参类种子的压缩特性试验研究

参类种子的压缩性能研究,可以为研制出合适参类播种机械提供参数依据。利用物性分析仪,采用单因素试验的方法测试含水率、放置方向、加载速度对压缩破坏力的影响。不同放置方向对压缩破坏力影响大小依次为平放、侧放、立放,且侧放和立放时的压缩破坏力近似;随含水率的增加种子的压缩破坏力呈下降趋势;随加载速度增加压缩破坏力呈上升趋势,但加载速度达到一定时压缩破坏力趋于平缓;未催芽参种的压缩破坏力大于催芽参种的压缩破坏力。     

玉米种子抗压特性及裂纹生成规律

为降低玉米种子脱粒过程中的机械损伤,掌握玉米种子抗压特性及其裂纹生成规律,在LDS微机控制电子拉压试验机上,对不同品种的玉米种子进行了静态压缩试验.试验结果表明:最大破裂力随含水率的增加而降低;同一品种在相同含水率下,平放时最大破裂力最大,立放时最小,侧放时居中;同一放置方式时,不同品种玉米种子承载压力的能力不同;不同放置方式时,不同受压面生成裂纹的形状、部位和规律不同.     

向日葵籽粒压缩试验及分析

探究葵花籽粒的破裂规律,为葵花加工工艺提供理论依据,使葵花籽粒在脱粒过程中保持完整,使用DNS1 0电子万能试验机对不同品种、含水率及放置方式的葵花籽粒进行准静态压缩试验。试验结果表明:品种、放置方式及含水率对葵花籽粒的破裂有显著影响,壳体的破裂方向均沿纤维方向破裂;不同品种、含水率的葵花籽粒,平放时的最大破裂力远大于侧放和立放;在3种放置方式下,SH363的最大破裂力均大于S31;平放时,两个品种的最大破裂力随含水率的变化曲线基本一致。研究向日葵籽粒的压缩特性可为向日葵加工生产提供理论基础。     

毛苕子种子压缩特性试验研究

为更好地保证毛苕子种子在播种、脱粒收获过程中的完整性,并减少对毛苕子种子的损伤,在研制设计该类机械需要掌握毛苕子种子的力学性质和物理特性参数,从而确定机械的最佳工作参数。该文通过对不同直径、不同加载速度、不同含水率等单因素试验测定毛苕子种子破损所受的最大力,并且采用响应面法进行优化和分析,经试验结果得出:毛苕子种子的最优组合为直径4 mm左右,含水率5%左右,加载速度10 mm/min时,此时毛苕子种子所能承受最大力为172.87 N。该试验结果为播种机械和联合收获机的设计,工作参数优化提供理论依据。     

典型玉米种子籽粒的静压破损试验研究

利用微机控制的电子拉压试验机,对辽宁省主要玉米品种东单1号和富油1号种子籽粒进行了静压破损试验,测得玉米种子籽粒腹面、顶面和侧面的静压破裂时的力学特性,分析了不同品种、含水率、施压部位对玉米籽粒静压破损特性的影响.试验结果表明:含水率、压缩位置对玉米种子籽粒静压破损特性有明显的影响;玉米籽粒的内部结构、玉米籽粒的形状等生物学特性是主要影响因素.试验结果对进一步研究玉米种子籽粒力学特性与损伤机理、设计新型玉米种子脱粒机有重要意义.     

参类种子剪切特性的试验研究

参类种子的剪切特性研究可以为降低参类种子播种时的伤种率和排种器的设计提供理论依据。利用物性分析仪,测试了不同参类种子在不同含水率、放置方向、剪切速度因素条件下对剪切性能的影响。利用正交试验测量各因素对试验的影响大小依次为放置方向、含水率、剪切速度。(1)未催芽的参种的剪切力大于催芽参种的剪切力,不同放置方向剪切力从大到小的顺序依次为平放、竖放、立放。(2)含水率对剪切力的影响:含水率越大剪切力越小。(3)剪切速度越大参种的剪切力越小。     

寒地包衣玉米种子压缩特性试验研究

以寒地包衣玉米种子龙丹47为研究对象,对其物料特性进行了测量,得到三轴尺寸长9.287mm、宽7.64 mm、厚5.9 8 mm,休止角3 2.2 0°,自流角2 5.4 0°,千粒质量3 6 9.5 g。利用CTM2 0 5 0微机控制电子万能材料试验机,得到龙丹47玉米种子在平放、立放、侧放条件下的压缩特性曲线,经拟合曲线符合PEAL-READ模型,并获得了最大压缩载荷(平放379.5N、立放124.3N、侧放161.926N)、弹性模量(平放161.528 MPa、立放45.66MPa、侧放1 0 2.8 9 3 MPa)和抗压强度(平放1 0.8 4 4 MPa,立放3.5 5 2 MPa、侧放4.6 2 6 MPa)。结果显示:籽粒平放时的压缩载荷明显高于侧放和立放时的载荷,且平放压缩载荷是立放压缩载荷的2.6倍,是侧放压缩载荷的2.7倍;而侧放与立放的压缩载荷差异不大,表明籽粒在侧放和立放时更易受压缩外力的影响。     

花生荚果力学特性研究

为深入研究花生的力学特性,减小花生在机械脱壳过程中的损伤,以大白沙、黑花生、两粒红、小白沙4种东北地区主摘花生品种为研究对象,设计了花生荚果静压力学特性实验;以花生荚果破损形式、破损力、变形量为实验指标,以花生品种、受力位置、含水率、加载速度为影响因素,对花生荚果损伤力学特性进行了分析。结果表明:受力位置、含水率对荚果的损伤形式有一定影响;含水率、放置方式、花生品种对花生荚果破壳力有显著影响;含水率、放置方式、加载速度对花生荚果变形量有显著影响。研究结论可为花生收获、脱壳等机械加工等工艺参数的优化设计提供理论依据和技术参考。     

花生荚果及花生仁力学特性试验研究

以海花1号为研究对象,调湿处理后采用物性分析仪对其进行力学性能测试。结果表明:花生荚果及花生仁含水率随着调湿比例的增加而增加,调湿比例达到一定程度时花生荚果及花生仁达到饱和;花生荚果及花生仁的放置方式和含水率对其破裂力、破损力影响极显著,立放时花生荚果的破裂力、花生仁破损力最小,正放次之,侧放最大;随着含水率的增加,花生荚果的破裂力和花生仁的破损力先减小再增加,并且花生仁的破损力的平均值均高于花生荚果的破裂力的平均值,因此有利于果壳的分离。     

小麦籽粒的压缩破碎试验研究

以五个品种小麦籽粒为试验材料,在材料力学万能试验机上进行压缩破碎试验,分析了在不同含水率、不同压缩型式下小麦籽粒的力学性质.试验结果表明:破碎负载随籽粒含水率的增加而降低;小麦籽粒在不同压缩型式下的破碎负载有显著差异,在同一含水率下,B型压缩时破碎负载最大,L型压缩时次之,H型压缩时最小;在同一压缩型式下,不同品种小麦籽粒破碎负载不同,其原因与籽粒的内部结构、形状等因素有关.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。