, identified an effective method of fungal-rhizobial biofilm mediated solubilization of RP.     

Effect of legume incorporation on solubilization of Ogun phosphate rock on slightly acidic soils in SW Nigeria

Most soils in Nigeria are known to be slightly acidic and very low in plant‐available P. These soils need to be fertilized for optimal crop production but cost and scarcity of mineral P fertilizers shifted attention to making direct application of indigenous phosphate rock viable alternative. Laboratory and greenhouse studies were carried out to monitor the effect of the decomposition of legume biomass on the solubilization of Ogun phosphate rock (OPR) on slightly acidic soils. Surface soil samples collected from three experimental sites in SW Nigeria were used. The fertilizer treatments were four rates of P as OPR (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha^–1) and one rate of triple superphosphate (TSP, 40 kg P ha^–1). The legume treatments were cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) and mucuna (Mucuna puriens L). Rice (Oryza sativa) was used in the greenhouse study as the test crop. Soil samples were analyzed for soluble P and pH after 2, 4, 6, and 10 months of incubation in the laboratory while plant tissues collected from greenhouse study were analyzed for P. In the incubation study, significant increase in water‐soluble P was observed when legume biomass was incorporated with phosphate rock at p < 0.05. Highest value in rice dry‐matter yield was recorded with pots treated with mucuna and TSP, also treatment combination of cowpea and OPR significantly increased rice dry‐matter yield by 16% over pots treated with cowpea biomass alone and 42% over control pot (no legume biomass and OPR in the green house (p < 0.05). Thus incorporation of legume biomass significantly increased rate of OPR solubilization.     

土壤C/N对苹果植株生长及氮素利用的影响

土壤C/N是土壤氮素循环的重要影响因素。本研究以2年生"富士"/平邑甜茶为试验材料, 应用¹⁵N示踪技术研究了不同土壤C/N[6.21(CK)、10、15、20、25、30、35和40]对苹果植株生长及氮素利用和损失的影响。结果表明: 随着土壤C/N比值的逐渐增大, 苹果新梢长度和植株鲜重均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势, C/N=15、20和25的3个处理苹果新梢长度和植株鲜重最大, 三者间无显著差异, 但均显著高于其他处理。不同C/N处理间植株15N利用率存在差异, 土壤C/N=25时, 植株¹⁵N利用率最大, 为22.87%, 与C/N=20的处理间无显著差异, 但两者均显著高于其他处理; 土壤C/N=40时, 植株¹⁵N利用率最低, 仅为15.43%, 低于CK处理的16.65%。土壤C/N处于15~25时, 植株吸收的氮素来自于肥料氮的比例较高; 而土壤C/N较低(<15)或太高(>25)时, 植株吸收的氮素来自于土壤氮的比例较高。土壤氮素残留量随土壤C/N的增大逐渐增加, C/N=40处理的土壤氮素残留量是CK的1.32倍。随着土壤C/N比值的逐渐增大, 肥料氮损失量呈先减少后增加的变化趋势, 以C/N=25时最少, 仅为施氮量的49.87%, 而对照最大, 为61.54%。因此, 综合土壤C/N对苹果植株生长及氮素平衡状况来看, 土壤C/N为15~25时, 能促进植株的生长发育, 降低氮肥损失, 提高肥料利用率。     

Effect of environmental C/N ratio on activities of lignin-degrading enzymes produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Lignin-degrading enzymes secreted by white rot fungi play an important role in the degradation of lignin and persistent organic pollutants(POPs).In this study,effect of environmental C/N ratio on the activities of lignin-degrading enzymes,lignin peroxide(Li P)and manganese peroxidase(Mn P),produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium,a white rot fungus,was investigated.Glucose was used as C source,and ammonium tartrate of different concentrations was used as N source to provide different C/N ratios.Relationships between Li P and Mn P activities and environmental C/N ratio were explored.The results showed that the higher the N source concentration,the faster the mycelium pellets aged.The faster the mycelium dry weight increased,the higher the Li P and Mn P activities.A high C/N ratio was a necessary condition for the secretion of Li P or Mn P.In addition,mycelium dry weight essentially affected enzyme activities.In the 122 C/N ratio and 50 C/N ratio treatments,mycelium dry weight essentially affected Mn P activity and both Li P and Mn P activities,respectively.     

Effect of liming on the availability of three rock phosphate sources in two West African Ultisols

Abstract

The relative effectiveness of two African rock phosphate (Morocco rock, MR and Togo rock, TR) was compared with the more reactive North Carolina rock phosphate (NCR) and with Triple superphosphate (TSP) in greenhouse using two strongly acidic Ultisols from southern Nigeria with and without application of lime.

Without liming, the relative effectiveness of the four P sources is in the order of NCR>TSP>MR>TR; while with liming, the sequence becomes: TSP≥NCR>MR>TR.

Liming soils to pH near 5.5 depressed P uptake by plant from the rock P sources but increased P uptake from TSP.

Morocco and Togo rocks are poor sources of P for direct application under both limed and unlimed conditions.     

