果园偏置式液压驱动变量施肥技术及装备研究

随着农村经济的发展,产业结构的调整,林果业已成为农民致富的一条重要渠道,果树成为农村重要的经济作物之一。研制的果园偏置式液压驱动变量施肥机可实现果园按需定量施肥的机械化、自动化,具有施肥均匀、深度可调和覆土良好等优点。能较好地保持土壤水分,有效提高化肥利用率,减少环境污染。可以提高果园施肥作业机械化程度、减轻果农的劳动强度,促进果农的增产增收,对我国果树产业可持续发展有重大意义。     

果园施肥机械现状及发展趋势

目前,我国的果园施肥机械远远满足不了果园对施肥机械的技术要求,而果园施肥技术的提高是增加果树产量和质量的重要手段。为此,介绍了果园合理施肥的必要性和国内外果园施肥机的发展现状,并分析了果园施肥机的机构组成、施肥原理和作业效果。通过对比总结了现在果园施肥机存在的问题,同时展望了果园施肥机未来的发展趋势。     

果园螺旋式颗粒肥深施小车的设计

目前,我国大部分农村地区的林果园仍然采用效率低下的人工挖穴施肥方式,且市面上的施肥机械多需要人工辅助施肥。由于我国果园多为密植果园,空间较为狭小,不适合大型施肥器械通过。因此,研制一款功能集成度高,符合我国林果园种植模式的施肥机械迫在眉睫。本文通过Creo4.0设计了一款果园螺旋式颗粒肥深施小车,并对施肥、挖穴覆土等装置进行创新设计。该机能够很好的完成果树定量施肥工作,为果园深施肥机的产业化提供了参考。     

果园定向施肥机施肥系统结构设计

为解决江西省丘陵山区大面积果园施肥作业缺乏合适作业机械的问题,分析了国内果园施肥的现状,针对江西省复杂地形设计了果园定向施肥机的施肥装置。基于现代果园的施肥农艺标准,提出了施肥系统结构方案,设计成不完全齿轮传动以适应定向施肥要求,并进行了施肥部分的计算。设计了关键结构:适合不同肥量的搅龙排肥装置和适应南方地形的仿形装置。该施肥机能够在树根附近定向施肥,节省肥料,提高肥料利用效率,施肥量大而且可调。      

浅谈果园开沟施肥机的研究现状

我国果园种植面积日益增多,而现有果园开沟施肥机械已经不能满足当前生产力需求的现状,因而加强果园开沟施肥机的研究对降低劳动力及提高作业效率等有重要意义。本文介绍了国内外果园中开沟施肥机的类型及其特点,指出了国内施肥机的问题,提出对未来施肥机新的构想-集避障、开沟、施肥和覆土为一体的思路。     

新型果园挖穴施肥机的设计研究

随着社会经济不断发展,我国水果需求与日俱增,水果种植以果园形式为主,果农在种植过程中需花费大量人力、物力。果树施肥阶段劳动量较大,需先进行挖穴,之后将肥料施于穴中。果园种植面积较大,若仅采用人工施肥方式不仅作业强度高,还会因为施工周期较长造成果树因缺乏肥料影响产量。随着科技不断发展,果园施肥已经逐渐引进自动化设备,通过施肥设备进行挖空、施肥、覆土一体化作业,不仅可提高施肥效率,还可有效降低人力成本,施工过程简便。随着果园施肥对自动化设备要求不断提升,需在提升施肥机性能的同时降低制造成本,使果农在经济能力承受范围内引进施肥机。本设计新型果园挖穴施肥机是具有一定实用性能的果园施肥机器,为果树种植发展奠定基础。     

新型果树施肥机的设计

根据果树标准化施肥技术的要求设计了自走式新型果树施肥机.发动机驱动液压泵供油,电磁阀控制液压马达旋转,带动钻头转动,另一电磁阀控制升降液压缸,带动钻头竖直向下移动进行钻孔作业,挖出的土壤顺着钻头的螺旋向上进入土壤收集器,由单片机控制步进电机来驱动排肥器工作,实现定量施肥.改变钻头旋转方向,土壤收集器中的土壤和肥料顺着钻头的螺旋流入坑中,连续完成环绕果树钻孔、施肥和覆土作业.     

果树根系断切技术与切根装置研发

随着果树栽培模式的变革与发展,果树整形修剪在果园果树管理的环节中越来越重要。果树根系的合理管控对果树营养的吸收和地上冠层的生长的影响显著,能够实现对果树冠层生长的促、控效果。因此,果树根系断切机械的研究能够降低果园管理作业成本,提高果园机械化管理水平。通过研究果树根系断切技术与切根装置发展现状和机具类型,提出了果树根系断切机械化技术和切根装置的研发。根据田间试验,对果树切根装置进行优化分析,使果树切根装置满足根系断切作业要求,提高果园机械化管理作业水平。     

果园挖坑施肥机与控制系统设计

根据果树标准化施肥技术的要求,设计了果园挖坑施肥机。拖拉机动力输出轴提供动力,经减速器后传递给带有链刀的链条转动,实现挖坑作业;使用单片机控制步进电机驱动排肥器工作,实现定量施肥;在拖拉机的牵引下,回土机构将收集的土壤回填至坑内。该施肥机可实现挖坑、施肥及回土作业。     

新疆果园有机肥条施机设计与试验

针对目前果园有机肥施肥过程中,有机肥易结拱、堵塞,导致施肥效率低、肥料利用率低等问题,结合果园的施肥农艺要求,设计一种集输肥装置、施肥装置、液压驱动装置、料箱及机架等为一体的适于新疆果园的有机肥施肥机,可将有机肥均匀稳定的条施在果树根侧。该机以液压驱动装置作为动力源,采用刮板输送机构将有机肥由料箱输送至施肥装置上,最终施肥装置将肥料输送到果树一侧,具有减轻人工施肥强度,提高作业效率与肥料利用率等特点。以刮板运动速度、输送带速度为变量因素,以施肥量、输肥稳定性为因变量进行田间性能试验,试验结果表明:最优试验组合水平为A3B2,即刮板速度为0.1m/s,输送带速度为120r/min,在该组合下的施肥量变异系数为0.056 5,且整机施肥量变异系数平均值为0.112 4,有机肥条施机施肥作业稳定性较好,能够满足施肥作业要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义,并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状,提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.