K3解磷菌的解磷机理及其对缓冲容量的响应

以对磷酸三钙具有高效溶解作用且对玉米苗生长有促生效果的假单胞菌K3为模式菌株,采用NBRIP液体培养基研究了解磷菌K3的解磷机制及缓冲容量对其解磷量的影响。结果表明,解磷菌K3液体摇瓶培养7 d后,培养液中水溶性磷从6.54 μg/mL增加至655.23 μg/mL,pH从7.00降至3.99。高效液相色谱测定发现,K3菌液中的主要代谢产物为苹果酸、乳酸和草酸,浓度分别为47.39 mmol/L、25.67 mmol/L和1.89 mmol/L。人工模拟K3菌株产生的有机酸及调节培养基不同pH值对磷酸三钙溶解度影响的试验表明,有机酸的螯合作用是解磷细菌K3菌株解磷的主要机理,而调节培养基pH对解磷的作用有限。液体摇瓶和土培试验结果显示,土壤缓冲容量对K3解磷菌的解磷效应有显著的抑制作用。     

Earthworm effects on the use of C sources by microorganisms: Non-linear response to temperature alteration

A microcosm was used to study the effect of the endogeic earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) on the use of C by microorganisms in a calcareous beech forest soil and its dependence on temperature (5–25%C). Inclusion of ¹⁴C-labelled beech leaf litter made it possible to differentiate between C use by litter-colonizing microflora and by autochthonous soil microflora. The effect of temperature on the soil microbial biomass ¹²C was confined to a significant increase at 15 and 20°C. The size of the ¹⁴C-labelled microbial biomass, in contrast, was positively correlated with temperature. The ¹²C mineralization increased exponentially with temperature. The relationship between ¹⁴C mineralization and temperature, in contrast, followed a logistic curve. Significant main effects of A. caliginosa were confined to ¹²C mineralization, reflecting an increase in ¹²CO₂–C production in the earthworm treatments. The earthworm effects on ¹²CO₂–C production and on ¹⁴C incorporation of the microflora were not linear. The effect of A. caliginosa on ¹²CO₂–C production was most pronouned at intermediate temperatures. It is concluded that temperature alterations affect the microbial use of different C sources in different ways and that the temperature effects can be significantly modified by endogeic earthworms.     

K_3解磷菌的解磷机理及其对缓冲容量的响应

以对磷酸三钙具有高效溶解作用且对玉米苗生长有促生效果的假单胞菌K3为模式菌株,采用NBRIP液体培养基研究了解磷菌K3的解磷机制及缓冲容量对其解磷量的影响。结果表明,解磷菌K3液体摇瓶培养7 d后,培养液中水溶性磷从6.54μg/mL增加至655.23μg/mL,pH从7.00降至3.99。高效液相色谱测定发现,K3菌液中的主要代谢产物为苹果酸、乳酸和草酸,浓度分别为47.39 mmol/L、25.67 mmol/L和1.89 mmol/L。人工模拟K3菌株产生的有机酸及调节培养基不同pH值对磷酸三钙溶解度影响的试验表明,有机酸的螯合作用是解磷细菌K3菌株解磷的主要机理,而调节培养基pH对解磷的作用有限。液体摇瓶和土培试验结果显示,土壤缓冲容量对K3解磷菌的解磷效应有显著的抑制作用。     

秸秆还田施氮调节碳氮比对土壤无机氮、 酶活性及作物产量的影响

秸秆的质量,特别是C/N是影响秸秆分解速率和养分释放的重要因素。在秸秆还田条件下,如何科学合理地施用氮肥是秸秆利用和优化施肥研究的关键问题。本研究以秸秆还田施入碳氮的C/N为切入点,于2012—2013年通过田间试验(设秸秆不还田不施肥、秸秆还田不施氮、秸秆还田施用无机氮肥调节C/N为10∶1、16∶1和25∶1以及秸秆还田施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1处理),研究秸秆还田不同氮输入对小麦-玉米轮作田土壤无机氮、土壤微生物量氮、酶活性以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:1)在C/N为25∶1下,施用有机氮肥和无机氮肥对土壤无机氮含量无显著影响;在施用无机氮肥的情况下,C/N越低土壤无机氮含量越高。2)秸秆还田施氮提高了土壤微生物量氮含量,但是各秸秆还田施氮处理之间差异不显著;秸秆还田不同施氮处理对脲酶活性无显著影响;秸秆还田施氮提高了FDA水解酶活性,并随C/N降低呈升高趋势,施用无机氮肥的效果强于施用有机氮肥的。3)秸秆还田施用无机氮肥显著提高了小麦和玉米地上部生物量,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为10∶1和16∶1相比于C/N为25∶1提高了小麦和玉米的苗期和成熟期地上部生物量;施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1相比秸秆还田不施氮对地上部生物量无显著影响。秸秆还田施用无机氮肥提高了作物产量,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为16∶1产量最高,而施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1有降低作物产量的趋势。综合以上结果来看,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为16∶1较为合理。     

Physiological studies and comparative analysis of rock phosphate solubilization abilities of Actinomycetales originating from Moroccan phosphate mines and of Streptomyces lividans

Actinomycete strains originating from Moroccan phosphate mines (MPM) were selected for their ability to use the insoluble ground hydroxyapatite called rock phosphate (RP), present in their biotope, as sole phosphate (P) source. Physiological studies carried out with these strains and with the reference strains, Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces griseus, demonstrated that all strains were able to grown in a synthetic minimal medium (SMM) containing either soluble (SP) or insoluble (RP) phosphate as sole P source. The MPM strains and S. griseus took up glucose much more actively and exhaustively than S. lividans, constituting more abundant glycogen reserves than the latter. All strains took up soluble P at comparable rates, storing it as polyphosphates. In SMM + RP, a sharp increase in the concentration of soluble P was detected in the culture broths of all MPM strains and S. griseus, at stationary phase, but not in that of S. lividans. The P peak detected in the supernatant of these strains correlated with the successive appearance of two compounds absorbing at 320 nm and 430 nm, respectively. These compounds are thought to be strong ion chelators involved in the destruction of the hydroxyapatite structure leading to soluble P release. The good growth of S. lividans in SMM + RP indicated that this strain was also able to release P from RP but consummed it as soon as it was released, unlike the other strains. Our study is expected to lead to the development of a novel type of slow release bio-phosphate fertilizer constituted by the association of the MPM strains and ground RP. This novel product would precisely supply plant needs and thus limit the pollution of the environment.